Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

In the current study, 32 Awassi ewes 2 -3 years aged were used with their lambs for 12 weeks, to evaluate the effect of Body Weight (BW) and Milk Yield (MY) on Body weight BW, Body Weight Gain (BWG), MY and milk components. After lambing, ewes were weighted directly, then at the 1st week of lambing, ewes were milked for 2 consecutive days, in order to determine the milk yield, Ewes divided randomly to 4 groups depending on their body weights and milk yield, the groups were: 1st group: ewes with high BW and high MY, 2nd group: ewes with high BW and law MY, 3rd group: ewes with low BW and high MY, 4th group: ewes with low BW and low MY. The result showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in BW in heavy ewes (HE) groups at the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks, the best significant interactions (P≤0.05) were recorded in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd group at 8th weeks. Also, there is a significant increase (P≤0.05) in BWG in the HE at 8th week. The effect of MY was evident in milk production, MY of HW and high milk (HM) increased significantly at the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks. Also a significant increase (P≤0.05) in milk fat% in HM ewes at 2nd, 6th and 8th weeks after lambing. On other hand the results revealed a significant increase (p≤0.05) in lactose % in Light Ewes Milk (LE) at 8th week and Low Milk Ewes (LOM) at 4th week, also solid non-fat components % increased significantly in LE at 2nd week and HW ewes. In conclusion, the body weight of the lambs that born from the ewes with (heavy weight and high milk production) were significantly higher than other lambs, also, milk production of these ewes was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than other groups.

The Objective of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin E and selenium (Se) injection on semen characteristics and physiological and biochemical parameters of Karadi rams. fifteen Karadi Rams with average body weight 63 kg and 3-4 years of age were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into three groups (5 rams / group) and the Rams were fed a standard diet equal in energy and protein and treated as follows. First control group, rams were injected with 1 ml normal saline once weekly. The second group, rams were injected with 2 ml (2.5 mg vitamin E plus 50 µg sodium selenite / kg body weight) once weekly. The third group rams were injected with 4 ml (5 mg vitamin E plus 100 µg sodium selenite /kg body weight) twice in week (2ml in one injection.) and the experiment continue for 3 months. Results revealed that treatment with vitamin E plus selenium Se led to a significant improvement (P≤0.05) on semen characteristics also a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in physiological and biochemical blood characters of Karadi Rams.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the different methods of performing a Laparoscopic castration in dogs and to determine the efficiency and disadvantages of each of these methods. The study was conducted on 20 locally healthy dogs aged between 10-20 months and weights between 17-33 kg. The animals were randomly divided into four groups each group consisted of 5 dogs. In the first group, the castration was done by closed the ducts deferens with titanium clips, 4 clips were used, the average time for complete this surgery is (11.06± 1.19 Minute). The disadvantages of this method the possibility of failure to apply the clips. In the second group, laparoscopic castration was done by using Monopolar electrocautery, time requires for doing this operation is (34.85 ± 10.15 min.) the disadvantages of this technique bleeding may occur during cutting the spermatic cord, and the smoke of Monopolar electrocautery which impedes the vision of the surgeon. In the third group, extracorporeal ligation technique was used. This method proved highly efficient and prevented any bleeding because we did not need to cut the blood vessels, as well as the low material cost of this method compared to the other three groups. However, the time required to perform this procedure in this way was rather long compared to the remaining three groups where the time required to conduct the surgery is (36.82 ± 7.18) minutes and the disadvantages of this method is the tightening and twisting the blood vessels during pushing the knot to put her in the place as well as the length of the surgery time. While in the fourth group the laparoscopic castration was done by thermal cautery in which the clotting and cutting of blood vessels in the spermatic cord were done in the same tool, the time required to complete this surgery is (11.91±3.73 min). All the operations were performed under general anesthesia using Ketamine HCl 5% in dose 15mg/kg B.w and Xylazine 2% and 5 mg/kg B.W) as bolus i.m injection. Blood was collected from each animal before the surgery and 14, 30 days after the surgery to measure the level of testosterone hormone in the serum. The results showed there is no significant decrease before and after the surgery in the testosterone serum level. The testis was removed one month after the surgery to observe changes in testicular tissue and epididymis, there were hemorrhagic areas, necrotic regions, glomerulosclerosis and adhesions between the tunica vaginalis and the tunica albuginea. As well as the spermatozoa was stopped. Absences of the sperm in the epididymis (spermatogenia), also there are degenerative and necrotic changes in the epithelium of the epididymis and absence of the cavities of these nuclei in the sperm. We conclude from this study that laparoscopic castration in dogs can be performed in all methods which are mentions above, however, the thermal cautery method was the best method in terms of time, safety and economic cost.

