Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

A simple, rapid, sensitive and suitable method for analysis of A
methyldopa(I), levodopa (II) andcarbidopa (III) either in pure from or in
pharmaceutical formulations is described. The proposed method is based on an
oxidative coupling reaction with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinon hydra zone
hydrochloride (MBTH) in the presence of an oxidant (Ce+4 or Fe+3) to give colored
species. The resulting colors are well developed within 5 minutes at 20 ± 5°C and
stable for at least 2 hours. The λmax were 517, 477 and 474 nm for I, II, both III and
IV respectively. A linear correlation was found between the absorbance and the
concentration. Beer's law was obeyed for concentration ranges from 1-7 µg/ml, 1-
11 µg/ml, 1-8 µg/ml and 2-24 µg/ml for I, II, III and IV, respectively. The molar
absorptiveness and was calculated. The results of analysis of pure drugs by the
proposed method are in good agreement with the official BP and USP methods.
The results obtained showed recoveries of 99.80 ± 0.27, 100.40 ± 1.26, 99.89 ±0.21
and 99.96 ± 0.36 for I, II, III and IV, in order. The proposed method was
successfully applied to determine the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage
forms.
Keywords: methyldopa, Levodopa, Carbidopa, colorimetric determination and MBTH.

Simple attempt were applied to keep the protoscolices of Echinococcus
granulosus removed from human hydatid cysts alive with full activity in vitro
using different culture media [RPMI-1640, Physiological Ringer’s solution(RS),
Physiological normal saline solution(NS)], the best temperature for cultivation
in this media were also investigated between three degrees (4, 25, 37)°C .
The best medium for cultivation with a high activity was (NS) solution
where the protoscolices continue for (75) days in (25)°C. Whereas the best
temperature for cultivation was variable according to the cultivation medium.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of application of
pharmaceutical care in an Iraqi hospital in decreasing drug-related problems in
which the clinical pharmacist play the important role in Pharmaceutical care that
introduced in the nineties of the previous century in the United States as a

progression and development of the clinical pharmacy that starts in the sixties of
the same century and developed in eighties.
150 patients were included in this study aged between two months to
twelve years in Babylon hospital for gynecology and children. Those patients
were classified to 5 groups. Each group divided into2 equal subgroups in which
the pharmaceutical care plan was formulated to one of them to see the
effectiveness of such application on those patients using the SOAP note
(Subjective, Objective, Assessment and Plan), the groups are: 30 Respiratory
disease patients, 30 Metabolic disease patients 30 Gastrointestinal disease
patients, 30 Cardiovascular disease patients and 30 Hematological disease
patients.
All patients were followed clinically to detect the causes of drug-related
problems and the results revealed that the application of pharmaceutical care in
the hospital can result in decreasing drug-related problems, increasing the
therapeutic effectiveness of drugs, decreasing the risk of drug use and has
economic benefits for the patient and the hospital.
The benefits of pharmaceutical care can increased by application of such
plans on large scales, qualifying the pharmacists in Iraq professionally to take
their responsibilities and also other health care professionals especially
physicians must be encouraged to accept the new roles of pharmacists.

Surgical audit represent a retrospective studies, with three types of audit.
Audit of structure, process, and outcome.
Stages of audit:
1-Primary data collection.
2-Verification of primary data, through confidential peer review.
3-Submission of data analysis.
Surgical audit need meetings to get successful audit.

