Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

A study was conducted to assess the type and prevalence of abnormalities occurring in the female reproductive tracts of
405 buffalo cows slaughtered at Mosul abattoir. Out of the 405 buffalo genital tracts examined, various abnormalities with
different degrees of severity were observed in 216 (53.3%) of cases. Twenty two (5.4%) were pregnant and the remaining
41.2% (167/405) were macroscopically normal. The most common abnormalities encountered were endometritis 50 (12.3%),
ovarobursal adhesions 26 (6.4%) and hydrosalpinx 20 (4.9%). Other abnormalities recorded were follicular cyst, luteal cyst,
cystic corpus luteum, paraovarian cyst, ovarian sarcoma, inactive ovaries, senility anestrous, pyosalpinx, hemosalpinx,
obstruction of oviduct, salpingitis, double oviduct, hydrometra, mucometra, pyometra, permetritis, parametritis, uterine edema,
perimetrial adhesions, parametrial adhesions, parauterine abscess and uterine tumor. Histopathological examinations in this
study revealed that reproductive tract lesions seem to be an important problem with possible subsequent infertility and sterility
in buffalo cows leading to animals slaughtered.

In this study, fresh patches of bovine tunica vaginalis (BTV), was used as implants for the repair of experimentally-created umbilical hernias in eight sheep. The scrotum were harvested immediately after slaughter and thoroughly washed with sterile distilled water for 5-7 times. The scrotal skin together with the fatty tissues and the loose connective tissues and the tunica adventitia were mechanically stripped by means of a sterile surgical knife, and finally washed with sterile physiological saline solution for 5-7 times. The prepared patches were immersed in the sterile saline solution and preserved at 2-4 ºC in sterile jars, ready for use within 4 hrs from their harvesting for hernioplasty of sheep umbilical hernias. The eight implanted grafts were examined clinically and histologically, and all were successfully healed except one (87.5%). Clinically, the successfully implanted BTV patches didn't show signs of rejection, except for the presence of cardinal signs of local inflammatory reaction which were subsided 48 hrs post-operation, and disappeared within 4-5 days post-operation. The healing processes showed no significant abnormalities, except for the occurrence of a few simple multifocal stitch abscess infections. The histopathological examinations showed invasion of dense fibrous connective tissues, consisted of heavy bundles of collagen fibers, through which newly formed capillaries and mononuclear inflammatory cells and melanin pigments deposition, were infiltrated through the graft. As a first report on this new tissue implant in sheep, BTV is proved to be a suitable biocompatible heterogenic surgical patch for reconstruction of umbilical hernias, because of its availability as a cheap tissue, with a high tensile strength and flexibility. However, further investigation is required regarding preservation efficiency and employment for reconstruction of soft tissue defects in man and animals.

This experiment was designed to study the effects of treatment with green tea (10 g /750ml deionized boiled water) for 30
days on some physiological and histological changes of male reproductive system of rats exposed to oxidative stress induced
by alloxan (100 mg/kg body weight). The study showed that treatment with alloxan (100 mg/kg body weight), caused asignificant decrease in body weights, epididymal body and seminal vesicles weight. total number of epididymal sperm,
percentage of live sperms, with significant increase in epididymal head,tail and prostate gland weight, percentage of dead
sperms and sperm abnormalities, but there is no significant changes in the weight of the testes in the rats treated with
alloxan.Treatment of rats exposed to oxidative stress induced by alloxan (100 mg/kg body weight) with green tea (10 g/750ml
deionized boiled water) for 30 days in drinking water caused a significant increase in body weights, epididymal body &
seminal vesicles, percentage of live sperms, with decrease in epididymal head, tail and prostate gland weights, percentage of
dead sperms and sperm abnormalities as compared with alloxan treated group. With decrease in the total number of epididymal
sperm count as compared with control. Histopathological changes observed in the testes of rats treated with alloxan (100
mg/kg) included presence of abnormal spermatids with decrease in the number of sperms in the lumen of seminiferous tubules
in addition to irregular division of germ cells.Treatment with green tea caused improvement in the histology of the testes. It
was concluded that aqueous extract of green tea exerted an antioxidant effect on the histopathological aspects of the male
reproductive system of rats exposed to oxidative stress induced by alloxan.

