Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

This work included external morphological study of horse fly Tabanus autumnalis L.
1761, which belongs to family Tabanidae order: Diptera. The study involved the most
important taxonomic external characters of the: head, thorax, abdomen and their appendages
which are: antenna, maxillary palp, wings, legs, spotting in coloring pattern of abdomen.
Key words: Horse fly, Diptera, Tabanidae, Tabanus, Description.

In this research, the structural and optical measurements were made on the Zinc oxide
(ZnO) films prepared by two methods once by using chemical spray pyrolysis technique, and
another by using thermal evaporation technique before and after irradiation by Gamma –Ray
(γ – rays) from source type (Cs 137) with an energy (0.611)MeV as a function of gamma dose
(0.15,0.3 and 0.45) Gy. The thickness of all films prepared by two method was about (300 ±
50) nm.
XRD is used to characterize the structural properties, the results demonstrated that all
samples prepared by two method before and after irradiation have polycrystalline structure
with a preferred orientation (002).Also it showed that the structural properties are weakly
dependent on the gamma dose. The optical measurement shows that all ZnO films prepared
by two method have a direct energy gap, and they in general decrease with the increase of
Gamma dose while the optical constant such as absorption coefficient, refractive index,
extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant and optical
conductivity showed an opposite trend, these values increase with the increase of irradiation
dose. As well as all optical properties for the samples prepared by thermal evaporation
technique is higher than the samples prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis technique.

The present work aims to study the effect of using an automatic thresholding
technique to convert the features edges of the images to binary images in order to split the
object from its background, where the features edges of the sampled images obtained from
first-order edge detection operators (Roberts, Prewitt and Sobel) and second-order edge
detection operators (Laplacian operators). The optimum automatic threshold are calculated
using fast Otsu method. The study is applied on a personal image (Roben) and a satellite
image to study the compatibility of this procedure with two different kinds of images. The
obtained results are discussed.

Pan sharpening (fusion image) is the procedure of merging suitable information from two
or more images into a single image. The image fusion techniques allow the combination of
different information sources to improve the quality of image and increase its utility for a
particular application. In this research, six pan-sharpening method have been implemented
between the panchromatic and multispectral images, these methods include Ehlers, color
normalize, Gram-Schmidt, local mean and variance matching, Daubechies of rank two and
Symlets of rank four wavelet transform. Two images captured by two different sensors such
as landsat-8 and world view-2 have been adopted to achieve the fusion purpose. Different
fidelity metric like MSE, RMSE, PSNR, Cc, ERGAS and RASE have been used to achieve
the comparison among the fusion methods. The results show that Daubechies wavelet (db2)
transform was good method for pan sharpening images. Where good statistical values have
been obtained, when it is applied on the first and second image that are captured by different
sensors with different spatial resolution

The ligand [Potassium (E)-(4-(((2-((1-(3-aminophenyl) ethylidene) amino)-4-oxo-1,4-
dihydropteridin-6-yl) methyl) amino)benzoyl)-L-glutamate] was prepared from the
condensation reaction of folic acid with (3-aminoacetophenone) through Schiff reaction to
give a new Schiff base ligand [H2L]. The ligand [H2L] was characterized by elemental
analysis CHN, atomic absorption (A.A), (FT-I.R.), (U.V.-Vis), TLC, E.S. mass (for
spectroscopes), molar conductance, and melting point. The new Schiff base ligand [H2L],
reacts with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II) metal ions and (2-aminophenol), (metal :
derivative ligand : 2-aminophenol) to give a series of new mixed complexes in the general
formula:- K3[M2(HL)(HA)2], (where M=Mn(II) and Cd(II)); K3[M2(HL)(HA)2.H2O], (where
M= Cu(II) , Ni(II) and Co(II); and K[Cr2(HL)(HA)2(H2O)3]. These complexes were characterized
by elemental analyses [(C.H.N) and (A.A)], (FT-I.R), (U.V-Vis.), molar conductance, 1H,13CNMR,
biological activity, TLC and magnetic moment measurements. From the above data the
proposed molecular structure for Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II) complexes adopt a
tetrahedral structure about the metal ions.