The topical preparations are used to give localized effects at the site of
their application by penetration of the drug into the underlying layers of the skin,
mucous membranes, the cornea of the eye, nasal, rectal, vaginal or urethral
mucosa. While some topical preparations are designed for the systemic
absorption of drug substances in therapeutic quantities, like the transdermal drug
delivery system.
Melatonin is a hormone with multiple functions in human, synthesized
and secreted by the pineal gland in response to changes in the darkness and light
environment of the human. It is a powerful antioxidant and the most potent free
radical scavenger known.
Formulation of melatonin as a cream and studying the release and
diffusion of the drug from this formula. Also evaluation the effect of
temperature & storage time on the stability of melatonin in the prepared cream.
Preparation of the cream base using the general method employed for the
preparation of the various ointments, cream and gel bases, the fusion method.
Then determination the in vitro release and diffusion of melatonin from
the cream, also determination the stability of melatonin in the cream formula
including the expiration date, Physical Properties, and pH of the cream.
The release was increased with time, and after 6 hours, the amount of
melatonin released was approximately 16.4% of the original amount of the drug,
the. After 6 hours, the amount of melatonin diffused through mouse skin was
4.1% of the original amount of the drug. Arrhenius plot was utilized to predict
the degradation rate constant and then the expiration date was 1.997 years. No
change in the color and odor of the cream which stored at 50oC, 60oC and 70oC
in a well-closed container and protected from light. Cream pH of the final
product was 8.4 and after the storage period (45 days), the pH was around 8.2.
The overall results of this study suggested that the prepared melatonin cream
exerts its effects locally more than in a systemic way, which may increases its
effectiveness in treatment of different skin pathological conditions locally, in the future work.
In the future; it is possible to use different bases and chose the suitable
one according to the study results, also enhancers, preservatives, and co-solvents
could be used.

Reaction of meistylene with bromine under UV-light afforded
α,α,α',α',α",α"-hexabromo mesitylene [2]. The reaction of compound [2] with
morpholine and hydrochloric acid afforded 1,3,5-triformyl benzene [3].
Condensation of compound [3] with three equivalents of 6-aminopenicillanic
acid afforded 1,3,5-tri[penicillanic acid]-6-N-trimesilydene [4].
The reaction of thiosemicarbazide and 4-n-alkoxy benzoic acid [6]n in
POCl3 afforded the corresponding 2-amino-5-(4-n-alkoxyphenyl)-1,3,4
thiadiazole [7]n. condensation of 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid [5] with three
equivalents of appropriate amino-thiadiazole [7]n afforded the corresponding
Tri-amide compounds [8]n. The characterization of the synthesized compoundswas elucidated by their melting points and different spectroscopic methods (UV,
FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results are in agreement with the suggested structures.
The synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity. The results obtained indicated that some of these compounds are more active than with others, Table (7).

The present study was conducted to prepare Rose Bengal antigen by using
Rose Bengal stain 1% and brilliant green 0.5%. These antigens were prepared using
different concentrations (4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% and 10%) and different buffer
diluents with different pH (3.0, 3.5, 3.65, 4, 4.5, 5.0) to study the effect of different
antigen concentrations and pH on the Rose Bengal test. It was observed that the
best results were obtained when the concentration of the antigen was more than 7%
and the pH range of 3.65 to 4.0.

99mTc-dimercapto Succinic acid freeze-dried kit(99mTc-DMSA) was prepared
by reaction of kit that is contained (1mg of 2.3 meso dimercaptosuccinic acid,
0.336 mg of stannous chloride, 40mg insitol and 0.9 ascorbic acid as anti oxidant)
with Na99mTcO4 at pH equal to (2-4) that is the optimal condition to formation
99mTc-DMSA complex.
The radiochemical purity and stability of 99mTc-DMSA in liquid and dried
forms were determined on gel filtration column scanning “GCS”. The labeling yield of complex formation was greater than 99% after 15 min. from addition of
Na99mTcO4. The complex in liquid form was stable during ten hours while in lyophilized form six months.

The biodisribution of kit was studied on white male mice that the results
indicate to the ratio of dose concentration accumulated into kidneys is greater than
29% of injected dose, however, little amounts of complex was detected in nontarget organs.

Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate heat generation
with the use of LED curing device externally (on the outer surface of the
tooth)& internally (inside the pulp chamber), in compares with plasma arc &
conventional curing device
Materials & Methods: On the buccal and palatal surface of fifteen upper
extracted premolar teeth a standardized class V cavity was prepared, the teeth
were randomly divided into three groups according to the cure mode, group I
cured with DentSuply (Conventional cure unit QTH), group II cured with Radii
(LED cure unit) and group III cured with Each group consist of 5teeth (10 cavities), and filled with (micro-hybrid resin
composite), before light curing of the composite resin a thermocouple was
inserted into the pulp chamber .A second thermocouple was attached on the
surface of the tooth; the other end of the thermocouple was connected with an
electrical thermometer. Two reading of temperature increasing were measured.
Then the difference between the initial and final temperature was recorded
externally and internally.
Results: Statistical analysis of the results revealed that the LED light curing unit
had the least increase in the temperature with a significant difference (P<0.001)
when it was compared with plasma arc curing device externally & internally. In
spite of statistically a significant difference between LED & conventional curing
device externally (P<0.001) and the lower temperature mean was found with
LED internally, no significant difference between LED & conventional curing
device internally.
Conclusion:LED light curing unit had the least increase in the temperature at the outer surface of the tooth and inside the pulp chamber. .( Plasma arc cure unit) .

