Tikrit Journal for Political Science

The stages of rebuilding or building a nation impose two comparable circumstances, but each's experience differs from the other. In the first instance, we imply that a state includes integrated components, including legal, political, and economic ones. This state also has legal legitimacy and international recognition, but it is also subject to a crisis. Whether it is a revolution, a coup, an invasion, or the termination of its formal political system, the state and its political system will be rebuilt afterward. This is the responsibility of the invasive nation, like in the case of Iraq, and this phase marks a turning point for the course correction.

The study deals with the difficulties facing the economic reform process in Iraq, in light of the economic and political challenges that the country faces, particularly since 2014, as a result of the dual crisis that afflicted the Iraqi economy, as a result of the dominance of ISIS gangs over a third of the area of Iraq, in addition to the sharp decline in oil prices.
The process of economic reform in Iraq faces many obstacles, foremost of which is the rentier nature of the Iraqi economy and the spread of corruption, in addition to the poor infrastructure and the decline in foreign investments.
In order to achieve effective economic reform in Iraq, comprehensive reform measures should be implemented aimed at improving economic conditions, improving infrastructure and attracting foreign investments, in addition to combating corruption and dealing with structural obstacles that impede the process of economic reform in Iraq. This requires enhancing transparency and improving financial and banking management, as well as strengthening the capacities of governmental and private institutions to participate in the economic reform process.

The study of the relationship between security and democracy is one of the topics that political science has paid attention to, as (security-democracy). It is one of the topics that a number of thinkers, writers, and researchers have devoted themselves to, and it has been reflected in their intellectual and scientific productions in the form of ideas, theories, and research. Political thought and philosophy of law treated freedom and security as two basic components of policies because they express human aspirations. Despite this, the two concepts were treated as contradictory, due to the different value systems of each.
Post-conflict states face what we might call the dilemma of security and democracy, which revolves around the continuous widening of the scope of contradiction between the ever-changing and ever-increasing requirements for achieving security, and the requirements for achieving democracy with its evolving and renewed content, issues and mechanisms for its new practice, which may result in new sources of threat to national security.
Hence, the central question that summarizes the research problem revolves around the dimensions of the overlap between the requirements of achieving security and the democratic practice of post-conflict states

The general budget is the link between the political system and the state's public finances. The political system is interesting in organizing and managing the governance, and the distribution of public authorities, and the relationship with individuals. As for public finance, it focuses on how to finance public services provided by the political authority to members of society. As political behavior affects the financial budget, the nature, size and type of Public revenues affect political behavior in them, so, the destabilized political behavior in post-2003 period that applying no principles of good governance that characterized successive Iraqi governments, resulted in negative effects in the public budget (waste of public money, poor level of Transparency and accountability, and the delay in approving the general budget), and in addition led to the loss of confirmed revenues with inflation in operating expenses.

Iraq has sought to play a role in mediating the Saudi-Iranian talks for several rounds, and Iraqi Prime Minister Muhammad Shia al-Sudani received a phone call from the Secretary of the Iranian Supreme National Security Council (Ali Shamkhani), through which he expressed his “thanks to Iraq for its role in the negotiations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Iraqi efforts made to bring views closer between the two countries, which contributed to reaching a new agreement between them in Beijing.

"Society today faces great challenges and dangerous phenomena that have often led to the loss of its cohesion and the dispersion and loss of its children on several levels, including the faith, psychological, intellectual and scientific levels, including those related to values and morals..., especially as the world is witnessing successive changes, carrying multi-directional ideas. Its owners are willing to publish it in light of the digital transformation that depends on advanced media such as the Internet and satellite channels, especially since the Islamic community is at the forefront of those targeted.

The Iraqi national security crisis after 2003 raises several problems, most notably the political, security, and economic challenges that impede the effectiveness of public policies to solve the problems of national security. An essential foundation that cannot be dispensed with or underestimated because its absence means the spread of chaos and the widening of crime To solve the research problem, researchers will try to answer the following questions: What is the strategic response? What do we mean by national security challenges? In addition to the main question related to what are the challenges affecting Iraqi national security after 2003? Whereas, the hypothesis of the research focused on a basic point, which is that the Iraqi national security suffers from the intertwining of many internal and external challenges that affect and affect the security and stability of society. The structure of the research came from presenting the topic by dividing the research into an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The first topic dealt with conceptual rooting strategic response, challenges, and national security, while the second topic dealt.

