Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Nutritional disorders are problems in the poultry industry. This experiment aimed to study the effect of high doses of soy oil and lysine (Lys) on the liver and Pectoralis muscle (PM) in broiler during the starter period and apply I See Inside (ISI) and semiquantitative methodology, determined the correlation between pathological lesions in both organs and regression assessment for the effects of myopathies on the liver. Forty broilers were divided into T1, receiving basal diet T2 and T3, high additive oil and lysine 4.56 and 1.66% respectively, and T4, which received both high additives; the trial continued for 12 days. The total ISI index for histopathological lesions in the liver and PM was 74 and 41, respectively, represented by vascular, degeneration alteration, and necrosis; ISI assessment revealed highly significant lesions in the liver of all groups in comparison with T1, significance endomias tissue formation in T4 at 4.00, splitting PM fiber in both T3 and T4 1.60, the intermittent muscle fiber of the broiler at same treatments was 1.00, furthermore semi-quantitative analysis investigated significant correlation between infiltration of inflammatory cells with highly significant congestion correlation with necrosis in the liver. In contrast, in the muscle, the necrosis is significantly correlated with hemorrhage in the liver; the regression plot analysis also determined the R2 value for microscopic lesions in the muscle, which affected hepatic tissue. This study concludes that ISI with semi-quantitively analysis is a sound methodology for determining the significant deleterious effects of high doses of oil and lysine in broil ration.

Waterfowl are the main reservoir for most influenza A virus subtypes, and they can effectively transmit these viruses to other birds and humans. This study aims to identify two influenza virus subtypes, H5 and H7, in domestic geese and ducks in Basrah governorate, Southern Iraq. 310 cloacal swabs were obtained from 150 domestic geese and 160 domestic ducks from different geographical areas. The viruses were first detected by RT-PCR using a pair of universal primers. All positive samples underwent RT-PCR using gene-specific primers to identify H5 and H7 influenza virus subtypes. The results showed that the prevalence of influenza viruses detected through universal primers was 37.7%. Of these, 24.6% and 50% were positive for viruses in domestic geese and ducks, respectively. Regarding virus subtyping in geese, the infection rates with H5 and H7 were 43.2% and 29.7%, respectively, with 27% as a combination of the two, while in domestic ducks, the infection rate with H5 was 27.5%, and with H7 it was 15%. Interestingly, ducks had a high concurrent infection rate for both H5 and H7 subtypes, accounting for 57.5%. The study concluded that the two virus subtypes, individually or simultaneously, were present in domestic waterfowl in regions of Basrah, and they were higher in ducks than in geese.

This study examined the biological response of canine mandibular bone to synthetic nanocomposite material alone or combined with injectable platelet-rich fibrin i-PRF. Twelve healthy adult male local breed dogs aged 12 to 18 months and weighing 15-20 kg were used in this study. These dogs were divided into two main groups based on healing intervals of 1 and 2 months. Each interval group had four subgroups, including three dogs in each one. The division was based on the grafting material used: empty defect (Control -ve), i-PRF alone, nanocomposite alone, and i-PRF + nanocomposite. All surgeries were performed under general anesthesia. The surgical procedure began with a 5 cm parallel incision along the mandible's lower posterior border. After exposing the periosteum, three 5mm-diameter, 5-mm-deep critical-size holes were made, 5mm between each. Each group with the allocated protocol had three independent holes. The defects of all study groups were covered with resorbable collagen membranes, and then the subcutaneous tissue and skin closed routinely. Total densitometric analysis showed highly significant differences between groups, with the Nano+ i-PRF group having the highest means, 332.66 and 522.66 at 1 and 2 months. Nanocomposite and i-PRF increased and maintained bone density during the study.

The species and strain of Cryptosporidium parvum genotype in domestic ducks were recorded for the first-time using sequencing technologies in this study. In addition, it looks at the spread of Cryptosporidium parvum and the methods used to diagnose it in different districts of Mosul. Ninety-one duck feces were gathered from six different districts of the city: Shallalat, Bashiqa, Ali Rash, Bartella, Al-Hamdaniya, Telkaif, Felfil, and Al-Qosh. The positive result rate was 27% (25 of the original 91), with monthly variations based on geographic region and age. The statistical analysis revealed considerable disparities in scientific procedures between the northern and eastern Mosul regions. The age factor revealed a substantial difference between 9 and 12 months. Histopathological changes in the trachea and intestinal tract were recorded. The type and strain of Cryptosporidium parvum were recorded and compared to sequences stored in the NCBI's GenBank database. The parasite's genetic invasion, was discovered to match the strains reported in China. The study concluded that for the first time in Mosul, the strain and type of Cryptosporidium parvum isolate were recorded in local ducks, with a higher incidence among local ducks aged 6-12 months than at other ages. Furthermore, its incidence was higher in the city's northern areas than in its eastern areas. Duck trachea and intestines are affected by this strain's histopathological alterations.