Rapid avian influenza virus antigen test kit and rapid H5 avian influenza virus antigen test kit were used to detect avian
influenza antigens by examine 1143 samples taken from broilers, layers, house chickens, local poultry markets and poultry
slaughters houses in period from January to December 2007 in Mosul city. Cloacae feces swab method was used for all
samples and results showed that all tested samples were negative for both AIV and H5 antigens. In conclusion Mosul city was
free from avian influenza virus till Dec 2007 and this test is rapid, easy and a reliable field test and can be done frequently.

A retrospective study was carried out in year 2003, to show the prevalence of hydatid cysts, liver flukes and lung worm
among slaughtered sheep, goats, calves, cattle and buffaloes in Kirkuk slaughter house. The number of ruminants slaughtered
in Kirkuk abattoir was sheep (40233), goats (9223), calves (9577), cattle (2855) and buffaloes (50). It was found that the
highest rate of hydatid cysts was seen in cattle (4.38%), followed by sheep (1.17%), calves (0.52%) and goats (0.32%)
respectively. The rate of liver flukes was observed in sheep (0.50%), goats (0.43%), cattle (2.63%) and 2(4%) in 50 buffaloes
slaughtered. No liver fluke was seen in calves. The distribution of lung worm was in sheep (0.55%), goats (0.22%), and cattle
(2.98%). No cases were detected from calves and buffaloes. In addition to that there was seasonal fluctuation in the rate of
helminthes infection. Hydatid cysts in sheep and cattle were highest in autumn (1.97 & 8.33%) respectively, in goats it was
highest in winter (1.01%), while in calves was highest in spring (1.24%), followed by winter (0.84%). The rate of liver flukes
in sheep and goats was highest in winter (0.88 & 0.68%) respectively, while in cattle was highest in autumn (5.0%) followed
by winter (2.80%). In sheep and goats, the rate of lung worms was highest in winter (0.88 & 1.08%) respectively, while in
cattle it w as highest in autumn (5.0%) followed by winter (3.91%).

The study was undertaken to show the effect of thymus vulgaris oil administration at (0.3, 0.6 ml/kg) orally for 60 days on
male fertility and epididymal sperms characters in male rats at age of 100 days. The animals treated with thyme oil at a dose of
(0.6 ml) revealed a significant decrease in the weight of testes, body of epididymis, percentage of live/dead sperms and
epididymyal sperm count, with a significant increase in the percentage of morphologically abnormal sperms. On the other
hand the animals treated with thyme oil at a dose (0.3 ml) show a significant decrease in the weight of body of epididymis,
epididymal sperm count and the percentage of live/dead sperms accompanied with a significant increase in the percentage of
morphologically abnormal sperms. Its concluded from this study that thymus vulgaris has an inhibitory effect on reproductive
system and spermatogenesis in mature male rats.

The study included detection of the sites of ossification centers and their sequence of appearance in the forelimb bones of
indigenous sheep fetuses by using double staining method with younger specimens and radiography or maceration methods
with old specimens, as well as, histological study with some ages. The results showed that the primary ossification centers of
the forelimb in indigenous sheep fetuses appeared firstly in the diaphyses of radius and ulna, humerus, scapula, metacarpus,
phalanges and lastly in the carpal bone at an estimated age of 43, 45, 46, 47, 49 - 56 and 90-118 days old respectively. The
results of statistical analysis of the total lengths of scapula, humerus, radius, ulna and metacarpus with the lengths of their
ossified parts through the 7th – 15th weeks of fetus age, showed presence of significant differences in the average of these
measurements among most of studied weeks. Also there was a significant differences in the average of relative increase in the
total length and length of ossified part of diaphysis of studied bones during the 7th week in comparison to the same average in
the other studied weeks (8th-15th week) of indigenous sheep fetuses age.

