Tikrit Journal for Political Science

The phenomenon of international competition in the Arab region was reflected in the political and security transformations in the region, which the attempt to understand and analyze is due to the interventions in the Arab region in order to consolidate their influence and interests in the region, and for that they tried to invest the crises in the Arab region in order to Creating new spheres of influence or restoring previous spheres of influence, and competing countries relied heavily on diplomatic tools to create legitimacy that allows them to intervene in the region, or to exercise pressure and influence on the Arab region, in a manner that makes the course of crises and events in the region proceed according to its objectives. The events in the Arab region constituted an opportunity and a challenge for the competing international parties at the same time, as it represented an opportunity for some international powers to work to increase their influence in the Arab region at the expense of other competing international parties. These events also contributed to threatening the interests and areas of influence of other international powers. The Arab Spring revolutions The escalation of the activity of terrorist groups is one of the most prominent variables that contributed to the increase in external interference in the Arab region, as the major countries invested in a way that guarantees the achievement of their interests in the region, and despite the competing parties employing various diplomatic, economic and military tools in order to reach their goals, they relied heavily on diplomatic tools, to obtain international legitimacy, which allows it to intervene and use all tools, including military tools.

Minorities in many countries of the world, especially the Arab countries and Iraq, suffer from marginalization and lack of representation in the political system, and obstacles are placed in front of their representation. Therefore, it is a problem for the formation of a rational government that is representative of all. Marginalization is a process opposite to representation that prevents individuals from obtaining the necessary power that qualifies them. To obtain their rights, knowing that there is a close relationship between the representation of minorities and the good governance system. Certainly, the greater the representation, the more we reach a rational government that is representative of all, in addition to the lack of consistency and agreement between the text of the constitution and the legislation in force and what is applied in reality, so the texts of these laws must be amended. In a way that all minorities can be represented satisfactorily, Iraq since 2003 has begun policies to highlight a greater role for minorities, and this is what we have witnessed since the 2005 Constitution and subsequent legislation, most of which were trying to give a greater role to minorities.

The phenomenon of political instability is one of the important phenomena that most undeveloped countries experience, and developed countries have a set of experimental and development mechanisms to overcome this phenomenon. Therefore, most developed countries do not suffer from this phenomenon, which negatively affects all aspects of economic, social and cultural life.

Iraq, an undeveloped country, has suffered from this phenomenon since the establishment of the modern state in the 20s of the last century, but it has increased abnormally since 2003, and multiple internal and external factors stand behind the spread of this phenomenon. Attempts to eliminate it also require mechanisms at the national, regional and international levels.
The main task of this study is to discuss the phenomenon of political instability in Iraq since 2003 from the perspective of concepts, causes, and solution mechanisms.

The research deals with the issue of Finnish foreign policy towards NATO and Russia, as Finland is one of the most important economic and political partners of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics since the second half of the twentieth century, It has taken the policy of neutrality as its basic principle, but due to the expansion of NATO in the east and its impact on the transformation of the Finnish defense strategy, it has used its partnership with NATO strategically to promote national security interests, especially after joining the alliance, The importance of the research lies in the fact that Finland is the only country in Western Europe, which was under pressure from the Soviet Union, But despite that, this small country, even by European standards, retained its sovereignty in determining its domestic and foreign policy. Until relatively recently, Finland was just a small northern country that did not actively participate in international relations, until a change occurred in its foreign policy by joining the Alliance. NATO. The research included three sections as well as an introduction and a conclusion. The first section dealt with the historical development of Finnish foreign policy, and it was divided into two sections. towards NATO, while the third topic dealt with Finnish foreign policy towards Russia.

War is a modern, modern and developed phenomenon throughout the history of mankind. Its impact was no more than that surrounding man himself. However, with the creation of an industrial industry that has a strong impact on weapons and expands their range, as well as advanced industry and the way of life in general, together created calls for war and self-defense or confronted with... His enemies, the concepts of war have witnessed radical transformations and changes in recent years, which prompted the countries of the world to rebuild their future perception of their national security, and all of this begins because of the technological, technical and scientific progress that began on the global scene, and since then accelerated progress and development begins new types. . From wars (such as hybrid wars, cyber war, virus (biological) war, information war, water war, wars of internal chaos, and many other wars), as the methods and tools of war, their intensity, and the extent of their impact changed with them, which prompted countries to make great efforts in order to develop their capabilities and means of defense and the continuous search for development Tools of attack, as well as protecting their countries from any threat they face, especially since the international system is no longer limited to countries only. Rather, there are international and non-international actors who may be people who threaten the security and safety of major countries. The world has recently faced a fierce war and a real danger that threatened global security and was stopped. The Earth was unable to operate for many months, which was caused by the outbreak of a biological hazard with the emergence of (Covid-19) In the Chinese city of Wuhan, which was classified as a global pandemic, despite the lack of evidence for this, the presence of laboratories for real deadly viruses proves the existence or occurrence of biological wars between countries, so the types of these wars must be identified and classified appropriately and an attempt is made to protect human societies from such wars. And maintain global security and peace.