This research was designed to study the effect of silymarin dosage on the histological structure of the testicle in rabbits and the impact it has on the level of sperm production in these animals. Thirty adult male rabbits were used to complete this work. Their ages ranged between 5 to 6 months, while their weight ranged between 1,500 to 1,700 grams. The animals were divided into three groups based on the amount of dose of silymarin given as follows (C- 10 rabbits given free diet served as a control group: T1-10 rabbits treated with an oral daily dose of 0.5 ml per kg B.W. T2-10 rabbits treated with orally daily dose 1 ml per kg B.W.). The various types of cells were identified in this study based on several criteria, the most important of which are the external appearance of these cells during the series of divisions, the size of the cell, and the shape of the nucleus. The results showed an improvement in the architecture of seminiferous tubule epithelium, the disappearance of vacuolar degenerations in more than 95% of this epithelium, and an increase in the number of mature sperm in the center of each tubule in addition to increasing all parameters of Leydig cells. In conclusion, the testicles in rabbits exposed to silymarin are positively affected, leading to improved sperm production.

This study examines the clinical and histopathological aspects of using Dl-Methionine to enhance wound healing. The purpose of wound management is enhancing healing with minimal pain, discomfort, and scarring; that is important, especially in specific conditions like cosmetic surgery and vital areas injuries like the chest, joints, and eyes where wounds interfere with vital processes, in addition to specific diseases and disorders such as diabetes, mal-immunity, mal-nutrition, and cancer which prolong the healing. Fifteen adult rabbits were used. After surgical preparation, (2cm) diameter circular full-thickness skin wounds were made on each side of the rabbit's back; the control side was left without treatment, while the treated side was covered with 500 mg of DL-Methionine. The experimental wounds were observed daily to assess wound contraction at 6 hours, 1st,3rd,5th,7th,9th,12th, and 14th days postoperative. Histopathological analysis was performed on wound edge tissue on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 14th postoperative days. The total healing time for both treated and control wounds was measured. DL-Methionine was effective in hemostasis and accelerated the healing process according to the wound contraction assessment and histopathology due to faster maturation of granulation tissue and epithelial cell proliferation compared to the control group. The fibroblast invasion and increased collagen accumulation in the wound marked the transition from inflammation to proliferation. In conclusion, using DL-Methionine topically on the wound enhances all phases of wound healing, and we can recommend packaging and manufacturing DL-Methionine as a wound powder.

Molecular biology techniques are important tools for studying animal health and production characteristics. Thus, determining the genotypes of animals with high genetic value enables the implementation of genetic improvement programs, especially related to sperm and testicular characteristics in cattle. The objective of this study was to detect polymorphisms in the promoter region of the FSH-β gene using the Tetra-primer-PCR (T-ARMS-PCR) technique and associate these polymorphisms with seminal parameters and scrotal perimeter in Nellore bulls. Semen samples were collected and evaluated for volume, sperm motility, and vigor, and scrotal perimeter was measured in 200 bulls. DNA extractions and genotyping of the FSH-βU1 and FSH-βU2 polymorphisms were performed using the T-ARMS-PCR technique. Population genetics parameters were estimated, and associations between genotypes and semen and testicular characteristics were assessed. Both SNPs showed variability with allele frequencies close to 0.500 and an excess of heterozygotes (above 0.600). No inbreeding was detected (FIS -0.3304 and -0.2511, respectively), and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed (P<0.05). Only the scrotal perimeter parameter was associated with the FSH-βU1 SNP, with the GG genotype being superior to the others. Therefore, the T-ARMS-PCR technique may be applied to different SNPs directly associated with health and economically relevant characteristics in animals.

The thymus gland is the primary lymphoid organ that undergoes postnatal growth followed by gradual atrophies and functional decline with age progress. The thymus gland has similar morphology across species, with a thoracic portion in the cranial mediastinum and a cervical portion along the trachea. Histologically, the thymus consists of an outer cortex populated with darkly stained T lymphocytes and a pale inner medulla. The medulla contains thymic Hassall's corpuscles (THC), which may function as sites for T cell maturation or as communication points between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The thymus gland in camels has yet to be well studied, with limited research on its macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. In this study, the thymus glands of camel calves were examined. The thoracic portion was triangular and located in the cranioventral part of the mediastinum. The cervical portion extends cranially to the level of the thyroid gland and, in some cases, to the larynx. Histologically, the camel thymus had a fibrous capsule and connective tissue trabeculae, dividing the gland into incomplete lobules. The cortex was heavily populated with thymocytes, while the medulla contained epithelial reticular cells. A perivascular space (PVS) consisting of mature T lymphocytes surrounding blood vessels was also identified. THCs were present in the medulla, with variable shapes and forms ranging from small-sized to very large-sized with degenerative changes. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of the thymus gland in camels and its implications for vaccination programs and immune health.