The present study was conducted on 57 local breed cows suffering from various degrees of endometritis. The clinical
examination included visual examination of vagina supported by uterine palpation per rectum; the laboratory examination
included the bacterial isolation from the uterine swabs and histopathological examination of the uterine biopsies. Animals were
randomly divided in to three groups of 15 cows each and 12 cows were considered as a control group received no treatment
and observed for three consecutive estrous cycles. The first group was treated with a mixture of oxytetracycline (4 g) and
tylosin (2 g), second group was treated with cephquenome sulfate 0.5 g, and the third group was treated with lugol's solution
(30 ml) 2 %. These treatments were applied as a single intrauterine infusion and the clinical recovery was evaluated at the next
estrous cycle by considering the absence of abnormal vagina discharge as an indicator of clinical recovery. Cows that showed
clinical cure were inseminated artificially and the pregnancy diagnosis was preformed at least 75 days after insemination by
rectal palpation. Retained placenta was the most important predisposing factor of endometritis 50.8 %, results of the bacterial
examination demonstrated that E. coli was the most prevalence bacteria (27.4 %). Histopathological examination of uterine biopsy showed a high incidence ratio of chronic endometritis (42.1 %). Results of the treatment showed a higher response and
conception rate in the second group (using of cephquenome) 73.3 % and 63.3 %, respectively, followed by first group (using
mixture of oxytetracycline and tylosin) 60 % and 55.5 %, respectively, then the third group (using of lugol's solution) 40 %
and 50 %, respectively. The lowest cure and conception rates were observed in the control group 25 % and 33.3 %,
respectively. This study pointed out a positive relationship between the nature of the vaginal discharge and each of the
bacteriological and histopathological examination and revealed the importance of the early treatment of endometritis especially
using of cephquenome sulfate.

This study was designed to detect the reactions grossly and histologically on the lymphoid organs (Bursa of Fabricious,
Spleen, Thymus) in 8 day old broiler chickens vaccinated with infectious bursal disease vaccine (Intermediate plus)-(CevaIBDL).The study revealed no clinical signs on post vaccination days 2, 4 and 6. Gross lesions were swelling of the bursa due to
the edema which obviously appeared as yellowish transudate covering the serosal surface area, and the bursa appears
congested, the longitudinal striation on the surface become more prominent and congested while small gray foci appear on the
surface of spleen. Microscopically there is degeneration and necrosis of lymphocytes in the medullary area and lymphoid
follicles, edema between lymphoid follicles, hyperemia, lymphocytic depletion and cystic cavities developed in the medullary
area of the follicles. In spleen, there were degeneration and necrosis of reticuloendothelial cells in the germinal center of the
white pulp, with hyperemia in spleen and thymus. It was concluded that the intermediate plus vaccine which used in this study
induced severe pathological changes in the bursa and spleen and less in the thymus on post vaccination days 2, 4 and 6.

This study includes effect of Immunizaton by intrapertoneal inoculation of unembryonated eggs, embryonated eggs , died
larvae , live larvae and excretory / secretory products of larvae (L2) of T.canis and T.leonina to protect white mice (Balb/c)
from the experimental infection by T.cati and T.leonina the results showed that the highest rate of protection is 69. 56% then ,
68.77%, 65.83% , 65.20% and 55.70% when the mice immunized by excretory/ secretory products, Live Larvae, died Larvae,
embryonated eggs and unembryonated eggs of T.canis antigens against the challenge dose of T.cati the highest protection rate
against the experimental infection with T.leonina was obtained by inoculation of live larvae of T.leonina (58.63%) by using a
challenge dose same to the immunization dose. while the highest protection rate obtained by T.canis against the experimental
infection with T.leonina was obtained by immunization with live larvae(54. 74%).

The sublethal median concentration of cadmium chloride was used at concentration 1mg/L for 7 days ,with 0.2mg/1g body
weight of vitamin E for 3 days which was used as an antioxidant there was no improvement in hematological parameters, but
there was significant reduction in the serum alanine aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase activity. Treatment with
vitamin E and cadmium chloride could not repair the tissues damage result from cadmium which included grossly congestion
of gills , hitopathological lesions revealed hyperplasia of epithelial cells with hyperatrophy of piler cells and inflammatory
cells infiltration which lead to adhesion of the secondary lamellae of gills, In liver and kidney which appeared congested with
presence of pale areas, histopathological lesions include infiltration of inflammatory cells specially melanomacrophage and
mononuclear cells in hepatic tissue with thickening of the bile duct wall, haemmorrhage and necrosis in hepatic tissue, while in
kidney there was congestion of blood vessels, deposition of hyaline casts in the renal tubule.