Since 2014, French foreign policy towards Iraq has been characterized by a commitment to stability and security in the region. France has provided financial and military support to the Iraqi government in its fight against ISIS, while also engaging in diplomatic efforts to promote political reconciliation and economic development. France also sought to strengthen its bilateral relations with Iraq, especially in the areas of trade, energy and security. In addition, France has been actively involved in international efforts to address the humanitarian crisis in Iraq, providing aid and assistance to those affected by the conflict. French foreign policy towards Iraq has been guided by the desire to promote stability and security in the region, while also helping to ensure the long-term success of Iraq's transition to Democracy."

The university is one of the most important tools for development and modernization in contemporary society, and its importance comes in developing the ability to participate and contribute to building society and solving its problems, as it was established in it and for it, through its educational and research activities, which are not limited to students only, but include all Aspects of life, especially social structures, as they provide an educational and guidance service to all segments of society, with the aim of bringing about the desired behavioral and developmental change, by providing members of society with correct and sound concepts and ideas, which stem from the educational principles and noble values of that society, which contributes to its stability and peace. and tolerance.

The danger of extremism and terrorism is not limited to a specific country or region, but has become a global phenomenon that transcends borders, and is one of the gateways to international, regional and local crises. Therefore, we note in recent years the increase in countering extremism, including the importance of education in confronting extremism and terrorism, education bears a great responsibility in raising young people and immunizing them from any extremist ideas, in addition to there is an urgent need to integrate education in general and university education in particular within an effective strategy to confront extremism, Education is also one of the important entry points that can be invested efficiently by reviewing the various curricula and methods of education, and activating the role of academic institutions and research centers so that everyone works on a unified ground to this phenomenon.

Human societies suffer from the spread of the phenomenon of extremism and hatred, especially in countries immersed in wars, fighting and conflicts that always lead to a state of divisions among members of society and thus destroy peace, where the concept of peace and renunciation of extremism, which is means (a set of beliefs and ideas that go beyond what is agreed upon politically, socially and religiously, and extremism is linked to what is primarily intellectual), is closely related to the policies and trends taken by governments and international organizations, especially UNESCO, which is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations which is concerned with education and culture. In Iraq, there are many reasons behind the increase of the phenomenon of extremism, some of which are political, social, and economic, and these reasons must be addressed in order for violence to be combated and peace prevails, which we need it so much at this time so that we can live like the rest of the developed countries.

Achieving food security is one of the priority issues in various countries of the world، whether developed or developing. Therefore، specialized agricultural international organizations have given it a unique importance، and the United Nations has made its third development goal (the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger).

Iraq is going through a critical period، which was manifested in the growing demand for agricultural and food products، in addition to the rise in food prices in the international markets and the diminishing relative importance of the agricultural sector in the Iraqi economic structure. The Iraqi agricultural output، as well as the deterioration of the percentage of agricultural area in the gross domestic product، led to the deterioration of the value of agricultural output، which led to a decline in the per capita share of this output.

The research reviewed the definition of security in general, mentioned the concept of the security, as it was mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and as mentioned by some thinkers and authors, and we reached the definition of health security from our ideas . And it was written in the search for the health reality in the governorates of Nineveh according to statistics and indicators taken from the electronic page of the Iraqi Ministry of Health and the Central Statistical Organization , and tables were prepared to reach indicators based on these statistics. In order to reach a diagnosis of challenges and explore opportunities , to studies were conducted in Nineveh Governorate.

The stability of economic, political, and national security, all of which converge into one entity—community security—serves as the cornerstone for preserving national identity and is a measure of prosperity and the continued stability and development of the nation. Ensuring community security guarantees the safety and security of individuals and society, stimulates creative development in individuals, and encourages both local and foreign investment, all while relying on the principles of sustainable development to ensure a better future for both current and future generations.

The components of community security, in accordance with the requirements of the modern age, necessitate establishing the principles of individual security, which acts as an incentive for maintaining the privacy of national identity. This is achieved through political stability, supported by economic and cultural stability, in parallel with an effective judiciary that enforces state sovereignty across its various institutions and levels, ensuring the elimination of corruption and unemployment. This leads to the establishment of peace and community security.