The research was planned to evaluate the ability of an omental pedicle flap with platelets-rich fibrin (PRF) to augment bladder defects in dogs. Eighteen adult- male dogs were used. After general anesthesia, a partial cystectomy with a circular shape with a diameter of 3cm. was performed on the dorsal surface of the bladder. Then, the animals (N=9) were divided into two equal groups. In the first group, the bladder defect was closed with a double layer of omentum. In contrast, in the second group, the defect was also reconstructed by a double layer of omentum with topical application of platelets-rich fibrin between both layers. The results were evaluated by studying the gross, cystography, and histopathological changes on 7, 15, and 30 days postoperatively. Monitoring of clinical signs with statistical histopathological scoring analysis was also studied. The clinical signs during the first-week post-operation were represented by loss of appetite, straining during urination, and hematuria. These signs disappeared after the first week of surgical repair, and all animals ultimately returned to their normal body status. The complete closure of the bladder defect represented the gross changes. The histopathological results represented the formation of granulation tissue, angiogenesis, and infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear inflammatory cells in both groups. The proliferation and maturation of granulation tissue were more in the second group, in addition to lower degree of inflammatory cell infiltration. The results of cystography revealed no sign of urine leakage. In conclusion, adding PRF to omentum can improve the healing of bladder defects in dogs.

Pregabalin is a commonly used medication for the treatment of pain associated with neuropathic conditions, but there has been little research on its harmful consequences. This study divided 20 adult male rats into two sets (I and II). I set was given distilled water (5 ml/kg, orally), while II set was given pregabalin (12.8 mg/kg, orally) for 30 consecutive days. The histological and immunohistochemical features of the brain were investigated. A histomorphometric analysis was also performed, and the rats' weights were determined. The results revealed a variety of histopathological lesions. There was a positive response for GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) expression in the brain. There were histological lesions in the liver, kidney, and brain, as well as differences in the histomorphometric measurements in set II compared to set I. Meaningful elevations in the GOT/AST (aspartate aminotransferase), GPT/ALT (alanine aminotransferase), and creatinine levels were explored, but a non-significant increase in the urea amount was noticed. The medication caused a meaningful elevation in body weight. The results revealed that the drug has toxic effects on the vital organs and their functions and can change their cellular structure if taken for a long time. Therefore, considering its side effects, it must be taken under medical advice.

Aflatoxin (AF) is considered a problematic issue in poultry farms. A novel bio-green synthesis nanoparticle technique is newly introduced in the poultry industry, thus this study aimed to investigate the harmful effects of aflatoxin on the histological structure of broilers' spleen as well as its toxicity on the immune system through the study of CD4+ and CD8+ expression and determination of the silver nitrate nanoparticles (AgNP) protective role against aflatoxin. Forty-five broiler chicks were divided into three groups. T1 control, T2 birds were treated with AF 70 ppb, and T3 birds were treated with AF and silver nanoparticles 150 ppm for 21 days. The result of histological examination in T2 revealed progressive pathological alteration in the red and white pulp with regressive pathological lesions in the splenic trabeculae and central artery sclerosis and white pulp regeneration with edema and congestion in T3. The descriptive chart analysis was used for pathological lesions, showing that the percentages for the red pulp in the three groups were 76, 71, and 73 and for the white pulp 24,29, and 27, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease of CD4+ and CD8+ expression in the splenic tissue of the broiler in T2 in contrast to T1 and T3. This study concluded that biosynthetic silver nanoparticles can reduce the histological effects and immunotoxicity of aflatoxin, and the descriptive and semi-quantity analysis of the histopathological lesions are essential modern methods in significantly evaluating the results of histological examination.

