Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

This study was carried out on 100 Kidney Samples collected from clinically healthy cattle slaughtered at Mosul abattoir to
investigate the renal lesions and to isolate the bacterial causes of these lesions. The bacterial isolation included E. Coli 32%,
Corynebacterium spp 27%, Proteus spp 16%, Staphylococus spp 12%, Streptococsus spp 7% while 6% of samples showing no
bacterial isolation. The most common gross lesions were seen included multifocal white spots, swallen pale kidneys, congested
enlarged kidneys, hyperemic hemorrhagic kidneys. The common observation in histopathological examination reveled to
multifocal infiltration of inflammatory cells (Monocytes, Macrophages and Lymphocytes), degeneration and necrosis of
epithelial cells lining renal tubules with infiltration of inflammatory cells in the interstitial tissues with atrophy of glomerular
tufft. Additionally cysts were observed in kidney tissues.

The current study included examination of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in 300 blood smears stained with 5% of
Giemsa stain which collected from cattle in Mosul city from both sexes with different ages, the total percentage of infection
with Babesia spp was 42.33% and the percentage of B. bovis and B. bigemina 30.66% and 24.33%. The blood smears which
stained with Giemsa stain contain 0.5% Triton X-100 appeared cleaner and easily recognized the blood cells and parasites.
High percentage of infection was appeared with single infection with B. bovis was 42.51% followed by mixed infection with
B. bovis and B. bigemina and infection with B. bigemina only was 29.92% and 27.55%. The results of this study showed no
significant differences in the percentage of infection between males and females of cattle and different groups of ages at the
significant level p<0.05

In present study, we aimed to investigate the pathological changes induced by subchronic oral toxicity induced by sub
lethal dose of Di (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in Japanese common quail. Forty male quails at one day old were divided
randomly into two equal groups, the first group (treated group) was orally administrated by 10% of LD50 of DEHP (557.41
mg/kg of body weight) for 42 days, while second group (control group) left without treatment throughout experiment period.
The results of current study showed that there is congestion of kidney, microscopically they showed presence of hyaline
degeneration in renal tubules, glomerulosclerosis, wide spread of degenerative and necrotic lesions in renal tubules,
hemorrhage, infiltration of inflammatory cell especially macrophages and lymphocytes in interstitial tissue of kidney. While
grossing of liver showed hepatomegaly with hemorrhage, microscopically the sections showed wide distributing of vacuolar
degeneration (fatty change) in different size and shape of vacuoles in cytoplasm of affected hepatocytes, infiltration of
inflammatory cells mainly macrophages and lymphocytes. In conclusion, the oral administration of DEHP at dose 557.41
mg/kg of body weight for 42 days induced degenerative and necrotic irreversible changes in both kidney and liver of Japanese
quail that affect their health and production.

This study involved the detection of vermicules of Babesia spp in the hemolymph of Boophilus microplus adult females
naturally fed on cattle after their remaining a live for 5 to 8 days under laboratory conditions and the detection of some
developmental stages (schizonts, rupture of schizonts, small dark collar bodies and migration of vermicules from the
hemolymph to different tissues of tick). Both vermicules of B. bovis and B. bigemina were diagnosed. The vermivules of B.
bovis appeared as croissant or club-shaped bodies with a broad anterior ending and pointed posterior one and having a central
nucleus and a vacuole in the anterior end with a curved or semi curved tail. The vermicules of B. bigemina had a croissant or
club –shaped bodies with a lesser width in their anterior end than in B. bovis with no vacuole and with a straight tail. The
average length of B. bovis was 13.92 ±1.34 µ with a range of 11.8-15.8µ and average width of 3.23±0.44 µ with a range of 2.7-
4µ. The average length of B. bigemina was 11.39±1.12µ with a range of 9.5-13µ and average width of 2.2±0.51µ with a range
of 1.5-3µ. The results of current study revealed that their was a direct and proportional relationship between the parasitemia of
B. bovis and B. bigemina in cattle blood smears and the number of vermicules in the hemolymph of female of Boophilus
microplus. No significant differences were noticed between (number and percentage of Boophilus microplus females) infected
with vermicules of Babesia spp at different aged cattle