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of aqueous extraction of Alhagi maurorum leaves against oxidative stress induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on spermatogenesis and the level of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde in adult rats. Plant Leaf's dried and then extracted. Experiment included 24 male rats divided into 4 groups 6 subjects in each group. Groups treated orally for 30 days as following: first was control group which administered with 1 ml of physiological saline 0.9%, second group administered once with CCl4 3 ml/Kg, third and fourth groups administered with aqueous extract 300 mg/kg and aqueous extract together with CCl4 respectively. The results showed that CCl4 caused a significant decrease in sperm count, sperm vitality, normality, glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), significant increase in sperm mortality, abnormality and malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with control group. While aqueous extract treatment caused no significant difference in compare to control group. Groups treated with aqueous extract together with CCl4 showed a significant increase in sperm count, vitality, normality and GSH and decreasing in mortality, abnormality and MDA in compare to CCl4 group. It could be concluded that the aqueous extract of Alhagi maurorum have a positive effect on male reproduction and antioxidants in rats exposed to oxidative stress.

Our study purpose was to investigate the evolution of Babesia spp isolated from tissues of ticks that were found on 150 cows in Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq. To fulfill the required purpose, sampling of 10 ticks was performed from each infested cow. These obtained ticks were morphologically recognized first, and then they were introduced to Lab investigation that was started with crushing the tick tissues to extract the genomic DNA of the Babesia spp. The DNA was then applied to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to recognize the amplification of the region that is related to the 18S rRNA gene. The resulted-amplified products were sequenced for the purpose of confirming and doing the phylogenetic analyses. Here, our study has demonstrated 2 different species according to the results of the sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses of the tested Babesisa species. These 2 species are SP1 and SP2. When the phylogenetic tree was built up, the results showed that SP1 and SP2 are closely related to Babesia bovis (HQ264126.1), an isolate from Texas, USA. Our study indicates interesting and valued data that could be used to study various aspects of the tick, Babesia species, and their control in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the renoprotective effect of the Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp extract (GMPE) on plasma creatinine and renal proximal tubules of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. This study used 36 male Balb/c strain mice. The samples were divided into 6 groups, namely KN (normal control), KD (diabetic control), KM (metformin control), and P (treatment group) comprising: P1 (50 mg GMPE/kg body weight), P2 (100 mg GMPE/kg body weight), as well as P3 (200 mg GMPE/kg body weight). The GMPE and metformin suspension were administered orally for 14 days on the diabetic mice. The diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ multiple at low-dose of 30 mg/kg body weight daily for five consecutive days. On day 15, mice were terminated. Data of plasma creatinine and renal proximal tubule damage levels or the number of swelling and necrosis cells were analyzed. Interestingly and it showed that administration of GMPE could reduce the plasma creatinine level and ameliorate renal proximal tubules of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. In conclusion, the renoprotective effect of GMPE in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice was associated with the attenuation in oxidative stress and inflammatory, which also had antidiabetic and antioxidant activities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of Broccoli against lead acetate (PbA) hepatotoxicity by some physiological and histological indicators. The results showed that intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection by 12 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate once a week for 8 weeks led to an increase in the activity of Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Acid phosphatase (ACP), Total serum protein (TP) and Total serum bilirubin (TSB). Liver's histological sections of lead acetate injected rats showed infiltration of inflammatory cells with sinusoid dilation, necrosis, and apoptosis of Kupffer cells. Broccoli has an ameliorative effect, that the physiological parameters and histological examination have been showed an improvement. In conclusion, lead acetate produces hepatic disorder and the potential use of Broccoli as a source of natural antioxidants or nutraceuticals protects against lead acetate hepatic toxicity.