Morphological and histological aspects on the cerebrum of gold- capped
parrot was studied to describe the cerebrum regions which classify and named a
cording to the new standard nomenclature of the international consortium of
avian neuroscientists.
The results of morphological aspects (the gross anatomy) revealed that the
cerebrum was the largest and the dominant part of the brain, the surface of each
cerebral hemisphere was smooth and without gyri and sulci. The wulst was
found as a bulge on the dorsum of each hemisphere, it was massive. The lateral
border of the wulst was demarcated by vallecula groove.The results of
histological aspects indicated the presence of two regions: the dorsal (pallial),
and the basal (striatal and pallidal) regions. The dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR)
was the best developed representing the gray matter.

Background:
Atenolol is one of β–adrenergic receptor blocking agent, that is widely
and commonly used in the treatment of hypertension, its lowering high blood
pressure effectively but, it has many side effects on different body organs and
tissues, some of them are serious.
Objectives:
To prove the association between Atenolol and heart failure through
studying the effects of this drug on the levels of some parameters that are
present in the blood including: total serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride and
aspartate transaminase enzyme in early and long term usage of this drug by
hypertensive patients, these parameters are chosen because they give an early
indication about future development of cardiovascular disease.
Methods:
Case comparative study was conducted in Al-Yarmouk teaching hospital
for one year and seven months on (40) hypertensive patients, they were divided
into (2) groups according to the duration of the treatment:
Group І: (20) patients with mean age (56 + 8) years .They used the drug for a
period from (1-3) years.
Group II: also (20) patients with mean age (55+ 8) years used the drug for (4
10) years.
Both groups were with the same number of sex and nearly the same age, venous
blood samples are taken from each patients and levels of total serum cholesterol,
serum triglyceride (S.TG), and Aspartate transaminase (AST) were estimated
and compared between the (2) groups.
Results:
The mean of total serum cholesterol was significantly higher in group II
than in group I (p<0.05) , the mean of S.TG was significantly higher in group II than in group I (p<0.05) , the mean of AST was higher in group II than group I
(p<0.05).
Conclusion:
Atenolol causes increase levels of total serum cholesterol, S.TG and AST
and this increase is directly proportion to the duration of the drug usage and as
they are affect on cardiovascular system and causing cardiovascular diseases by
their high levels , so Atenolol has significant correlation with the development
of cardiovascular diseases especially heart failure.
Key words: hypertension, Atenolol and side effects, Atenolol antihypertensive,
heart failure.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the most commonly marker that is used to
investigate the presence of oxidative stress in biological system, and glutathione
redox cycle is a major antioxidant defense system for the detoxification of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) within erythrocyte.
In the present study, we aimed to evaluate erythrocyte malondialdehyde
(MDA) as an indicator for the oxidative status and erythrocyte reduced
glutathione (GSH) level as indicators for the antioxidative status in Kala-azar
patients.
The study included sixty patient with Kala-azar and they were followed
up after their complete chemotherapy with antileishmanial drug (sodium
stibogluconate) for (4) weeks. Seventy normal healthy individuals of age and
sex match who served as control. After data analysis the following observations
were obtained, erythrocyte (MDA) and (GSH) level were significantly increased
in Kala-azar patients as compared with normal healthy controls. After treatment,
erythrocyte (MDA) and (GSH) level had decreased significantly as compared to
patients before treatment groups. The results suggest that Kala-azar patients are
in oxidative stress which most likely induces the endogenous antioxidant such as (GSH).