The study investigated the histopathological effects of the liver of quail birds prone to heat stress and treated with effective microorganisms. Forty-one-day-old broilers were erratically distributed into 4 groups, with ten birds for each group, as follows: first group as a control, second group treated with effective microorganisms, third group exposed to heat stress, and the fourth group treated with effective microorganisms and exposed to heat stress. The birds were placed in the animal house and left for 10 days to adapt. On the eleventh day, the experiment was started. For thirty days, the animals were sacrificed. On the fifteenth day and the last day of the experimentation, microscopic lesions were identified as hemorrhage, congestion, vacuole degeneration, cloudy swelling, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and necrosis. Pathological lesions were analysed statistically between the first and second slaying. They were highest in the third group and during the two. slayings. The severity of the pathological changes in the 2nd group was less than in the first, third, and fourth groups, and a significant correlation between lesions was more predominant in disturbance of circulation as hemorrhage. The intensity of protein expression represented by a granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) was highest in the first slaying, second, and third groups compared to the intensity of it in the fourth group at the second kill. We conclude from the results that living organisms can decrease pathological changes and be used as a protective protocol in poultry farming fields.

The objective of the current study was to identify Klebsiella Pneumoniae from respiratory illness in chickens and to look into specific virulence characteristics associated with antibiotic resistance. Between April and August of 2023, fifty respiratory tract samples (trachea and lung) were obtained from hens with respiratory infections from various farms in the Nineveh Governorate. After being deposited in the sterile container, all samples were quickly sent for microbiological processing to the Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Iraq. The results showed that K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered in chicken samples at a percentage of 30% (15/50), which was diagnosed by culture on selective media, staining, and biochemical tests. Six selected isolates were randomly confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and appeared to have SHV and CTM-X genes responsible for the resistance of this bacteria toward the antibiotics (ESBLs group), while they did not have the TEM gene. Also, an antibiotics sensitivity test was done on these six isolates of K. pneumoniae; the results show resistance to most of the antibiotics used in this study. In conclusion, K. pneumoniae is one of the leading causes of respiratory infections and has a property of the genetic resistance of beta-lactam antibiotics.

This study aims to assess the effect of the Concentrated Growth Factor (CGF) with low-level laser therapy biostimulation (LLL) in the healing of bone around dental implants in an animal model. Four male sheep in good, healthy condition were utilized for the study. Sheep were divided into two groups, each model serving as two observation subgroups. The tibia of each sheep was subjected to random surgical procedures, with a one and two-month gap between each operation. A total of 40 dental implants were implanted, with each sheep receiving ten implants (five implants in each tibia). The groups were divided as follows: group 1 (Control), in which ten implants were placed in each sheep (five dental implants in each tibia), and group 2 (Study group in which ten implants were placed in each sheep (five dental implants in each tibia) with Sacco's Membrane (concentrated growth factor) and LLLT Biostimulation. Densitometric analysis was performed using digital radiography, immunohistochemical, and histopathological assessment. The findings of the present investigation revealed a statistically significant disparity in the extent of bone development surrounding dental implants at four and eight weeks, with the study group exhibiting a more favorable outcome than the control group. In conclusion, using CGF in conjunction with low-level laser treatment biostimulation has contributed to new bone formation and the establishment of osseointegration.

Metabolic syndrome (Mets), consists of many clinical changes, such as dyslipidemia, obesity, resistance to insulin, and oxidative stress. It is become a global epidemic health problem. In recent years, microRNAs used as biomarkers have been critical in regulating this pathophysiological prominence, and their diagnosis and therapy. This study analyzes the purpose of miRNAs function in metabolic syndrome via focusing on the miR- 122 and miR- 126, which act as an essential key element in regulating thehomeostasis of lipids by controlling the lipoprotein generation and cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Twenty-one rats, 2.5 months old, were randomly split into 3 groups: the control group was were given standard diet and tap water, the second group: was treated with 40% fructose for 15 days, and the third group: was treated with 40% fructose daily for 30 days. miR-122 level was most significantly elevated (with a 40.12-fold change) in the third group. Meanwhile, miR-126 was unregulated in the second group with an 18.20-fold change. This indicates that miR-122 irregularities are affected in the progression of diabetes mellitus type 2 by inducing hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. It can be concluded that circulating microRNAs were principally associated with glucose, lipid metabolism, metabolic syndrome, immunological function, inflammatory diseases, and malignancy disorders.

The Capripoxvirus genus includes sheep pox virus (SPV), a contagious viral infection of small ruminants primarily affecting sheep. It is characterized by severe skin lesions, fever, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, pulmonary involvement, and death. This leads to enormous economic losses for sheep farmers. Recently, numerous cases of individual and multiple cases of SPV have been reported with failure of treatment and control strategies. This suggests that SPV may undergo genetic mutations affecting host immunity by blocking or inhibiting host immunity proteins more efficiently. Therefore, in this study, three host-immunity evasive viral genes, including soluble interferon-gamma receptor-like protein (IFN-γ), G-protein coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR), and inhibitory Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC class 2) were sequenced. To do this, 125 suspected cases were examined and then subjected to PCR technique, which revealed 40 SPV positive 32%. The sequence results of most local strains revealed high similarity to the local vaccine strain, and other strains originated from neighboring countries such as Saudi Arabia and Turkey. However, some strains show genetic diversity. Notably, the designed primers efficiently diagnose SPV and could be useful in viral quantification for future studies. This may also explain the efficiency of the vaccination protocol in Iraq. This may help to improve our understanding of SPV infection and its control.