This study was carried out to study the effect of adding different levels of the microalgae Spirulina spp. in fish laboratory of Animal Sciences Department, College of Agricultural Sciences of Sulaimani University, Sulaimani, Iraq. A total of 72 common carp fingerling weight 45±2 gm used to detect the effect of three different levels of the algae Spirulina spp. The control treatment T1 with 0%., T2 with 3 gm /kg diet and T3 with 5 gm Spirulina /kg diet. Each treatment in three replicates in which six fingerlings common carp were stocked in each aquarium. Results indicated no significant differences at P<0.05 in RBC count, gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index. Diet T3 (5 gm/kg Spirulina) in T3 was higher significantly at P<0.05 in Hb, while control without any Spirulina was higher significantly at P<0.05 in each of platelets, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Adding of Spirulina to common carp diets in different levels leads to significant differences in differential WBC counts, T3 with 5 gm Spirulina /kg diet was higher in WBC counts. Lymphocytes were higher in each of control and T3. Monocytes were higher in control, granulocytes in T2 with 3 gm Spirulina /kg diet. Adding of Spirulina affected significantly in cholesterol as compared to the control. Triglyceride was higher in control and T2. T3 with 5 gm Spirulina /kg diet leads to higher and lower significantly in HDL and LDL respectively. T1 and T3 were higher significantly in spleenosomatic index. Inclusion of S. platensis in fish diet as a feed additive or as a partial replacer of the expensive fishmeal imposes significant promotions in fish growth, coloration, reproduction and flesh quality.

The effects of diets containing Gundelia (Gundelia tournefortii L.), which is a wild plant species in middle east countries, on performance rate and health parameters of Iranian afshari breed sheep were studied for the first time. Totally 60 fattened sheep in three groups were studied via receiving different diets and performance rate, hematological and biochemical parameters, which are related to animals' health and also are indicator for diet's efficiency, for each group were evaluated via laboratory methods. The results of current study show that performance rate and/or hematological and biochemical parameters in group which received diet containing Gundelia hay and grain were same as control group which received standard diet, but performance rate in group which received Gundelia hay singly was lower than other groups. Number of white blood cells, differential number of neutrophils and lymphocytes, concentration of plasma proteins and fibrinogen, serum concentration of total protein, cholesterol and lipase had increases in treatment groups versus control group and number of red blood cells, serum concentration of glucose, albumin and blood urea nitrogen had decreases in treatment groups versus control group. Given to low costs and high-performance rate of Gundelia hay plus grain diet, which is related to presence of high amount of carbohydrates and fatty acids in it, this diet can be considered as an efficient diet for fattened sheep but more studies are need. Study on production's quality in animals are receiving Gundelia diet is suggested as a subject for next studies.

Adulteration and incorrect labeling of meat products became a matter of great concerns of religious, economical, legal and medical aspects. Among meat products, kebab is considered one of the most favorable in Iraq, which makes it prone to adulteration. This study was carried out to evaluate the quality of kebab by detecting the origin of animal species meat in it; using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) based Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, kebab was prepared as per the standardized processing schedule using pure mutton and beef meat in ratio 80:20 and chicken meat in five ratios 70:20:10, 65:20:15, 60:20:20, 55:20:25 and 50:20:30, respectively. DNA was extracted successfully from pure species meat and from all mixed kebab above, then PCR was carried out using species-specific primers, to amplify mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene. The results revealed specific amplified fragments with 133, 300 and 585 bp for pure chicken, beef and sheep, respectively, and in the mixed grilled samples, the detection limit of chicken was 10%, indicating that the cooking (grinding) and addition of non-meat ingredients showed no effect on the detection of meat species. The results of this study proved mtDNA-PCR to be effective and reliable for detecting the origin of animal species meat. This method of detection could be applied in quality control laboratories for detect adulteration in different kinds of traditional grilled kebab in Iraqi restaurants.