It has become essential for the continuity of security stability within societies to rely on the cooperation of all state sectors, both public and private, utilizing all practical means to monitor, identify, and unify statistics and information regarding both primary and secondary reform needs. These are crucial for creating future-oriented strategies to organize and develop all aspects of society, with a particular focus on security, especially in the context of the arms race and the militarization of electronic spaces, the advent of cyber and informational security, and the increasing risks that not only undermine community security but also create terrorism that destabilizes societal structures and undermines national security.

Modern security breaches are in line with the nature of technological progress that is sweeping the world. The worsening nature and types of security breaches that disrupt intellectual and ideological stability and national security have become key phenomena that governments are striving to counteract, particularly with the widespread addiction of Arab nations to the virtual world, centered around social media and digital electronic games. These have become catastrophic threats to community security, due to the spiderweb-like interconnectedness of the digital space, driven by paid agendas and the risks to cybersecurity.

Globalization has contributed to this by creating political control with an economic agenda, monopolizing markets, and promoting products, which has made Arab countries primarily consumers in the face of the decline in domestic industries and the dominance of imported goods. This is in line with political, geopolitical, and geo-economic plans that are shaping Arab societies, cultures, and stability.

The new Iraqi diplomacy after 2003 was characterized by a policy of openness to the countries of the regional and international surroundings, following the principle of neutrality, non-interference, and rejection of violence and polarization, emphasizing dialogue and peace to resolve disputes by peaceful means, and avoiding wars and conflicts. Realizing the extent of the importance of cooperation and peace and the urgent need for it at the present time, especially with the Arab Gulf countries, due to the strategic and economic importance enjoyed by those countries that Iraq cannot dispense with, if Iraq wanted to achieve economic development, and to open a new page with the Arab Gulf countries to develop cooperation ties and rapprochement , away from the tension and anxiety that tainted the relationship between them in the past decades .

The phenomenon of global warming is considered one of the challenges facing the global strategic environment in the twenty-first century. This is a result of human activities and the industrial development of major powers in the international system, which have played a role in the evolution and rise of the global strategic environment. This phenomenon is escalating unless the influential powers, particularly those responsible within the international system, take necessary measures to mitigate the escalating global warming. These measures should address the reflected impacts, such as decreased rainfall, which is essential for sustaining human life and meeting its needs. Iraq is one of the most affected countries by this phenomenon, as it directly affects the lives and security of its people, ultimately leading to internal conflicts among individuals over water resources. In addition to this natural challenge, Iraq faces challenges from its neighboring countries, Iran and Turkey, which seek to secure their own water resources in order to safeguard their national security in the twenty-first century. These strategies and policies pursued by Iran and Turkey are detrimental to the Iraqi national interest and have a negative impact on Iraq's water security.

" The concept of good governance or good administration refers to the policies followed by state bodies and institutions to manage the country's affairs according to democratic means and mechanisms، as Arab societies in general and Iraq in particular are witnessing many challenges that stand in the way of achieving good governance، in addition to that there are a number of opportunities that can be achieved or Access to it in order to achieve good and rational governance..."

External factors have a great impact on the history and activities of nations and building their foundations in the various civilized roles, and these factors have varied, including religious factors and other political or economic ones or they may be social or ethnic. The decision and non-interference by any party with the sovereignty of the state or pressure on the decision-makers in it.

Accordingly, a relationship emerged that took two directions, the first of which is that there is an inverse (negative) relationship between the external factors driving the influence on the Iraqi decision-maker. This was reflected in the continuing state of political, security, economic and social instability in Iraq and had a negative impact on building the foundations of Iraq’s own strength while it was The second trend: The existence of a direct (positive) relationship between the continuation of the state of imbalance in all aspects of life, the recovery of economies, the construction of a strategy, and the direct and indirect hegemony of some neighboring regional and international countries over Iraq, in addition to exceeding the limits of sovereignty to extend natural resources of all kinds.

The research deals with the media and its most influential role in societies in the world, and perhaps Iraq is among the countries in which democratic change and openness took place at the media level since 2003.
The absence of a firm censor has led to a state of media chaos prevailing in most areas and on a large scale, far from professional ethics. Particularly the media owned by parties and political blocks are establishing a political reality in which there are many problems that require objective and rational solutions from the relevant authorities to limit this conflict between partisan interest and the national interest, especially in a country that is witnessing fragmentation and the rise of sub-identities at the expense of national identity, and the rampant administrative and financial corruption.