Acute Anaplasma ovis infections can cause severe clinical symptoms and might lead to significant economic losses in
small ruminant flocks. However, little information has been provided related the prevalence of anaplasmosis in Angora goats.
The study was designed to investigate the prevalence of Anaplasma ovis serologically (cELISA) and microscopically (Giemsa
stained blood smears) among Angora goats from Duhok districts of the northern part of Iraq. A total of 92 blood samples were
randomly collected from three localities of Duhok city; Zakho, Batel and Sumil during the study period from April to October
2009. The infection rate of A. ovis was 38.04% by Giemsa stained blood smear and 66.3% by cELISA. The prevalence of A.
ovis in female goats was higher than that in males, but statistically not significant difference (P>0.05) by using both methods.
The prevalence was also significantly higher (P<0.05) in goats more than three years old than in younger ones. The highest
prevalence of A. ovis was found in Zakho, whereas the lowest was reported in Sumail. Results of hematological parameters
indicated microcytic hypochromic type of anemia.It is concluded that A. ovis can infected Angora goats in district Duhok,
Kurdistan region, Iraq and this might be due to high distribution of the disease and its transmitters which were lead to
substantial effect followed by high mortalities

Ticks infestation is the major problem of cattle and buffalo of Pakistan. Tick acts as vectors of many viral, protozoal and
bacterial diseases and Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is one of the most lethal in that list. During the last
sixteen years, many sporadic outbreaks of CCHF in Pakistan has been reported with 24 percent case fatalities. In Punjab and
Sind provinces mass tick control campaigns have been started to control the tick’s population and spread of zoonotic diseases
through tick’s. In these tick control campaigns deltamethrin and ivermectin are used extensively. We highlighted that how
extensive use of deltamethrin and ivermectin can adversely affect the environment and possible alternative methods for tick
control. Extensive use of deltamethrin can damage the kidneys of insect eating birds and disturb the life cycle of many aquatic
organisms if deltamethrin solution is mixed with water of streams. Widespread ivermectin use in domestic animals poses some
serious threats to dung beetles and other coprophagic insects as almost 60-80 percent of total dose comes in feces without any
metabolism in the body of animal. Decrease in dung beetles can result in decreased dung degradation.

This investigation of Q-fever or Coxiellosis was undertaken to study the presence and the infection rate of C.burnetii
infection in reproductively active rams in the Northern Palestine, where most of the sheep herds are located. In all, 2806
samples which collected from active rams during the reproductive season from herds in five cities (Jenin, Jericho, Nablus,
Tulkarm and Tubas). Sera were tested by ID Screen® Q Fever Indirect Multi-species enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) for detection of C. burnetii immunoglobulin G (IgG). A total of 28.1 % of ram sera were positive for C. burnetii IgG.
There was no significant difference between the four location cities studied However, a significantly low difference was
observed in the Tubas city (P<0.05). Highest infection rate was detected in rams of Tulkarm (29.8%), followed by Nablus
(29.5%), Jericho (28.4%), Jenin (28.2%) and Tubas (16.1%). Moreover, at the farm level, 73.3% had at least one seropositive
animal. It had been concluded that a high infection rate were detected in rams of Northern Palestine, at both individual and
herd level. Therefore, Q fever could be responsible for considerable numbers of ovine abortions in Palestine, as well as of
public health significance, Hereby control programs should be advised.