This study targeted to determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in cattle in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq, based on three genes, including 16S rRNA, uvrC, and gapA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, and to investigate the phylogenetic analysis of M. bovis diagnose in the study. Various samples, including 352 blood samples, 352 nasal swabs, 40 ocular swabs, 65 synovial fluid, and 30 milk samples, were randomly obtained from 352 cattle. Based on the amplified 16S rRNA gene, the prevalence of Mycoplasma spp was 38.63% in cattle using the c-PCR technique. At the same time, there was no significant in the prevalence of M. bovis in cattle based on amplified uvrC and gapA genes, which were 30.68% and 28.69%, respectively, using the m-PCR technique. No significant difference was found between the types of samples for detecting M. bovis. The phylogenetic analysis for ten local sequences of the uvrC (5 sequence) and gapA (5 sequence) that were deposited in the NCBI GenBank under the accession numbers OR784598.1-OR784602.1 and OR792211.1-OR792215.1, with highly related 99.13-100% identity and 99.81% identity, respectively, to the other sequences that registered in the GenBank from different countries, including Canada, Egypt, Iran, Poland, and Switzerland. This study concludes that M. bovis is widespread in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. This first study highlights the phylogenetic analysis of M. bovis in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq.

Fixation inhibits autolysis and is an essential step in disease. Our work examined how neutral buffer NBF (NBF), zinc formalin (ZF), and Bouin's fluid (BF) affected tissue specific CD4, CD68, and Pax8 anti-genetic determinants. Fifty-one sections were analyzed for each fixative marker. One hundred fifty-three portions were scored 0, 1, 2, and 3. The comparison between scores in the detection of CD4 epitopes reflects that BF fluid was significant compared to NBF and ZF at a level of p< 0.05, whereas NBF comes after ZF. Surprisingly, ZF has no significant scores in the context of CD4 detection. On the other hand, CD68 detection at the score one level revealed that NBF and ZF showed significant CD68 anti-genetic determinants, whereas none of the CD68 epitopes were significantly determined in BF fluid. Eventually, both NBF and BF produced an excellent determination of Pax8 epitopes in contrast to ZF. However, there is no significant difference between them. Regarding scores three comparisons in all fixatives, BF fluid showed high-quality CD4 marker expression in contrast to NBF and ZF; however, neither CD68 nor Pax8 showed any significance in this context. We conclude that NBF showed an excellent quality result in detecting all epitopes. However, BF fluid was supreme in detecting anti-genetic determinants of CD4 and Pax8 epitopes in score 3. Additionally, ZF could distinguish CD68 and Pax8 but failed to detect CD4. Conversely, no significant differences were recorded between both B and NBF.

The study seeks the efficacy of the chestnut extract on platelet proliferation and its function in guaranteeing more tangible physiological information about unexpected mortality caused by thrombus formation. Twenty-eight male adult rats were organized into two sets, each with 14 rats, at two intervals (14 and 35 days): the untreated set and the set that received chestnuts (600 mg/kg body weight) orally. Fourteen days after treatment, fourteen rats perished. The remaining half of the animals were left and then allocated into two sets in the untreated and treated groups with chestnuts at the same dose for 35 days. Findings demonstrate a significant reduction in thrombopoietin following 14 days of chestnut administration, as well as platelet counts at 14 and 35 days comparable to untreated rats, while hikes up hormone level and P-LCR at the 35th day of treatment; however, clotting time at both intervals prolonged about untreated rats. Between two intervals, chestnuts increased thrombopoietin levels, clotting time, and platelet count at 35 days, compared to the same group at 14 days of treatment. Immunohistochemistry at 14 and 35 days revealed that IL-3 was expressed strongly in the untreated rats' bones but only moderately in the chestnut group. Furthermore, at two intervals, rat’s sans treatment exhibits robust VEGF expression in their aorta, whereas rats with chestnut extract dosages showcase weak expression. As a recap, chestnut hinders platelet proliferation by interfering with thrombopoietin, thrombocyte numbers, and IL-3 and acting as an anti-angiogenetic and anti-thrombogenic substance.