To investigate the concentration and role of certain important elements in 30
patients women with breast cancer (without treatment, with treatment, and treated but
recancer) by using statistical analysis. The serum concentration of some important
elements (Mg, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Mn) of the patients with breast cancer, and (7) healthy
control women it is found that: there is a significant increase in the concentration of
(Mg, Zn, and Mn), but significant decrease in Cu concentration in all breast cancer
patients compared with the healthy control. And significantly higher in Cr
concentration in notreated and treated with recancer, but lower in treated patients as
compared with healthy control.

New tetradentate Schiff base [H2L] namely [2,2 ׳ -(ethane-1,2- diylbis (azan-1-ylylidene)
diacetic acid)] was prepared from condensation of ethylenediamine with glyoxylic
acid in ethanol as a solvent in presence of drops of 48% HBr .The structure of ligand (H2L)
was characterized by,F-IR, U.V-Vis.,1H-,13C-NMR, pectrophotometer,melting point and
elemental microanalysis C.H.N.
Metal complexes of the ligand (H2L) in general Molecular formula [M(L)(H2O)2],
where M= Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Hg(II); L=(C6H8N2O4) were synthesized were
characterized by, Atomic absorption, F-IR, U.V-Vis. spectra, molar conductivity and magnetic
susceptibility.It was found that all the complexes showed octahedral geometries.And in vitro
tests for antibacterial activity showed that most of the prepared compounds display a good
activity to (Staphylococcus aureus),(Bacillus cereus ) ,(Escherichia coli) and (Pseudomonas)

Corrosion behavior of aluminium in 0.6 mol. dm-3 NaCl solution in acidic medium
???????????? ???? 0.7???? was investigated in the absence and presence of different concentrations of amino
acid, methionine, as environmentally – friendly corrosion inhibitor over temperature range
(293-308)K. The investigation involved electrochemical polarization method using
potentiostatic technique and optical microscopy, the inhibition efficiency increased with an
increase in inhibitor concentration but decreased with increase in temperature. Results showed
that the inhibition occurs through adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on the metal surface
and it was found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Some thermodynamic parameters
????Δ????????????????.???? and activation energy ????????????????were calculated to elaborate the mechanism of corrosion
inhibition. The polarization measurements indicated that methionine is of mixed type. The
surface characteristic of the inhibited and uninhibited metal samples were investigated by
optical microscopy.

New hydrazide compounds (A2) and (A9) were prepared from their corresponding
esters (A1, A8) .These esters were also prepared from their precursors 5-ethoxy carbonyl-(4-
methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2-thione (A1) via multicomponent
reaction type and from hippuric acid respectively. The hydrazide compounds were then
allowed to react with some aldehydes forming the corresponding hydrazones (A3-7) and (A10-
14). The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and Mass
spectroscopies and well discussed.

Charge transfer complex formation method has been applied for the spectrophotometric
determination of cimetidine, in bulk sample and dosage form. The method was accurate,
simple, rapid, inexpensive and sensitive depending on the formed charge- transfer complex
between cited drug and, 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p- benzoquinone (DDQ) as a chromogenic
reagent. The formed complex shows absorbance maxima at 587 nm against reagent blank.
The calibration graph is linear in the ranges of (5.0 - 50.0) μg.mL-1 with detection limit of
0.268μg.mL-1. The results show the absence of interferences from the excipients on the
determination of the drug. Therefore the proposed method has been successfully applied for
the determination of cimetidine in pharmaceutical preparations.

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method is described for the
determination of diclofenac sodium (DCL), in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations.
The method is based on the oxidation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) and coupling
of the oxidized product with DCL in alkaline medium to give intensively colored
chromogen which exhibits maximum absorption (λmax) at 600 nm, and the concentration
of DCL was determined spectrophotometrically. The optimum reaction conditions and
other analytical parameters were evaluated. In addition to classical univariate optimization,
modified simplex method (MSM) has been applied in optimization of the variables
affecting the color producing reaction.
Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5-40 μg.mL-1 with molar
absorptivity of 2.0994×104 L.mol-1.cm-1. The limit of detection was found to be 0.020
μg.mL-1 and the Sandellʼs sensitivity value was 0.0152 μg.cm-2. The proposed method
was successfully applied to the determination of DCL in pharmaceutical preparations.