C. psittaci is one of the dog’s pathogen which can cause respiratory disorders in various hosts and human beings.
Chlamydiae are obligatory interacellular bacteria which belong to Chlamydiales. Conjunctival and pharyngeal swabs were
taken from 50 captive dogs presented at veterinary clinics of Isfahan and Shahrekord to determine the percentage of infection
and prevalence of C. Psittaci in domestic dogs. Samples were collected during 2014 from a total of 7 different breeds of dog;
1-German shepherd 2-Terrier 3- Mixed Poodle 4-Doberman pinscher 5-Persian sheepdog 6- Siberian husky 7-Pekingese
breeds were sampled. The molecular PCR method was used to detect this microorganism in captive dogs and C. psittaci was
detected in 9 (18%) of them

It is well known that Iraq has dry hot weather, especially during summer, so horses sports competitions are stopped. The
aims of our research were to study the effect of endurance exercise on sweat constituents of Iraqi Arabian horses. The results
show that, after trot, the body temperature was 37.600±0.058, the heart rate was 45.875±0.819, and the respiration rate was
35.750±0.708. After canter, the body temperature was 38.512±0.058, the heart rate was 76.000±0.819 and the respiration rate
was 49.250±0.708. After gallop, the body temperature was 39.512±0.058, the heart rate was 99.875±0.819, and the respiration
rate was 60.875±0.708. All mean values were significantly different at P≤0.01. The mean of body weight was 460.5 kg. The
total body surface mean was 396.1Cm2
. The mean values of albumin, globulin, Na+
, K+
, Cl-
, Ca++, Mg++, Fe++, Cu++, and Zn+
,
in trot were 3.512±0.089, 3.875±0.725, 3.637±0.072, 2.062±0.086, 5.962±0.141, 0.167±0.006, 0.987±0.007, 4.875±0.700,
0.712±0.515, 11.750±0.422 and 0.180±0.002, respectively, while the results in canter were 3.925±0.086, 4.750±0.111,
4.787±0.104, 3.637±0.285, 6.637±0.090, 1.487±0.953, 0.161±0.008, 5.537±0.105, 0.987±0.666, 12.262±0.106 and
0.236±0.007, respectively. In gallop were 5.612±0.107, 6.012±0.158, 6.675±0.144, 5.062±0.138, 7.550±0.090, 2.750±0.122,
0.256±0.009, 6.400±0.070, 1.600±0.845, 12.650±0.073 and 0.276±0.004, respectively. Our results indicate clearly a high loss
of essential proteins and minerals during sweating which must be compensated by food additives specially during summer, to
prevent many healthy problems so we believe that ratios of these proteins and minerals must be calculated according to many
factors like, weather climate, the type of the horse jobs (jump, polo, races, show,…..etc.) and the body weights and ages.