Compared with other organs, the nervous system is the most susceptible and a top target for lead-induced poisoning. At higher dosages, lead poisoning can be fatal or severely brain-damaging. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of zingerone on rats induced-brain oxidative stress by lead acetate on some pathological alteration. Using a random selection process, 40 male mature rats were allocated into four identical groups for the experiment and given the following care for 28 days: The control group (G1) was given distilled water, G2: gavage 16 mg/kg. B.W. of lead acetate, G3: 125 mg/kg. B.W. of zingerone and 16 mg/kg. B.W. of lead acetate, G4: 125 mg/kg. B.W. of zingerone. After collecting tissue from the brain samples, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were separated for histological analysis. The result showed normal cerebral cortex and hippocampus histological architecture in the control group. The histology architecture of brain tissues in the lead acetate-treated group (G2) showed degeneration of neuronal cells, disruption of the cellular layers and atrophy, nuclear pyknosis, and neuronal injury. The G3 and G4 treated groups showed repair in the histological changes of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus due to zingerone's antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Conclusion: Zingerone has antioxidant activity and neuroprotective properties by improving brain histological changes in rats

The study was conducted on 60 Holstein dairy cows during 50 and 60 days postpartum in different rural areas in Al-Anbar Province, Iraq. This study evaluated the effects of two ovulation synchronization protocols on postpartum fertility performance compared to the conventional Ovsynch protocol. All cows were treated with GnRH (10.5 µg) and PGF2α (0.150 mg) through three different synchronization protocols: (1) Ovsynch protocol (n=20) as the control treatment [GnRH-7d-PGF2α-48h-GnRH]; (2) GPPG protocol (n=20) as (1), but with an extra dose of PGF2α-24h after the first one. (3) PG+G protocol (n=20) as (2), but with presynchronization treatment using PGF2α and GnRH simultaneously, seven days before the GPPG protocol. All cows were subjected to timed artificial insemination (TAI) 16-24 hours after the final GnRH injection. Ultrasound confirmed the pregnancy at 30-35 d post-TAI. There was no significant difference between the groups (P>0.05) regarding calving interval and open days. Overall, first-service conception rate (FSCR) tends to be significant (45%, P=0.07). Separately, FSCR for groups 1, 2, and 3 were 30, 40, and 65%, respectively. The difference between groups 1 and 3 was significant (P=0.02); however, group 2 did not differ from groups 1 (P=0.50) and group 3 (P=0.11). In conclusion, implementing TAI protocols during the 50-60-day postpartum period lowers the calving interval to standard limits. Furthermore, the PG+G presynchronization protocol significantly enhances FSCR compared to the traditional Ovsynch during the postpartum period.

The topic of studying the pool of memory T-cells during immunization with vaccines is relatively understudied, but this is no less important. The research aims to investigate the body's accumulation and storage time of immune memory cells. The study used the following methods: gradient centrifugation method, flow cytofluorometry method, direct immunofluorescence reaction, four color compositions method, cluster analysis, and methods of calculating the arithmetic mean and its standard error. The study examined rabbits at 1.5 months of age. The study of quantitative changes in memory T-cells and their phenotypes showed an increase in central and effector CD4+ and CD8+ memory T-cells. Also, quantitative differences in memory cell phenotypes were observed in primary immunized animals compared to booster immunization. Most frequently, specific CD4+ T-cells, which produce cytokines, could be seen in the lymphocytes of the own lamina of the muscularis ileum and jejunum. A significant difference in the notional number of cytokine-producing characteristics between the group not subjected to the experiment and the immunized animals was dominated by CD4+ T-cells in the intestine and lymph nodes. This study showed essential factors in the development of immune cell memory and will be useful both for farmers and for the development of the topic of memory in immunization.

Wooden breast is one of the myopathies that affected broilers and caused economic loss, but the causes are still unknown. This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of a high percentage of soybean oil in inducing this abnormality. Thirty chicks were fed into basal ratio as a control group and basal ratio with soybean oil 5.20% as the treatment group for 35 days. The histopathological examination of the Pectoralis muscle of broiler rearing for 12 days was represented by abnormal myofiber architecture, edema, and increased endomysium formation at percentages <10% and occupied scor1. By 13-21 days, adipose tissue deposition with fibrosis occupies between >40% and <80%, with phlebitis and atrophied myofibers at 35 days. Fiji-ImageJ analysis was utilized as a unique quantification method to estimate myofiber diameter. The treatment group showed a significant decrease in myofiber diameter 0.187 and 0.705 at 21 and 35 days compared to the control group 0.706 and 2.276, respectively. The score/grading system investigated the viewpoints in histochemical analysis, so the fibrosis grade was moderate and severe. In contrast, the grade of carbohydrates was mild and weak in an insight myofiber sections obtained at 12 and 35 days of treatment. Immunohistochemistry staining of smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression was elevated from moderate to mild with progressive lesions in the treatment group. It has been found that adding a large proportion of soybean oil leads to a wood myofiber, and the use of semi-quantitative analysis and artificial intelligence aids in diagnosing myopathies.