A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMXT)
based on the diazo-coupling reaction was studied. Sulphanilic acid diazotizes with nitrite ion
in acidic medium to produce a water soluble, colorless diazonium ion, which subsequently
coupled with AMXT to form a colored azo dye in the alkaline medium, having maximum
absorption at 455 nm. The calibration graph showed that Beer's law is obeyed over the
concentration range of 0.3 – 30.0 μg/mL of AMXT, with the detection limit of 0.15 μg/mL
and molar absorptivity was 2.3 × 104 L/mol.cm. The accuracy and the precision were
acceptable depending upon the values of error percentage and relative standard deviation.
The influence of common interferences was studied and the method was applied with good
recovery for the determination of AMXT in pure form and different pharmaceutical
formulations, which commercially available in Erbil market.

A simple, sensitive, accurate and low cost effective spectrophotometric method has been
developed for the determination of Tetracycline and Doxycycline in pure and pharmaceutical
formulations. The method is based on the reaction of methyldopa with 4-aminoantipyren (4-AAP) in
presence of potassium ferriecyanide (PFC) in an alkaline medium.
Two optimization methods were applied to determine the optimum conditions of oxidizing coupling
reaction variables; univariate and design of experiment (DOE) method. The conditions effecting the
reaction; pH, buffer Volume, reagent concentration, oxidant concentration, type of buffer, order of
addition, time of reaction and stability were optimized . Under univariate and design of experiment
(DOE) method; the Tetracycline colored product having (λmax) at 531nm 535nm. Beer’s law was
obeyed in concentration range of [two scale (1-18 μg.mL-1) and (15-70μg.mL-1)] with correlation
coefficient of 0.9997 and 0.9942 respectively and for second method [two scale (1-30 μg.mL-1) and
(40-100μg.mL-1)] with correlation coefficient of 1 and 0.9913. The assay limits of detection
quantification were 0.1732, 0.3123μg.mL-1 respectively. Under univariate the Doxycycline colored
product having (λmax) at 515nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in concentration range (10-90 μg.mL-1) with
correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The assay limits of detection quantification were 1.0724μg.mL-1.
The method was successfully applied to the analysis of the drug tablets formulation.

The formation of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes was studied with two new
hetrocyclic azo ligands 2-[4-(1-sulfonaphthalene)azo]-L-Histidine (L1) and 2-[7-(1-hydroxy-
3-sulfonaphthalene)azo]-L-Histidine (L2) derived from coupling reaction of diazonium salt of
naphthionic acid and 7-amino-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid with L-Histidine in an alkaline
ethanolic solution. The structural features of all new compounds have been characterized from
their elemental analyses, metal content, magnetic moment measurement, molar conductance
& FT-IR, UV-Vis. and 1HNMR spectral studies. Furthermore,the composition of complexes
have been studied following the mole ratio method after fixing the optimum condition (pH
and concentration).Beer’s law was obeyed over a concentration range (610-5 - 810-5M). All
data showed that the complexes with (1:2) (M:L) metal to ligand, may be formulated as
[M(L)2Cl2] and octahedral geometry, in which the ligands (L1 and L2) act as N,N-bidentate
chelating agents, coordinated through the azo nitrogen near naphthyl moiety and heterocyclic
nitrogen in L-Histidine. The stability constant () and Gibbs free energy (G) of the
complexes have also been studied. Biological efficiency of ligands and their complexes were
tested aginst Eschericha coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

In this work, the ligand was obtained from the reaction of diazonium salt of naphthyl
amine with 1-amino-2-naphtol-4-sulfonic acid. The bidentate ligand type (NO) donar atoms
was reacted with 1,10-phenanthroline and matel salt in a 1:1:1 mole ratio to give the
complexes, using NaOH as a base. Physical-chemical teqnichas were used to characteriz the
prepared compounds FT-IR,U.V-Vis, fluorescence and 1HNMR spectroscopy, atomic
absorption , chloride content along with conductivity and melting point measurements
.Finally, thermal analysis was used to confirm the presence of coordination H2O molecule in
the complexes structure. According to memtioned characterization methods, the general
formula proposed for CoII ZnII, CdII and HgII complexes is [M(L)(phen)(H2O)Cl].