In the present study, forty donkeys of different ages and sexes at Giza Zoo, Egypt were investigated between October 2015
and September 2016 for the presence of hydatidosis disease. Hydatid cysts were detected in the livers of 10% of the examined
donkeys and these cysts had a fertility rate 100%. Female donkeys were infected with cysts more than males and all infected
donkeys were old aged with no cases of infection were detected in young or adult donkeys. Using molecular tools, the DNA
extracted from cysts that had been isolated was subjected to PCR amplification, using synthesized oligonucleotide primers, and
these were constructed to target the 299 bp within the (ND2) gene, which is considered to be specific for the Echinococcus
equinus genotype. The sequenced PCR products showed homology to E.equinus (G4 or horse strain genotype). These results
can be used in future to pursue the epidemiological status of the causative strain of hydatidosis in equines at the study area.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of garlic juice supplementation with broiler drinking water on
performance, immune response, lipid profile, blood picture and activity of liver enzymes under heat stress. For this purpose
100 four days aged broiler checks (Ross) were allocated into control (C) and three treatment groups (25 each). All group
checks were housed at 5 ºC above normal ambient temperature during the experiment. Treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3)
checks were supplemented with 0.5, 1 and 1.5 ml/L, respectively, with garlic juice in drinking water (6 hrs a day). Food and
water were supplemented ad libitum. Body weights were monitored every five days and blood samples were obtained at 25
days for assessment of blood picture and antibody titers after vaccination, total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations and
activity levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were
estimated. At 30 days age, T3 group broiler checks reported higher body weights than other groups. Total number of white and
red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit levels and ratio of heterocytes to lymphocytes increased significantly in
treated groups, whereas significant decline of cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations as well as ALT and AST levels were
shown in T3 group broiler checks. Significant increase was shown in the levels of antibody titers against both Newcastle (ND)
and infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines. In conclusion, treatment of broiler checks early with garlic juice increase broiler
performance and immune response against vaccination program and may be protect the broilers from heat stress.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the pathological effects of aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus Spp. in
commercial broiler chickens. In this study, we discussed few outbreaks of Aspergillus infection of chicks a week aftter
hatching in broiler farms of Duhok-Kurdistan region of Iraq during the period from February to May 2015 on the basis of
clinical signs, post-mortem, histopathological and cultural findings. The main clinical signs of the disease in the infected flock
included a 3-day onset of labored breathing and neurologic disorders displayed by incoordination, torticollis, and paralysis.
Other clinical features included depression, ruffled feathers and gasping. Gross lesions were represented by cheesy granular
materials in the air sacs, lungs, and trachea. Histopathology revealed fungal hyphae in sectioned lung tissue. Aspergillus was
isolated by culturing in Sabouraud’s dextrose agar from the lesions. The present study deals with the incidence of acute
aspergillosis in broiler chicks from Duhok, Kurdistan-Iraq.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate treatment of 20 dogs with femur fractures. Twenty (20) dogs with different
ages, breeds, and gender admitted to the clinic of Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology-Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine-Zagazig University from January 2013 to December 2015 with a complaint of hind limb lameness and were
diagnosed as femur fractures through clinical and radiographic examination. German shepherd dogs (85%) and immature dogs
(70%) were more susceptible to femur fractures. The most common site of the fracture was the femoral diaphysis (65%)
followed by metaphysis (20%). Open reduction and internal fixation techniques were applied using intramedullary (IM) pins
with or without cerclage wire (40%) and bone plate (15%) for treatment of diaphyseal fractures, and two cross pins (30%) for
treatment of metaphyseal and distal physeal fractures. Pin migration after complete healing (1 case) and bone re-fracture due to
jumping (1 case) was the postoperative complications. It was concluded that open reduction and internal fixation methods are
the proper treatment for femur fractures if the proper surgical techniques were applied.

The current study was conducted to investigate the impacts of active and passive immunization against synthetic inhibin-α
subunit and steroid-free bovine follicular fluid, respectively, on reproductive hormones profile out of breeding season in Iraqi
Awassi ewes. Follicular fluid was aspired from mature bovine follicles, treated with activated charcoal, used for immunization
of male rabbits, and obtaining of SFBFF antiserum. Forty non-pregnant Awassi ewes were allocated into 4 groups (n = 10
each). At day 38 of experiment, ewes were treated with intra-vaginal sponge impregated with medroxyprogesterone acetate 60
mg for 12 days. Ewes were treated at 0, 28 and 50 days with 4, 2 and 2 ml of normal saline (control; C-ve), 400, 200 and 200
µg of ovalbumine (C+ve), 400, 200 and 200 µg of inhibin (SI group), and 4 ml of normal saline at 0 day, and 4ml and 2ml of
SFBFF antiserum, at 28 and 50 days, respectively (AI group). Blood samples were collected at 24 and 48 hours before and
after sponge withdrawal for assessment of FSH, LH, inhibin-B, Activin-A, E2 and P4. Before sponge withdrawal, FSH level
increased in SI ewes, whereas only after sponge withdrawal, FSH, LH, activin-A and E2 levels increased in SI and AI ewes.
Opposite results were shown of inhibin-B level. In conclusion, active or passive immunization against inhibin in Awassi ewes
could augment reproductive functions out of breeding season in Iraqi Awassi ewes.