Journal of University of Babylon

The problem of the research was determined that the researcher noticed many learners of Arabic as a second language in the program of competence in Arabic for non-native speakers of Language and Culture at the Institute of Arabic Linguistics Department at King Saud University, facing challenges in learning Arabic phonemes. The research aimed to identify the challenges of the three components: (phonetic, skill, social) to learn Arabic sounds as a second language, and to achieve this, the research followed the descriptive analytical approach to the subject literature. One of its results was; The challenges of the phonemic component are: (The variation in exits and attributes, or the difference in their features, or their proximity; affects their distinction, perception, or alteration, and that the challenges are not of a single style, governed by individual differences between learners (nationality, gender, language, age). psychological, social, motivation, goals...), the educational environment (internal): (teacher, books, equipment, activities, place...) and external: (community language, open society...), and the challenges of the skill component, They are: (that it constitutes the reception or pronunciation of sounds of vocabulary and structures that are similar, dissimilar, or merging; it may affect the intention of the linguistic message), and the challenges of the social component are: (Language use in the general social environment affects phonemes in pronunciation, perception, or accent). In light of the results of the research, the researcher recommended the need to develop special programs to deal with the challenges of learning the phonemes of the Arabic language as a second language, and to pay attention to the phonemic aspect and its strategies at all levels.

The textual thresholds are one of the most important issues raised by the new critical awareness, given their effectiveness, cognitive value, and importance in illuminating the text and revealing its depths, as this process, whether in Western or Arab critical achievement, has become a separate field of knowledge. As the new field of knowledge contributed to raising the relationship between the thresholds and the texts surrounding or adjacent to the central text, so that the concept of the threshold became an essential and essential component that has its formal characteristics and semantic functions. When he tried to develop his procedural critical mechanisms by moving from the field of the closed text to the concept of the comprehensive text, and looking at the speech of the thresholds from an aesthetic perspective, not just a transient, single-appearance and simple station, that is, today, complex and amalgamated textual phenomena have become unexplained in all their meaning, and She does not know what it bears, as she sometimes hints and does not declare, its meaning is latent in the logic of its composition, with what it suggests of latent meanings and connotations.

The acceptance of black music contributed to breaking down barriers between white and black culture. Despised and even rejected by the whites, the blues and jazz were eventually recognized as components of the Southern heritage of the African Americans. Jazz may be seen not only as a musical fact but also as a cultural fact, the artistic manifestation of a community linked to a set of uses, experience, beliefs, and conceptions forming a representation of the world. This essay follows the presence of different forms of music in theatrical representations of the African Americans, with examples from three playwrights: Lorraine Hansberry, Ntozake Shange, and August Wilson.

The issue of women and their position in the modern societies preoccupies public opinion and international human rights organizations. This research insights the status of women in the Jewish society contemporary Israel as it is reflected in Hebrew poetry through selected poetic models of the poetess Dalia Ravikovich. The research monitors, through an analytical method, the impact of the oppression of women in society, which may have roots in Jewish religious sources on the poetic experience of the poetess . The research came in four topics; The first topic deals with the life of the poetess and her connection to her works. The second topic deals with the status of women in the Jewish religion. The third topic deals with the crushed woman in the work of Dalia Ravikovich. The fourth topic deals with woman as a mother in the work of Dalia Ravikovich. The research concludes that the status of women in contemporary Jewish society in Israel has been affected by some beliefs that have their origins in Jewish religious sources, and that the poetess Dalia Ravikovitch expressed feelings of persecution and discrimination, whether among women in general or among daughters and mothers as a result of the restrictions imposed by the patriarchal society on them.

The research aims to mention the issues mentioned in the Phytotherapy in the Sunnah, and to show the compatibility of modern science with these issues. As for the research method, it is summarized in following the applied analytical method. The research consisted of an introduction, a preface, three topics, a conclusion, recommendations, and an index of sources and references as follows: The introduction: it includes the importance of the research, the reasons for choosing it, its problem, its objectives, the previous studies, its limits, its methodology, its procedures, and its plan. The preface: Introducing the search terms: (medicine, treatment, plants, and the Sunnah) in the Arabic language and the terminology of scholars. The first topic: Therapeutic medicine in the black bean, truffles, the Senna, the Indian installment, in the Prophet Sunnah, the second topic: Therapeutic medicine in henna, the Wars, Al-Dhaira, vinegar in the Prophet Sunnah, and the third topic: Therapeutic medicine in Cresson (Cress seeds), cucumber, Cactus, in the Prophet Sunnah. then the conclusion, recommendations, and index of sources and references. The researcher recommends seeking to establish an encyclopedia of Phytotherapy medicine in the Prophet Sunnah.