In this paper, we introduce and study the concept of a new class of generalized closed set
which is called generalized b*-closed set in topological spaces ( briefly .g b*-closed) we study
also. some of its basic properties and investigate the relations between the associated topology.

Let M be an R-module, where R is a commutative ring with unity. A submodule N of M
is called e-small (denoted by N
e 
M) if N + K = M, where K
e 
M implies K = M. We give
many properties related with this type of submodules

Let R be a commutative ring with 1 ???? 0 and M is a unitary R-module . In this paper , our
aim is to continue studying 2-absorbing submodules which are introduced by A.Y. Darani
and F. Soheilina . Many new properties and characterizations are given .

An R-module M is called a 2-regular module if every submodule N of M is 2-pure
submodule, where a submodule N of M is 2-pure in M if for every ideal I of R, I2MN = I2N,
[1].
This paper is a continuation of [1]. We give some conditions to characterize this class of
modules, also many relationships with other related concepts are introduced.

The genetic diversity was studied in sixteen barley Hordeum vulgar L. species cultivated in
Iraq , which are differ in their ability to drought stress tolerance by using random amplified
polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD - PCR ) .Barley species was evaluated
to drought stress after treatment the plant seedling at germination stages to different
concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEDG6000) . The results showed that the Broaq and
Arefat species have the highest tolerance to drought stress in contrast the rest of Barly species
like Alkhair, Alwarkaa, Ebaa99, Shoaa, Alrafidain,Sameer Rehana 3 , forat9 , jazeral ,and
ebaa7 revealed sensitivity to drought stress .
The primes which used RAPD technique for all the studied species were produced 203
bands . The percentage of monomorphic bands is 10.39 % , while the polymorphic bands
scored 89.70% raning from 71.4 % for OP-B11 primer to 100% for OP-C16 primer .Some
primers produced specific or distinguished bands for some Barley species , such as primer
OP-N13 which produced band with 450 bp molecular weight. and this band was appeared in
sensitive drought stress species only like Forat 9 ,Jazera 1 and Ebaa7. Primer P27 produced
band with 2000 bp molecular weight and this band was appeared in highest tolerance Boraq
Barley species .This band maybe associated with drought tolerant. Cluster analyses by using
jaccard scale for genetic similarity revealed a dendogram with three major groups with 75%
similarity degree .The first and second sub group of group one included the tolerant and
moderately tolerant species excluding Alkhair and Alwarkaa species which they are separated
according to their genetic origin with one of the parents (Arefat) . The second and the third
groups with the third sub group of group one included the sensitive species. The results of
RAPD markers indicated the presence of high percentage of genetic diversity within the
studies Barley species cultivated in Iraq .Moreover .these result enable the researches to
separate the samples which differ in their ability to drought stress tolerance by using few
numbers of genetic sites.

The work included external morphological study of the frog
hopperNeophilaenuslineatus(Linnaeus), 1758 which belongs to the family Cercopidae of
order Homoptera. The studied species is regarded as new record to Iraqi funa.
The study involved with the most important toxonomic external characters such as the
head, thorax, abdomen and some of their appendages in addition to male and female genitalia.

The goal of this study is to determine interior pathogen that causes Diarrhea state to
chidren between (1-15) years old, theirs patient from (learn hospital of alemamen alkadoman)
in the city of Baghdad from 25/4/2014 to 1/10/2014 period of time, the study represents 103
sample of stool, the result represents that highest ration of infected by 48.545%, Rotavirus
39.80%, mix infected(parasite + Rotavirus) 8.73%, with record of lowest infection ration
2.91%, found during the study that the age group 1-5 years showed the highest percentage of
injury Rotavirus by also reached 60.98% case common injury (Rotavirus and parasitic) where
this age group, the highest recorded percentage of injuring 66.67%, As for parasitic infected
which represented within the same category %26. The results showed that age group (more
than 5 years) and deity 56% when compared with the other groups and recorded the
results .There is a high significant difference between males and females in the pathogenesis
of parasitic and viral infection when the probability p < 0.01, male recode (62.00-60.00)%
more than female (40.00-38.00)% on serias.