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the most commonly marker that is used to
investigate the presence of oxidative stress in biological system, and glutathione
redox cycle is a major antioxidant defense system for the detoxification of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) within erythrocyte.
In the present study, we aimed to evaluate erythrocyte malondialdehyde
(MDA) as an indicator for the oxidative status and erythrocyte reduced
glutathione (GSH) level as indicators for the antioxidative status in Kala-azar
patients.
The study included sixty patient with Kala-azar and they were followed
up after their complete chemotherapy with antileishmanial drug (sodium
stibogluconate) for (4) weeks. Seventy normal healthy individuals of age and
sex match who served as control. After data analysis the following observations
were obtained, erythrocyte (MDA) and (GSH) level were significantly increased
in Kala-azar patients as compared with normal healthy controls. After treatment,
erythrocyte (MDA) and (GSH) level had decreased significantly as compared to
patients before treatment groups. The results suggest that Kala-azar patients are
in oxidative stress which most likely induces the endogenous antioxidant such as (GSH).

Aim of this work is synthesis and characterization of bidentate Oxime
ligand (HL) [1,2-diphenyl-2-(pyrazin-2-ylimino)-ethanoneoxime]. This ligand
was prepared by reacting of 2-aminopyrmidine (A) with benzylmonooxime (B)
under reflux in methanol and drops of CH3COOH gave the ligand (HL).fig(1)
.The prepared ligand were characterized by I.R, U.V-vis spectra and melting
point.The ligand were reacted
with some metal ions under reflux in methanol with (1:1) ratio gave complexes
of the general formula: [M (HL)], Where: M= MnII, FeII, CoII, CuII, ZnII, CdII,
NiII, and HgII. These complexes were characterized by (A.A), chloride content
I.R, U.V-vis spectra, molar conductivity and melting point. The molar
conductance showed that, all complexe are non-electrolyte.

Exposure to lead results in significant accumulation in most of vital
organs, and free radical damage has been proposed as a cause of lead-induced
tissue damage where oxidative stress is a likely molecular mechanism. This
study is designed to evaluate therapeutic effects melatonin in lead-induced
organs toxicity in rats.
Evaluation of melatonin in this respect was conducted in a rat model of
lead-induced toxicity. All test groups here were challenged with subcutaneous
injections of 100mg/kg lead acetate daily for one month. Melatonin in a dose of
20 mg/kg was administered intraperotoneal as adjunct treatment with lead
acetate. The changes in total body weight, weight of major organs (brain, liver
and kidney), oxidative stress parameters, hemoglobin content, liver and renal
functions, and histological appearance of the studied organs were evaluated and
compared with that of negative and positive controls. In addition, melatonin has
the ability to reverse the damage induced by lead in many organs and tissues
through the reduction of MDA levels in RBCs, brain, liver and kidney; and the
increase in GSH levels in all studied organs; in addition to the improvement in
the indices of the functions of the organs studied.
These findings demonstrate that melatonin capable of preventing damage
of rat tissues caused by successive doses of lead acetate, and also demonstrate
that these animals had restored their organ functions due to treatment with melatonin.

Extraction of castor oil for medical uses by cold press of castor beans at
38˚C with applied pressure 140 bars & pressing time of 70min., the maximum
efficiency was found to be 80%.
The pressed cake which contains 17% oil was subjected to solvent
extraction with hexane under operation conditions: temperature, time of
extraction and solvent to feed ratio.
Bleaching of the castor oil with natural earth (bentonite) to improve the
color.

The objective of this study is to find the relationship between leptin and
obesity in post menopause women. Serum leptin level was determined by using
the Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay (ELISA) technique, The Body Mass
Index (BMI) was measured by weight (kg)/square height (m²), and waist
circumference was measured in centimeters.
These parameters where taken from 100 post menopause women who
were divided according to BMI into two groups: 60 obese women and 40 non
obese women.
A highly significant difference in Serum Leptin levels, BMI and Waist
circumference was found in the obese post menopause women compared with
non-obese subjects (p≤0.01). And a highly significant positive correlation
between serum leptin levels and BMI (r=0.739, p≤0.01), and between serum
leptin levels and waist circumference (r=0.684, p≤0.01).