This research deals with pragmatic intelligence as used in the context of argumentation and the genre is a two-way kind of communication, say, a political debate. This area of study has not been given its due attention, especially from the pragmatic perspective. Accordingly, the current research aims at: providing a definition for pragmatic intelligence in the context of argumentation; tracing the strategies (logical, dialectical and rhetorical) that are employed to achieve pragmatic intelligence; examining the criteria that are fulfilled when such strategies are used throughout the process of argumentation; and developing an analytical model to analyze pragmatic intelligence in the genre of investigation.
Such an endeavor should have its impact and influence on enriching the literature with information about pragmatic intelligence and the way people pragmatically perceive and evaluate their own and others' intelligence. The research shed some light on fuzzy areas which must be delineated and made clear because they impinge upon understanding how pragmatic intelligence situations appeal themselves to the readers and listeners, and how in turn these readers could find out the impetus behind them. Among the conclusions is that arguers are considered pragmatically more intelligent when they utilize three kinds of intelligences according to this research: logical, dialectical and rhetorical as components of the process of pragmatic intelligence. These kinds of intelligences are considered happy (i.e. achieved the arguers' goal) when they meet certain criteria when the strategies (logical, dialectical and rhetorical) are used.

This research attempts to monitor the technical problematic of medieval poetry and its technical position within the evolutionary process of medieval poetry. Does the newly developed arts represent a new development and emergence or not?

University education is the strategic balance of advanced and contemporary nations and peoples, and a criterion for their glory and development, as well as the importance that higher education enjoys in developing development and preparing specialized cadres. Scientific, cultural and civilized radiation, and universities bear the burden of development and preparation of the leading elements in society, while postgraduate studies contribute to solving the problems of the society that embraces the university, where students' research and messages are linked to the various problems of society, educational, social, economic, administrative, and others. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to identify " Strategic Intelligence And Its Relation To Goal Conflict For Higher Education Students. "To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher built a scale of strategic intelligence, consisting of (35) items, and after verifying its validity and stability, the reliability coefficient reached (0.963) And the construction of the goal conflict scale consisting of (30) items, and after verifying its validity and stability, the reliability coefficient reached (0.880) two thousand crores. The results concluded that For Higher Education Students have strategic intelligence. And there are statistically significant differences in the level of strategic intelligence among graduate students according to the study variable (Masters - PhD). It was found that doctoral students have higher strategic intelligence than master's students. Also, graduate students have a conflict of purpose. And there are statistically significant differences in the level of goal conflict among graduate students according to the interaction of specialization (human-scientific) and gender (male-female). And there are differences according to the study variable (Masters) between the scientific and human specialization in favor of the scientific. And there are differences according to the study variable (PhD) between the scientific and humanitarian specialization in favor of the humanist.

The phenomenon of the different other is considered the social phenomenon that has received the attention of sociology and anthropology because it is one of the secretions of the process of acculturation and communication between different civilizations. Collectivism) because the acculturation and communication of human civilizations with each other does not mean that these civilizations are equal together in terms of the degree of development and growth, but rather that they are different and )differentiated with each other . Civilization) The existence of a different view of the other creates a kind of perceptions and frameworks of thought and ideology that establish stereotypes that enhance the feeling of we are collective, and that this feeling of collective we are a prerequisite for the existence of the other , who is different in civilization and culture .
The acculturation and the communication between the Western civilization and the Eastern civilizations in the various fields has resulted in a problem based on the fact that there are great differences and differences between the completely different East and the Western civilization . Such a problem was founded by the ancient Greek philosophers from Hippocrates to Plato and Aristotle and supported and adopted by the Roman philosophers and thinkers The Modernism of Motsko. Heckel, Karl Marx, Engler, Wittvogel, and Barnes .
The intellectual output produced by the minds of the ancient Greek philosophers , thinkers and scientists from the era of modernity to the present day about the relationship (we) the West with the other , the East has crystallized a number of impressions , perceptions and peculiarities that contributed to the creation of stereotypes that confirm the genius of Western civilization , its superiority and its ability to control and lead . Eastern civilizations seek to dwarf their role and show their failure and inability to develop and grow, so that these intellectual frameworks and perceptions have taken on the nature of scientific facts that can be rejected or doubted .

Sufi dance possessed connotations and a symbolic aesthetic tool that may be related to the soul and soul of man. Sufi dance with aesthetic dimensions became part of the operational system of theatrical performance. From that aesthetic, the Iraqi director Qasim Muhammad Al-Bayatli set out with his theatrical performances, taking from Sufi dance indicative signs to liberate the inner potentials to reach the self, and transform The ideas of the actor into feelings in a tangible way, from this the research problem becomes clear, with the extent of embodying the philosophy of Sufi dance in the performances of director Qassem Muhammad Al-Bayatli, and transforming the centers of potential energy in the human soul into theatrical images. to the search results and then the list of sources.