The goal of present study was to investigate the benefits of broccoli (as antiandrogenic
plant) in protection and treatment for reproductive hormonal and metabolic
disturbance, which combined with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The PCOS model
was introduced by injecting subcutaneously prepubertal female rats at 21 days old with
Letrozole for 39 days, and divided into 6 groups (8 rats each ) as follows:
Group 1: Female rats were injected with 0.1 ml of normal saline.
Group 2: Female rats were injected with 0.1 ml of 400 μg Letrozole
Group 3: Female rats were injected with 0.1 ml of 400 μg L with orally gavaged of broccoli
juice.
Group 4: Female rats were injected with 0.1 ml of normal saline and at the end of the last
injection were orally gavaged with destil water for 30 days .
Group 5: Female rats were injected with 0.1 ml of 400 μg L and at the end of the last injection
were orally gavaged with destil water for 30 days.
Group 6: Female rats were injected with 0.1 ml of 400 μg L and at the end of the last injection
were orally gavaged with broccoli juice for 30 days.
Females of all groups were sacrificed after 24 hours from last treatment to undertake
study on weight, histological, hormonal and metabolic for each group. All L- treated rats
showed reproductive hormonal and metabolic symptoms of PCOS. Also a well improvement
has been noticed in all syndrome symptoms on females gavaged with broccoli juice. These
results indicate that broccoli juice has got a protective and curative role against this syndrome.

Experiment was conducted using clay pots at botanical garden of Department of Biology/
College of Education for Pure Science / Ibn –AL- Haitham, University of Baghdad during the
growth season of (2013-2014).The experiment aimed to study the effect of NPK Zn fertilizer
in (15-15-15-1)% with the levels 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 grams per five kilograms soil based on (80, 120,
240 kg per Hectare)in some of morphological characters and yield of Vigna radiatia.
The results showed a significant increase in plant height, dry weight, biological yield,
economic yield, weight of 100 seeds, harvest index, absolute growth rate (AGR) were all
increased and amount of output compared with control plants.

The present study was directed to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)
on the weights of the testes and epididymides and the characteristics of sperm in male albino
mice. Animals were orally dosed with 200 mg/kg of Ag NPs for 5,10,15 days and then during
the day following the end of dosage period all animals were sacrificed, then the testes and
epididymes (head and tail) were isolated and after their weights measured. Then we studied
the percentage of vitality and sperm abnormalities and calculate the concentration of sperm in
the testes and epididymides. The results of this study after comparing it with the control
showed a statistical decrease (P<0.05) in the weights of testes and tunica albuginea for the
three periods. The epididymis showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the average weights
of the epididymis head for the three periods while the average weights of the epididymis tail
showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) for the periods of 10 and 15 days. The percentage of
sperm vitality and sperm concentration showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) for the three
periods, while the percentage of sperm abnormalities showed a significant increase (P<0.05)
in the testes and epididymes for the three periods, and as a result, this study proved that Ag
NPs have a negative effect on the activity of the reproductive system of male albino mice.

The physical and chemical parameters of Tigris River water in AL- Kut City have been
studied. Three stations have been chosen. . The sampling of study was made monthly and for
six months from September 2014 until February 2015.The result of turbidity values showed
height mean in summer 84 NTU, The decrease of turbidity was one of the positive results to
the effect of AL-Kut Dam on the Tigris River after the Dam and on the total suspended solids.
The electrical conductivity was 1340 μs/cm in winter that may be due to the existence of the
polluted elements. The river water was fresh (0.48‰ semiebrachish) with a good aerated
water and the height of the dissolved oxygen mean value has been noticed 13.1mg/L at many
times. Over saturated Oxygen condition was noticed 135 mg/L but the biological demand of
oxygen didn,t pass the national specifics with oscillation in some values. The result of
hydrogen ion concentration values varied from 7.1 - 8.2 on the weak alkaline side. Height
values of total hardness were recorded 600mg/L, Calcium and magnesium were the cause of
hardness. The alkaline is caused by carbonate and bicarbonate ions.The present study result
showed that the sulphates are more than other ions with average of 148.33mg/L.The
phosphate passed the decisions of the surface water in average 0.0388μg/L.The nitrate were in
the acceptable ranges in concentration from 0.296-1.75mg/L.