Feminism is an intellectual trend and intellectual system that seeks to achieve women's rights and interests. It calls for gender equality politically, economically and socially. Strengthening the role of women in political participation. It works to change conditions to achieve that equality. It is intended to restore the intellectual and actual balance of power relations between men and women. And the struggle with the patriarchal system. Masculinity refers to the socially constructed characteristics that society expects of the male gender. With the increasing male dominance over women’s capabilities, they were deprived of lordship, priesthood, and wealth. They were removed from power, knowledge, work, and production, and all of these activities became the preserve of the male priesthood. The masculine ideology generated by the media, artists, teachers, historians, fathers, priests and public figures controls how men think about themselves. Feminism is essentially based on rejecting masculine discourse and its centrality in Western civilization. It attempts to strike at the logical foundations of masculine ideology. Feminism represents cognitive and intellectual awareness against male hegemony. Feminism requires a closer look at history, because it embodies male interests. So feminism rejected Western political thought, rejected the theories of Western male political thought and demanded a new field. She accused traditional philosophers of having formulated their theories, teachings, and standards related to women based on their own male experiences. Feminist intellectual awareness advances over male discourse. Its goal can be to identify the feminist movement's most important criticisms of Western political thought, and analyze the extent of its influence, as well as to highlight its most important thinkers and state its critical ideas. Based on the importance of the study and its hypothesis, and in order to understand feminism in Western political thought and the role of feminism in it, more than one scientific research method was relied upon, including the descriptive, analytical and critical method.

The research deals with the strategic competition in the Southeast Asian region, and the extent to which the policies of international and regional parties adapt to that competition and its developments, especially between the United States and China. The focus will be on the competition between the United States and its allies on the one hand, and China and its allies on the other hand in the Southeast Asian region. In terms of the reality and future of this competition, which could at one time turn into a type of conflict over this region due to the intertwining of political, military, and economic interests between the competing powers.

This research aims to develop a comprehensive research framework for perception and concepts, enrich the reader and beneficiary with sufficient information about and reduce the gaps in knowledge for those wishing to measure what is available and what is not available of the necessary basics. And the requirements for establishing sovereign funds in the Iraqi environment after identifying the main variables that directly affect the subject of the research. Most of the research problem is the problem of weak knowledge necessary to install sovereign funds in Iraq and the extent of their success or adopting this idea on the ground, and not knowing what is available is more important to create the necessary requirements. .
Private banks, investment companies, and insurance companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange and a number of university professors at Al-Imam University College / Balad were chosen as a research model that has direct contact with more than other sectors, with the establishment of requirements for hedge funds. The research sample was included and the decision was taken from them. The key to the tool for collecting Data and information, as well as conducting structured interviews with a number of them. The data was used using statistical software analysis (SPSS), and many statistical methods were used such as the arithmetic mean and deviation. The research found a set of results, perhaps the most prominent of which is that the current Iraqi economic situation has had a negative impact on the Iraqi investment arena. On all the requirements for establishing economic hedge funds, which is the basic basis on which all other complementary requirements are based, and without the presence of an operational economy, a strong investment is nothing and any other axis becomes useless. It necessitates an attempt to advance security and economy by the concerned authorities into reality by making changes in plans and strategies. Related to these two variables, the country’s situation currently prevents the success of any investment project similar to establishing a hedge fund.

Knowledge is the essence of the Islamic religion, as it is what leads a person to understand the religion and apply it in his life. Islamic thought has attached great importance to knowledge, as it is the most important of the legal objectives. Because of this importance, the general knowledge of the people has always been occupied until now with the thought of scholars and researchers, and how to reach knowledge using scientific methods, and after applying this thinker, scientific outreach and its delivery came out in its simplest form, and therefore it is necessary to find a scientific meaning in Islamic thought, to reach the Islamic theory. How to obtain knowledge through scientific sources and methods followed by Islamic thinkers, and because it is an Islamic theory, in its general framework, it does not deviate from the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet except in light of interpretation and effort within the available space (full space). However, this is a criterion except we find that Islamic thinkers They differed in laying down foundational foundations for knowledge, each according to his belief in knowledge, so different schools of thought appeared, especially the groups of Ahl al-Kalaam (the Mu’tazila, the poets, the Maturidite, and the philosophers), each according to his scientific method, an opinion and thought different from the other, so in their scientific results they were close and far from Islamic implementation. However, everyone was trying to get to the bottom of things.