β-tubulin protein is essential to parasitic resistance against widely used anthelmintic drugs. Many world countries are facing major challenges due to the failure of anthelmintic drugs, due to resistance, to eliminate parasitic infection in different animals, mainly sheep. So, there is a significant need to increase research focusing on parasites' resistance components, especially β-tubulin. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to identify and examine the genetic evolution of the β-tubulin gene responsible for synthesizing the β-tubulin protein in Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Here, 250 slaughtered sheep were explored, and 21 nematodes were collected and utilized in microscopic (10 nematodes) by placing each worm on a glass slide and exploring it under a light microscope at 10X magnification. In addition, 11 nematodes were set for molecular (PCR and sequencing) methods. The microscopic detection demonstrated the identification of the worm. The results revealed the amplification of the gene region in 11 worms. The sequencing of the nematodes showed the identification of 10 isolates closely similar to isolates from Sweden, with a similarity rate of up to 98%. The study's data report the major presence of the β-tubulin gene, which might be responsible for the drug due to drug resistance, and reveal important information about the genetic evolution of this gene that presents critical data about drug resistance development in the current study isolates of Haemonchus contortus.

The present study was planned to evaluate the infection concerning Anaplasma platys in dogs for the first time in Nineveh Province, Iraq, using microscopic examination and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Eighty-one blood samples were randomly collected from dogs (31 household dogs and 50 stray dogs). Those samples were drained from dogs introduced to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the University of Mosul and private veterinary clinics in Nineveh province. The microscopic examination was used to check the blood films prepared for preliminary detection of morulae of A. platys within platelets; furthermore, the molecular technique was used to validate the presence of A. platys by targeting the gltA gene. In that, PCR yielded an amplification of 690 bp band size products, which was the expected size of the targeted gene. After that, these PCR amplicons were sent for sequencing to verify the presence of the pathogen, and then the sequence results were subsequently aligned with other strains available on the NCBI database. Finally, a phylogenetic tree for the related strains was constructed by Mega-11 software. The outcomes indicated that the overall infection rate of A. platys infection in dogs was 6/81 (7.4%) and 11/81 (13.6%) using microscopic examination and molecular techniques, respectively. Additionally, there was no significant difference within the dogs' categories in this study. In conclusion, it has been shown that A. platys in dogs were circulating in Nineveh province; therefore, plans for control measures are advised.

The importance of the present study is contributing to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and patterns of the genetic structure of sheep populations developed in specific agroecological conditions in the south of Russia in the evolution, consolidation of economically important phenotypic traits in the ontogenesis and increase in local breed's potential fulfilled, which is especially important when solving the problem of intensifying the sheep breeding industry. The method of genome-wide analysis was first applied to obtain data on the genetic parameters of Kalmyk fat-tailed, Edilbay, and Volgograd sheep populations bred in the South of Russia. Molecular inbreeding and genetic diversity of sheep were assessed. The average level of inbreeding was 2.72% for the Volgograd breed, 1.96% for the Kalmyk breed, and (-)0.0022 for the Edilbay breed. A genetic relationship between the Volgograd and Kalmyk breeds was not identified; large genome regions of the Kalmyk and Edilbay breeds were homologous; the Volgograd breed was genetically isolated. Based on the body weight data, an association analysis was performed to search for genes and genome regions associated with this trait. There were found 4 SNPs significantly associated with the indicated parameter (p<0.00001), i.e. OAR1_18293636.1 (p=7.3 * 10-7) and OAR10_26672645.1 (p=4*10-8). In the 32.69-54.87 Mb segment of chromosome 1, two previously described genes (FARP2 and HDLBP) were located. Of most significant interest was the HDLBP gene, which is responsible for the synthesis of protein that binds high-density lipoprotein and is responsible for the level of cholesterol in the cell.