During the period from September 2013 till the end of July 2014 ,a total of 340 birds
Passer domesticus were collected from Tikrit city . The study revealed the infection of birds
with seven species of cestoda helminthes , belonging to the genus Raillietin . These species
included R. tetragona , R. echinobothrida , R. cesticellus and R. ransomi with prevalence
infection of 36.1% , 30.1% . 15.0 % and 1.8 % respectively . And the genus Choanotaenia .
These species included C. infundibulum and C. passerine with pervatence infection of
15.0% and 0.6% respectively . And the genus Anonchotuenia . The species included
A.globate with prevantence infection 1.2% .
Among of these parasites R. ransomi , C. passerine and A. globate were reported here for
the first time in Iraq , in addition , P. domesticus is considered as a new host in Iraq for R.
tetragona , R. echinobothrida , R. cesticellus and C. infundibulum

Monthly variations in Physio-chemical parameters of Al-Garraf water in
Waist province, one of the main tributaries of the Tigris River to investigate the
water quality of the river from August 2014 to January 2015. The study location
situated in the southeastern sector of Iraq and surrounded by wide and fertile
agricultural lands. Three stations were selected for collecting samples monthly,
samples were taken each month. Station one is located at 500 m of the AL - KUT
Dam. The second is situated at distance of 15 Km away from the former (Kut-
Muwafaqiya) and the latter station is located at 18 Km apart from the second one
upon entering the river hand Muwafaqiya. In the present study fourteen physical
and chemical parameters were analyzed based on the importance of these
parameters. These fourteen parameters are ranged as following: Air temperature (12
to 37.2) ºC, water temperature (12.1 to 28.4) ºC, pH (7.2 to 7.8), EC (490 to 1860)
μS/cm, Salinity (0.64 to 1.19) ‰, DO (2.7 to 9.3) mg/L, BOD5 (0.2 to 7.1) mg/L,
Turbidity (21.44 to 74) NTU, TDS (0.580 to 0.99 ) g/L, TSS (0.0006 to 0.059)
mg/L, TH (388 to 504) μg/L, Ca+2 (100 to 160.32) mg/L, Mg+2 (3.69 to 52.07) mg/L
and NO3-2 (0.034 to 3.69) mg/L and PO4-2 (0.015 to 0.225) μg/L. , Bicarbonate (130
to 180) mg/L , Sulfate (80 to 180) mg/L, the percentage of oxygen saturation (32.25
to 306.29) % ,Water flow (2.5 to 10.7)m\sec. and total Alkalinity(12.2 to 25)mg/L.
The results revealed that water parameters were within the Iraqi standards for the
raw water.

This was study conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the secondary metabolites from
produced Metarhizium anisopliae in potato sucrose broth, rice broth and wheat broth, against
larvae and adults of Chysomya albiceps.
Results showed that filtrate of potato broth was better in mortality rates occurrence when
second instar larvae were treated, the mortality rate was 46.67%. While the treatment of the
larvae using the filter of rice and wheat broth gave total accumulated mortality rate (larvae and
pupae) of 36.67 and 40.00 respectively.
While it was 66.76 when treated with potato broth adults food with filtrate recorded high
mortality rate reached to 90.00% after one week.
Key words:Secondary metabolites,Metarhizium anisopliae,Larvae, Adults, Chrysomya albiceps

This study observed the genetic diversity and relationships among 4 species belonging to
genus Gladiolus L. , by using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique ,
the study includes extraction of genomic DNA from the dray leaves by using commercial kit .
4 random primers used the produced of many polymorphic bands among the 4 species , it
was also possible to fined the DNA fingerprint of all studied species.Through the appearance
of a number of bands that were unique to each species.Genetic distances ranged from 0.10 to
0.86, and used cluster analysis were performed to construct dendrogram.Cluster analysis
grouped the 4 species Into tow main clusters depending on their ancestor and their
morphological and anatomical traits. Depending on the results of this study and other such as
anatomical and palynologycal studies we can record a new species in Iraq belonging to genus
Gladiolus, it is G. anatolicus