The phenomenon of coups in Africa is a political phenomenon represented by a series of events in which part of the armed forces or a group of leaders overthrows the legitimate government by non-democratic means, often through military force. This phenomenon is widespread in many countries of the African continent, and its motives range from the desire for power and personal wealth to criticism of corruption, misrule, and human rights violations. The African continent is characterized by political instability, as a result of the recurring phenomenon of coups confirmation, Military, as the West and Central African region is one of the most turbulent and uncertain regions .
Therefore, the period between 2020 -2023 witnessed eight military coups successful, which resulted in the success of the two coups in assuming power and the context he was exiled on 26/7/2023, Niger witnessed a successful military coup , through which General Abdul Rahman Chiani takes over the reins of power in Niger , it is worth noting that the deteriorating economic conditions can be considered the main reason for he is behind the recent military coup that took place in Niger.

When examining the options of US policy towards enemies and adversaries, we find them varying with each stage according to strategic priorities. These policies range from escalation in confronting threats and challenges, whether security, economic, or health-related, to retrenchment amidst tactical differences regarding global threat hotspots.
Among these challenges that have entered the strategic danger zone for US interests and spheres of influence are non-state violent actors, particularly those with transnational tendencies, with the Middle East being one of the most volatile regions. Among these regions are Iraq and Syria, which have produced non-state actors with regional sponsorship amidst the region\'s dynamics, starting from the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the ensuing chaos that led to divisions and instability affecting the region\'s states.
The Arab Spring revolutions were one of the repercussions and ramifications witnessed by the region, particularly Syria, which generated multi-party and multi-directional actors, including global transboundary entities like Al-Qaeda and ISIS, regional ones like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Iraqi factions, and local ones like the Houthis in Yemen.
Therefore, US policy towards actors in Iraq and Syria is divided based on the type of actor and its impact, ranging between red, orange, and green zones representing danger, threat, and challenge. The events of October 7, 2023, in Gaza and its aftermath played a significant role in Syria and Iraq, more than states, in supporting the Palestinian cause, albeit controlled by a regional force represented by Iran.

Operation (Al-Aqsa Flood) was launched on October 7, 2023, against the Zionist settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories, and sparked great controversy. The Palestinian attacks were preemptive, abortive, and revealed a Zionist project aimed at creating a canal called (Ben Gurion). Due to the difficult terrain and its high cost, the canal It will pass through Gaza, and this requires the liquidation of the opposing forces and the displacement of its population to ensure the security of the canal, which could change the global trade route by linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. This means that the (Israeli) war on Gaza carries within it geostrategic objectives at the geopolitical, geomilitary, and geographical policy levels. Geoeconomic, it will have geopolitical and demographic dimensions on the Arab region, navigation, and international trade. Therefore, the attacks of October 7 were abortive, and were in harmony with the reality of local challenges at the level of Zionist violations, at the Arab level and the reality of humiliating Arab normalization, and internationally, monopolizing the trinity of forces opposed to the current world order and American influence to gain material and moral support.

The process of sustainable development is one of the most important requirements for satisfying and addressing modern developments in the world today, through the mobilization of human and material resources for the purpose of making major transformations in society, and the establishment of specialized socio-political structures that support it and perform its functions, and that these processes are accompanied by many tensions and challenges, including the climate change crisis, which is one of the most important issues at the global level in light of the consequent serious changes that threaten the future of man on earth. The rapid rise in average temperatures can threaten global stability by disrupting water and food supplies, and rising temperatures directly contribute to adverse effects, such as droughts, heat waves, sea level rise, extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity and the collapse of ecosystems, In addition to the repercussions of climate change on migration and human security, it represents a major challenge to achieving sustainable development.

Iraq is going through a rapid population growth resulting from high birthrate and fertility compared to regional and international rates. Iraq’s annual population growth is estimated at 2.55, while the country’s fertility stands roughly at 3.5 births per woman. It is projected that Iraq’s population will reach around 50 million by 2030. This increase in Iraq’s population, especially when the majority of Iraq’s population is youth, has perilous impacts on Iraq’s human security. Challenges emanating from population growth and demographic transformation overlap and feed into an array of economic, social, security, and environmental problems that Iraq is already facing. Iraq’s economy which relies almost entirely on oil revenues is not capable of creating enough job opportunities to accommodate the increasing number of Iraq’s labour force. Also, the growing population is putting immense pressure on the country’s debilitated infrastructure and limited public services. Population growth puts pressure on the authorities to keep up with the people needs of millions of citizens for housing, health, and education. Population growth is straining Iraq’s natural resources when climate change and water scarcity are causing drought, destruction of arable land and demise of food crops. Finally, the loss of prospects for the future and lack of job opportunities are driving Iraqi youth to either migrate or resort to violence and organized crime.

A The political elite in contemporary Western democratic societies is the main catalyst for popular awareness to determine the nature of their political choices, and how to obtain and preserve their rights and ensure their continuity. In the American political perspective, this elite has far outperformed its Western European counterpart, especially since liberal democracy has been able to form a unique leadership elite in Thinking and political action, to become the rational force to support the requirements and rights of the nation and balance it with the orientations of governance and decision-makers, by employing their cognitive and mental perception and transforming it into effective influences between both parties to ensure the maintenance of rights and stability in its various fields.