Three hundred and sixteen bovine livers were inspected during slaughtering at Urmia Abattoir in May 2016. Eighty-nine inspected livers have various gross and microscopic lesions. 89 hepatic tissue samples were processed routinely and stained by Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid- Schiff reagent (PAS) and Sudan IV for frozen sections. Hepatic lesions were observed in 89 samples (28.16%) of 316 liver samples. lesions in the inspected cattle were consisted 33/316 (10.44%) fatty change, 40/316 (12.65%) fascioliasis, 8/316 (2.53%) hydatid cyst, 6/316 (1.89%) focal coagulative necrosis and 2/316 (0.63%) hemorrhage. The results show that abundance of hepatic fatty change in male cattle is more than females. Indeed, abundance of mild type of hepatic fatty change 15/33 (45.45%) is more than moderate type 11/33 (33.33%) and severe type 7/33 (21.21%). According to presence of hepatic fatty change in most livers affected by fascioliasis, it seems fascioliasis may be a cause of hepatic fatty change in cattle slaughtered at Urmia Abattoir.

Ovine herpesvirus-2 is a member of the gammaherpesviruses of the herpeseviridae, which is the etiologic agent of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a significant fatal disease of cattle. MCF disease was diagnosed in native Iraqi cattle of Al-Qadisiyah governorate of Iraq, during the period from April 2014 and August 2016. Twenty-three blood samples were collected from clinically suspected cattle. The presence of the virus in samples was ascertained based on clinical pictures, postmortem examination and molecular assays. Pansystemic involvement included respiratory, digestive, urinary, nervous systems and ocular lesions were described. A molecular analysis based on a tegument protein gene by specific semi-nested-PCR, DNA sequence and multiple alignments of all PCR products confirmed the Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OHV-2) infection, and revealed a single and double nucleotide deletion, insertion and substitutions. Some of these mutations were non-silent, resulting in changes at the predicted amino acids level into viral tegument protein. The phylogenetic analysis showed the disease was caused by two genovariants of OHV-2 including at one cluster and were related to other sequences from others countries was analyzed. MCF is sporadically occurring in cattle in Iraq, the head and eye form is more pronounced form. It has been concluded that study is provides valuable information about the genetic variation among the OHV-2 genotypes in Iraqi cattle. Based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis of tegument protein gene, this paper elucidated genetic relationship between identified Iraqi OHV-2 with other strains detected in other geographical regions. These results provide new information on the epidemiological and genetically of OHV-2 in Iraq.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of season on embryo production in Iraqi local black goat. 599 female genital system of Iraqi local black goat were collected from AL-Fallujah abattoir, AL-Anbar province during the period from July 2010 to the 1st July 2011. The oocytes were collected via aspiration and slicing. Only good and fair quality oocytes were selected for in vitro maturation. Fresh semen was used from two Bucks of proven fertility for fertilization. TALP, MEM, and TCM-199 culture media were used of in-vitro maturation (IVM) and in-vitro fertilization (IFV). It has been shown that high recovery and maturation rate 87.3% and 45.6% respectively were observed at breeding season as compared with recovery rate 72.5% and maturation rate 35.2% respectively in non-breeding season. There was a significant difference (P˂0.05) in recovery rate and maturation rate between different season. It has been found that fertilization rate was 60.05% in breeding season. While it has 33.9% in non-breeding season. There was a significant difference in fertilization rate (P˂0.05) between breeding and non-breeding season. Blastocyst obtained during breeding season was 56.41%, while it was 43.24% in non-breeding season. There was a significant difference (P˂0.05) between different season. It was concluded that there is an effect of season on oocyte recovery.

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is the most economically important viral-induced livestock disease worldwide. From April to May of 2015, tongue epithelial tissue samples were collected from 36 cattle in six villages, which share the border with Iran. Samples were screened using RT-PCR to amplify a conserved region in the VP1 gene, and phylogenetic tree analysis was performed based on the VP1 nucleotide sequence results. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequence was converted to an amino acid sequence in order to detect similarities between the studied samples and those previously published in GenBank (NCBI). Epidemically, based on the amino acid residues, genetic similarity, and amino acid substitutions, the VP1 nucleotide sequences were determined to be close to a novel group, group VII, with 94% identity. The VP1 amino acid sequence analysis revealed a close relationship to the Asia/BAL/PAK/iso-2/2011 isolate (Accession no. JX435109), with 95.7% identity. Analysis of the studied samples revealed that the FMDV serotype Asia1 causing the outbreak in the Basne district belonged to group VII, which was introduced from the Balochistan province of Pakistan through illegal movement of animals from this region.