The study investigated the detection of caprine theileriosis using Giemsa-stained direct blood smears and conventional PCR techniques, with a sample size of 150 goats of both gender and various ages were collected between July 7, 2023, and October 20, 2023, in Erbil governorate, Iraq. The infection rates of theileriosis were determined as 29.3% and 65.3%, respectively. Clinical symptoms in infected goats included dullness, depression, fever, increased respiratory rate, anorexia, pale conjunctival mucous membrane, lethargy, rough hairy skin with tick infestations, cough, nasal discharge, and prescapular lymph node enlargement. Gender-based analysis showed no significant difference in infection rates between females 17.76% and males 11.81%. However, a higher infection rate 21.8% was observed in goats aged 1-5 years compared to other age groups. Imported goats had the highest infection rate 50%, followed by imported black goats 27.3% and Merzi goats 21.4%. PCR analysis using 'catch-all' primers detected a 1098 bp band, indicating Theileria spp. infection. Specific primers for T. ovis revealed a 520 bp band, confirming T. ovis infection. All goats identified as positive through microscopic examination were also positive in PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA sequences indicated a 98-100% similarity to T. ovis. Sequences were isolated from Iraq, Turkey, and China. In conclusion, the study provides insights into the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and molecular characteristics of caprine theileriosis. The findings contribute valuable information for understanding and managing theileriosis in goat populations.

This study aimed to create a hoof lamellae model by combining the histomorphometric data of lamellae from animals with odd and even toes. The comparison study showed that odd-toed horses and donkeys have two unique types of epidermal lamellae (EL) in the innermost layer of the capsular wall, known as primary (PEL) and secondary epidermal lamellae (SEL). In contrast, even-toed cows and camels have only PEL. These lamellae form a complex and complicated dermo-epidermal connection by interlocking with the corresponding primary (PDL) and secondary dermal lamellae (SDL). The PEL were all the same shape, and cells made up the intertubular horn of the stratum medium. Animals with odd toes had SEL. A group of non-cornified basal cells and a central area with partially keratinized cells were composed of these Els. A distinct and straightforward connection between SEL and PEL was shown via connective tissue fibers. In both odd-toed and even-toed animals, the PEL originates from basal cells placed at the proximal extremity of the stratum internum. As the cells migrate towards the outermost edge, they undergo keratinization, contributing to the overall count of keratinized cells in the PEL. The results indicated significant differences in lamellae between those animals with odd-toed and even-toed feet. In addition, the current outcomes deliver a new perspective on the relationship between the architecture of hoof lamellae in animals with odd or even toes and their increased ability for keratin formation, which might explain the development of hoof diseases in the future.

This study presents a retrospective epidemiological analysis of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in ruminants in Palestine from 2006 to 2023. Data from the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the Annual Agricultural Census, and reports from the World Organization for Animal Health indicated the endemic nature of FMD in Palestine throughout the study period. The findings unveil FMD's consistent presence, reporting outbreaks every year. The comprehensive analysis encompasses 202 outbreaks, involving 5635 cases and 84 deaths, underscoring the disease's substantial impact. The average morbidity, mortality, and case fatality rates were 17.0, 2.2 and 1.49%, respectively. Serotypes O, A, Asia 1, and SAT 2 were identified, each exerting varying effects on morbidity, mortality, and susceptible livestock. Annual trends displayed unpredictable fluctuations in outbreaks, emphasizing the erratic nature of FMD occurrences. Vaccination efforts exhibited fluctuating coverage levels, hinting at potential shifts in strategies or challenges in maintaining consistent programs. Concerningly, recent years witnessed a decline in vaccination, signaling a need for sustained vigilance and strengthened vaccination initiatives to manage FMD's impact on susceptible animal populations effectively. To control disease spread, the study advocates for improved data recording, heightened owner awareness, increased FMD vaccine utilization, and the implementation of a systematic disease monitoring and serotyping program.

DNA extraction was successfully performed on all samples with variable concentrations. Fifteen liver samples were subjected to the extraction technique, with five liver samples utilized from each fixative, this comparison study aimed to assess DNA integrity across different fixatives. DNA was successfully extracted from all samples regardless of their varying quantities. Each sample yielded at least one motif with a length of 100 base pairs. All 15 samples produced 100 bp amplicon for the IRBP gene. All 15 samples generated a 200 bp amplicon from the NBF, ZF, and BF. The success proportion dropped with growing amplicon length, by which 66.6% (10/15) of 300 bp amplicons were successfully produced from NBF and ZF, showing significant differences at P<0.05 than BF, while no other amplicon length obtained 0% for 400, 500, and 750 bp respectively, on the other hand, frozen samples worked as a control were able to produce all amplicon length from 100bp to 750bp. Only samples from NBF and ZF constantly yielded more extensive amplicon ranges than BF. BF was unable to keep intact DNA fragments of more than 200 bp. Our study concluded that different fixatives could produce at least 100 bp and 200 bp. However, ZF and NBF are more dependable than BF in producing 300 bp for downstream analysis for further next-generation techniques. Furthermore, NBF and ZF are supreme in producing better-quality DNA fragments than BF.