The median lethal concentration of cadmium chloride CdCl2 at 24 hour in Cyprinus carpioL was determined. The toxic
effect of sublethal concentration of CdCl2 was studied for 4, 7, 15 day. There was estimated significant decrease in hemoglobin
concentration, Packed cell volume (PCV) and lymphocyte counts, with significant increase (P≤0.05) in the serum alanine
aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase activity correlated with progression of exposure period. The elevation was more
significant on the 15th day in all groups in comparison with non treated control group. The fish treated with sublethal
concentration of CdCl2 showed behaviors of nervous signs manifested as abnormal swimming and jumping above the water
surface. The gross lesions of sublethal concentration toxic effects included congestion of gills. Histopathological lesions
revealed hyperplasia of epithelial cells with hyperatrophy of piler cells and inflammatory cells infiltration which lead to
adhesion of the secondary lamellae of gills. The same lesions were observed on the 15th day of exposure but were more severe. In liver and kidney which appeared congested with presence of pale areas, histopathological lesions include infiltration of
inflammatory cells, specially melanomacrophage and mononuclear cells in hepatic tissue with thickening of the bile duct wall,
hemorrhage and necrosis in hepatic tissue. In the kidney, there was a congestion of blood vessels and deposition of hyaline
casts in the renal tubules. Accumulation of cadmium in gills, kidney and liver after 4, 7 and 15th day of exposure showed an
increase in level of accumulation with progression of exposure period.

Four sub lethal concentrations 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5% of aqueous extract of Melia azedarach L. were used against the second
instars larvae of the housefly, Musca domestica L.. The results of the microscopical preparations and statistical analysis have
shown that this aqueous extract had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth and development on the ovaries and ovarian
follicles of the adult flies obtained from previously treated larvae with four stage of age, 24, 48, 72, 96 hour after birth. The
extract also led decreased in the numbers of ovarian follicles and their degradation. In some instances the microscopically
preparations of the mid gut of the housefly have also shown that this aqueous extract has seriously affected the histological
structure of the alimentary canal particularly the mid gut. It has led to the separation of the muscular layer from the epithelial
lining

The objective of the study was to determine the digestive disorders in 45 of local breed buffaloes and their prevalence in
Mosul city. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis was 33.3 %, then frothy bloat (15.6 %), simple indigestion was 13.3 % and left side
abomasal displacement (11.1 %), where as the occurrence of ruminal acidosis was lesser than other digestive disorders and
was about 6.7 %. Also the secondary causes of digestive disorders was (20 %) which included some infectious diseases,
administration of some antibiotics like oxytetracycline 20 mg/Kg body weight or sulphonamide or Diacleane for 3 successive
days to each drug. The results also showed significant changes in ruminal pH, sedimentation activity test and the time needed
for methylin blue stain reduction from normal values.Also the ruminal protozoal activity showed significant differences
between samples in different cases, and species of bacteria from morphology and stain characteristics with Gram's stain. The
total and differential counts of ruminal protozoa was decreased significantly (P<0.05) in all cases. Ruminal protozoa were
classified into 14 types firstly in buffaloes in this study.

Six circular samples of a known diameter were taken from each of the different regions of the skin of the native cattle.
Three samples of each region were fixed in neutral buffered formalin whereas, the other three samples were fixed in alcoholic
boin´s fluid. All samples showed shrinkage in the surface area particularly after paraffin infiltration and embedding. The final
shrinkage percentage were noticed to be relatively higher in sample fixed in boin´s fluid than those fixed in neutral buffered
formalin .Accordingly, the correction factors for samples fixed in boin´s fluid were calculated to be 0.810 for tail region, 0.787
for scrotal region, 0.783 for frontal region 0.780 for back region and o.766 for abdominal region, whereas the correcting
factors of samples fixed in boin´s solution were found to be 0.799 for tail region, 0.777 for scrotal region, 0.769 for frontal
region, 0.768 for back region and 0.753 for the abdominal region. With the application of the above mentioned correcting
factors the actual hair density at living condition were adjusted to be 18.48/mm2
for tail region, 14.07/mm2
for scrotal region,
11.72/mm2
for frontal region, 10.72/mm2
for back region and 9.16/ mm2
for abdominal region.