The present study aimed to describe the genetic relationships of zoonotic characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Human urinary tract and beef. The study includes (50) urine samples from human and (50) beef samples. The isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumonia were done by using enrichment culture method and Vitek 2, then confirmed by PCR technique based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene which designed in this study using NCBI-GenBank (LT599801.1) and DNA sequencing was done on some positive isolates. The results show that Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from beef at 38 (76%) and from human at 32 (64%) by vitek2. The PCR technique was show highly sensitive and specific confirmative detection of Klebsiella Pneumonia isolates at Clarify DNA sequencing of a partial sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA gene was shown homology sequence identity highly with NCBI-Blast Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. The phylogenetic analysis was show clear genetic similarity at (0.5 genetic change) between human and beef in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. The gene sequence deposited into NCBI-GenBank accession numbers (MF314450.1, MF314451.1, MF314452.1, MF314453.1). In conclusion, the study presents the first report in Iraq of genetic relationship among K. pneumoniae isolates from beef and humans. Therefore, it is essential to define the role of animals as an important source for the distribution of pathogen related to public health.

The present study aimed to describe the genetic relationships of zoonotic characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from human and livestock camel clinical infection. The study includes collected (50) meat of camel and (50) stool human samples. These samples were foreword to traditional bacterial isolation and identification using enrichment culture method and biochemical tests, then confirmed by PCR technique based on Gyr B gene Escherichia coli and DNA sequencing was done on some positive isolates. The results show that Escherichia coli were isolated from animals at 42 (84%) and 39 (78%) from human infection. The PCR technique was show highly sensitive and specific confirmative detection of Escherichia coli the positive results into 40 (95%) meat sample of camel, and 35 (89.7%) stool sample of a human. To evaluate of Virulence E.coli,we used specific virulence hlyA gene from NCBI-GenBank, published sequence of E. coli hly A gene (Genbank code: X94129.1) and the results show high of presence of virulence gene hly A in camel in percentage (19) 45% than of virulence gene in human (15) 38%. DNA sequencing of a partial sequence of GyrB gene was shown highly homology sequence identity with NCBI-Blast Escherichia coli strain O157H7 isolates from human and O153H3 from the camel. The phylogenetic analysis was shown there is clear genetic similarity at between human and animal’s E. coli isolates and then the gene sequence deposited into NCBI-Genbank accession numbers (MG560867.1, MG560866.1). Also, study design for detection of some virulence gene hly A Escherichia coli. In conclusion, there prevalence E. coli in humans and camel. Therefore, it is essential to define the role of animals as an important source for the distribution of pathogen related to public health. Our study found gyrB gene sequence could be used for identification and making a phylogenetic analysis of gyrB nucleotide.

The antibacterial effect of Thyme species was relatively approved but the effect of this plant on bacterial population of intestine in chickens and consequently on bacterial load of chicken meat following administration of thyme was not investigated. For evaluation of thyme effect on growth indices, microbial contamination of meat and microbial population of cecal content, 180 broiler chicks were divided into 4 equal groups with 3 replicates and were reared until 42 days. Chickens in different groups were treated with different doses of thyme (0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1 percent) in diets. The weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion rate were calculated weekly. In the end of 42 days old, all chickens were slaughtered. The population of Escherichia coli per gram of cecal contents and contamination of meat with Escherichia coli were assayed. The data showed that supplement of 0. 5 and 1 percent of thyme to diet elevated weight gain and decreased feed conversion rate. Furthermore, addition of 0.5 and 1 percent of thyme to diet can decrease microbial population of cecal content and meat. In conclusion, the addition of thyme to diet may improve growth rate and hygienic parameters in chicken meat.

To investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Ground Flaxseed (GF) on performance and carcass characteristics of Karadi male lambs. Flaxseed was used in feeding period that lasted for 90 days using twelve ram Karadi lambs, at 6 months old, which divided into 3 equal groups (4 rams/group). The lambs were randomly allocated into three treatments to receive either control ration (no Ground flaxseed), or ration containing 4% Ground Flaxseed (T1), or diet containing 8% Ground Flaxseed (T2). All the lambs were received an equal daily allowance of concentrate ration (3% of the body weight). At the end of feeding trial (8 weeks), all the lambs were slaughtered. They were weighed immediately before slaughter to provide slaughter body weight (SBW). Immediately after skinning, evisceration was carried out and the carcass components were weighted. Then several quantity characteristics for carcasses were studied, which include: hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percentage, thickness of subcutaneous fat, rib eye area, partition and cutting of Carcass. Data were analyzed using XL Stat. The results showed that GF has no significant effect on live body weight, hot carcass weight, and dressing percentage %, it also has no significant differences on some carcass cuts for example: leg, shoulder, loin, rack, fore shank and neck. On the other hand, GF supplementation caused a significant (P<0.01) decrease in Sub-fat thickness which was 3.695 ± 0.629 and 2.375 ± 0.191 in T1 and T2 respectively in comparison to control group 5.015 ± 0.049 mm. Rib eye area increased significantly (P<0.05) in T1 and T2 treatments (12.035±0.205 and 14.145 ± 0.955 respectively) compared to control (10.005 ±1.039 cm2). Some of the carcass cuts, Breast and Flank, decreased significantly (P<0.05) in T2 compared to T1 and Control. In conclusion, GF supplementation significantly decrease breast and flank cuts, while rib eye area significantly increased. However, the decrease in fat thickness may be reflecting the decrease in fat percentages in the carcass that indicates the effect of GF in improvement of carcass traits.

The present study was designed to find the macroscopic, microscopic and histocamical properties in pancreas of white-eared bulbul (pycnonotus leucotis) and ductal system, ten healthy adult birds were transferred to the veterinary anatomy laboratory in Al-Qasim green university. Macroscopic study revealed that the pancreas was white in color, formed from two lobes, the ventral lobe navicular in shape while the dorsal lobe was very thin like triangular in appearance but longer than the ventral lobe. The two lobes were not occupy the space between the descending and ascending limbs of duodenum, the mean weight of birds and whole pancreas was (27.6±3.04), (0.07±0.022) gm respectively, the mean weight of dorsal and ventral lobes was (0.034±0.005), (0.036±0.0054) gm respectively and the mean length of dorsal and ventral lobe was (1.3±0.05), (0.88±0.03) cm respectively. The pancreas was a small organs in white-eared bulbul. The result of microscopic study that the pancreas in white-eared bulbul similar to other birds and covered by a thin C.T capsule with mesothelium cells. The pancreas parenchyma was consisted of exocrine and endocrine portions, the Langerhans island appeared in dorsal lobe in all histological sections which composed of different shapes and sizes. The intercalated ducts of ductal system lined by simple to low cuboidal cells then the epithelia changed to simple cuboidal in interlobular duct and become columnar in larger ducts. The main excretory ducts composed of three histological layers mucosa, muscularis and adventitia.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects the interference of ND, AI, IBD vaccines on efficacy of the IBV vaccination program (H120 and Ma5). Three hundred broiler chicks (Ross308) from Al-Haddi hatchery / Babel province were divided randomly into three equal groups, each group contain 100 chicks and treated as follows: the 1st group; IB vaccine (H120) was given at one day old by intranasal and ocular drop methods, IB vaccine Ma5 strain vaccine was given at age 14 days by spray method. The 2nd group at one day old IB H120 + ND LaSota alive vaccines strain was given by intranasal and ocular drop method, also given mixed killed vaccine contain ND with AI by S/C injection. At 10 days old alive ND vaccine LaSota strain gives by drinking water. At 12 in day old attenuated IBD vaccine gives by drinking water. At day old IB Ma5 strain vaccine was given using spray method. The 3ed group: control group without vaccine. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 40 day old to determine the antibody titer against IBV by ELISA test and samples were taken from trachea and kidney for Real- time quantitative -PCR (viral load) at 21 and 35 days old. All groups were challenged with local virulent IBV isolate (IBV CH Babylon F2 2013) 100×106.5 ELD50/ml at 28 days old by ocular and intranasal drop method. Morbidity and mortality were recorded in all the challenged birds. The result show that the significant differences between all groups in different parameters at P<0.05.

50 ram testicles where been collected directly after slaughtering, preserved in cool box (8-10°C) and transferred to the andrological lab at the Veterinary Medicine Collage / University of Baghdad. Samples were washed thoroughly with distal water stripped from surrounding tissues. Epididymis were separated from the entire testicles, caudae were cut out and injected with warm normal saline then sliced, pH was collected daily (4-5 days). Result showed that: as the preservative periods proceed, the pH of caudal secretions is elevated as (6.22, 6.35, 6.45, 6.65, 6.66, 6.7, 6.77) at (24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 hrs) while total motility percentage are (90, 85, 84.5, 77, 75, 75, 70%). Cold preservation after slaughtering showed decreased motility as preservation proceed as well as total alive spermatozoa decreased. In conclusion caudal secretion turned to be more acidic if cold preservation time is prolonged and total alive spermatozoa number decreased while dead one increased.

Camel internal parasites are among important camel health problems which are often affecting camel production and productivity. A cross-sectional study was carried out in camels to study the major helminth parasites in selected districts of Afar regional state of Ethiopia. Coprological examination and key informants interview were done to collect the required data in the study areas. Fecal sample was collected from a total of 384 camels and about 76.04% (292) were found to harbor at least one helminth parasite. According to the flotation and sedimentation techniques, Trichostrongyle egg (71.6%) was found with higher prevalence followed by coccidia (69.9%). In the mixed infestation, occurrence of two parasites together (31.9%) was with higher prevalence and occurrence of five parasites together (4.4%) was the lowest one. According to the key informants, the occurrence and transmission of these parasites is higher in the study areas due to aggregation of camels in the cross-border salt trade and mixing of camel herds at watering and feeding points. Furthermore, there was no adequate seasonal and programmed treatment due to drug shortage. Therefore, collaborative parasitic control and prevention measure and public education on modern camel husbandry should be delivered.

This study was initiated for the first time for identification, using sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, of pseudocowpox PCPV that inhabit dairy cows in Al-Qadisiyah province, Iraq. Scab sampling was performed to obtain specimens from udder and teats of 18 affected cows. Initially, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was followed to target a 408-bp piece of the GM_CSF/IL-2 inhibition factor gene (GIF) that belongs to PCPV. Then, the PCR products were sent out to partial sequencing of the GIF gene. The results of the PCR have indicated the presence of the virus in only 3 out of 18 samples. When the sequences were studied using phylogeny, the results have revealed that one of our PCPV strains has a close matching with some of the world strains such as from New Zealand. While two of the current study strains have clustered together with a strain from Finland. The results of our study confirm the presence of the PCPV in dairy cows that induces milker’s nodules.

The herbal drugs have a protective effect for kidney function against chemical toxicity. 24 male rats divided into 4 groups and treated as following, control group administrated orally with 1ml/kg. B.W physiological solution (0.9%), One dose Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) 3 ml/kg. B.W, Silymarin 150 mg/kg. B.W and Silymarin150 mg/kg. B.W with CCl4 3 ml/kg. B.W for 30 days. Oxidative stress resulted by CCl4 caused increasing in Creatinine, Urea, total protein, Albumin, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreasing in Glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in serum and congestion, degeneration and desquamation in kidney tissue. We concluded that Silymarin showed protective effect via increasing GSH, decreasing creatinine, Urea, total protein and MDA levels in serum and protect kidney tissue in rats.

The present study was conducted to evaluate growth promoting effect of anise seed Pimpinella anisum L. in broiler chickens in terms of live body weight, carcass characteristics (traits), organ weights, production traits and mortality percentage. For this purpose, four levels with 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% of aniseed powder were administered in feed from day 0 till the end of experiment (42 days of age). Positive results were obtained specially in body weight and carcass traits like dressing percentage, when aniseed was fed by broiler chicken. This study showed a significant at P<0.05 effect of different treatments on live body weight and dressing percentage, but there was no significant at P<0.05 effects of different treatments on mortality percentage. Also, there was a significant at P<0.05 effect of different treatments on Carcass cuts: breast, thigh and back percentage, but there was no significant at P<0.05 effects of different treatments on wings, heart, liver and gall bladder percentage. According to the results obtained of this study, it can be concluded from this study that additive dietary broiler chicken with anise seed improve production traits like live body weight, body weight gain, dressing percentage, FCR and production index. However, there were not significant effect on mortality and some internal body organ percentage.

The present study aimed to investigate the histological changes of Ganoderma lucidum (Red Reishi mushroom) on female and male reproductive system by using light microscope. Fifteen white rat weighing 200-250g was used in the experiments. The animals was divided mainly into three groups and these groups were subdivided into 3 groups for female, and 3 groups for male, that’s group represented as control group without treatment (G1). The 2nd received only 0.03 gm and vitamin C diluted with D.W. and the 3rd group received 0.03 gm of Ganoderma lucidum . The results of the present study showed that there are no side efects of Ganoderma lucidum on female and male genital system of rats (positive effects).

This study was conducted to investigate the possible protective role of (CoQ10) on reproductive dysfunction of male rats induced by sodium fluoride (NaF). thirty two rats were divided into four even groups and treated for 56 days as follows: the first group served as control (C) The second group (G1) received coenzyme Q10 at dose of 10 mg/Kg.B.W; while third group (G2) received 100ppmsodium fluoride in drinking water and fourth groups (G3) received NaF 100 ppm and CoQ10 10 mg/Kg.B.W for 56 days. The results showed that exposure of rats to NaF caused decrease in serum testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormones (LH) concentrations. Whereas Administration of CoQ10 caused an increase the concentrations of theses hormones in group G3 as compared with group G2. Testicular morphometric and histopathological alterations were observed in group G2 in the form of marked microvacuolation in the basal level of germinal cells, amyloid deposited within seminiferous tubules with disarrangement and depletion of germ cells. Whereas testicular histological alterations were improved in rats treated with CoQ10. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that use of Co Q10 can alleviating the deleterious effects on male reproductive function following exposure to NaF, may be via improvement the testicular functions or other related endocrine glands.

Bovine fibropapilloma and papilloma occur in different parts of the skin of animals. Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) is an oncogenic virus making benign tumor lesion of together mucosal and cutaneous tissue in cattle. In order to confirm the clinical diagnosis; the study planned to make the molecular detection of BPV (DNA) using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from skin lesions and the phylogenetic analysis. Thirty-eight samples of skin lesions were collected from cattle clinically suspected to be infected with bovine papilloma virus from herds in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate in 2016, the primary clinical diagnosis depended on the morphological appearance and features of the lesion. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) was extracted from skin lesions; the DNA was examined by PCR technique using specific primer to BPV-1 /L gene-1. Twenty-two samples out of 38 (57,9%), which were collected from different regions in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, were positive. The sequences of four positive samples of DNA product amplification of (BPV) type-1, L1 gene confirmed the PCR results. These samples had the DNA presented in four accession numbers KY662042-1, KY662043-1, KY662040-1 and KY662041-1. This study proofed that cutaneous bovine papillomatosis related with BPV-1 infection in the cattle herds has affinity to solid skin rather than other epithelial and mucosal tissue.

The aim of this study is to tissue engineer a 3D scaffold that can be used for load bearing segmental bone defects (SBDs) repair. Three different scaffolds were fabricated using cockle shell-derived CaCO3 aragonite nanoparticles (CCAN), gelatin, dextran and dextrin with coated framework via Freeze-Drying Method (FDM) labeled as 5211, 5211GTA+Alginate, 5211PLA. Scaffolds were assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The cytocompatibility of the organized scaffolds was assessed using cells multiplication and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration via In Vitro cell culture using human Fetal OsteoBlast cells line (hFOB). The results showed a substantial difference in ALP concentrations between the cultures of different scaffolds leachable medium during the study period. The biological evaluation also showed that three scaffolds did enhanced the osteoblast proliferation rate and improved the osteoblast function as demonstrated by the significant increase in ALP concentration. Engineering analyses showed that scaffolds possessed 3D interconnected homogenous porous structure with a porosity ranging 6%-49%, pore sizes ranging 8-345 µm, mechanical strength ranging 20-65 MPa, young’s modulus ranging 166-296 MPa and enzymatic degradation rate between 16%-38% within 2-10 weeks. The in vitro evaluation revealed that the scaffold 5211, 5211GTA+Alginate and 5211PLA fulfill all the main requirements to be considered as an ideal bone replacement.