The essence of the research is to seek to study this problem scientifically and to investigate the nature of the conflict that occurs in the discourse and performance of many ideological Iraqi satellite media channels that follow political parties, and to study the contents of their political programs realistically for the purpose of limiting the abuses that hinder the achievement of societal security and political stability. The conscious public must be involved, based on its understanding and life experiences, in political issues, so that there is a kind of harmony between the media, politicians, and the public.

Social media has become an important aspect of societies, and its role is no longer limited to personal and social communication among individuals, but it has also taken on political roles. Words such as "Facebook", "Twitter", and "YouTube" have become common in the political arena since the Arab Spring revolutions, which some called "the Facebook revolutions" due to the significant role these sites played in delivering the message of the revolution to the world, creating a sense of organization and management for the revolution's progress under the security control and intense surveillance imposed by the regimes."

Turkey worked to restore its political relations with Iraq after the government of Mr. "Haider Al-Abadi" won the confidence of Parliament in 2014، but this relationship faced a set of thorny issues، including the terrorist ISIS occupation of the city of Mosul and its control over a third of the country's area، and the Turkish military intervention in Regions of northern Iraq under the pretext of protecting national security، in addition to the water crisis and the decrease in the level of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers due to the operation of the Turkish dams.

Political violence is a complex global phenomenon with political, economic, social, cultural and psychological dimensions, familiar to all human societies, to varying degrees and in different forms, with overlapping causes that differ according to the nature of societies, cultures and historical stages. In such cases, political violence can be committed by individuals against the state. Or others, and by a group against other groups in society, or by the state at the internal or external level. Given that political violence is a dynamic phenomenon, many ideas and theories emerged that tried to draw the necessary mechanisms and methods to contain and deal with it, in a way that reduces its size and repercussions, which threaten political stability and development, and which can be applied to the case of Iraq, especially since its theorists believed that political violence may be Sometimes a historical inevitability. In this context, the only way, to achieve political and social changes.

Initiating the evaluation of the performance and achievements of any government in a country facing numerous internal crises, inconsistencies in its foreign policies, and a complex political system, such as post-2003 Iraq, presents a challenging task. The Iraqi political system that emerged after 2003 saw significant developments, defining its institutions within a specific framework blending parliamentary, federal, and decentralized elements since 2005. However, it witnessed a trajectory of disappointments for the Iraqi people due to the adoption of patronage and deals in managing the political process, illustrating the weakness in the performance of specific governments, notably those under the State of Law Coalition formed by the Islamic Dawa Party and other coexisting political forces. Successive governments, led by former Prime Ministers Ibrahim al-Jaafari (2005-2006), Nouri al-Maliki (2006-2010), Haider al-Abadi, Adil Abdul-Mahdi, and Mustafa al-Kadhimi, grappled with an inability to fulfill their promised agendas, culminating in crises as each administration concluded, compounding the existing challenges. This reality contradicts the true objectives of the political process in Iraq, aiming to achieve genuine representation of the Iraqi people and form governments that genuinely reflect and serve them.

The human severe cost of terrorism has been seen in almost every corner of the world. Most of societies have suffered tragic human loss as a result of violent terrorist acts. Terrorism obviously has a significant real and direct effects on human rights, with overwhelming impact on the right to life, liberty and physical integrity of its victims. In addition, terrorism can jeopardize peace and security, threaten Governments, destabilize civil society, and threaten social and economic development of the nation.

Despite few successes, dangerous terrorist threats persisted around the Arab world, especially in Iraq. Even as some terrorist groups lost their leaders and some of their authorities, other groups and individuals kept continuing the fight from their affiliates across the world and by inspiring followers to commit attacks.

In this paper, the author attempts to shed lights on the terrorism as an ideological threat that threatens the lives of millions, and confiscates people's ideas and beliefs.

Elections is regarded as the most prominent systems of democratic governance، and the right to vote allows the voter to choose his representatives on the basis of the principles of competence، freedom and equality. Each country has an electoral system that is adopted in the political life of the country. The electoral system draws the features of democracy. There are several electoral systems available. It is necessary to determine which one is the most appropriate and fair one to represent the Iraqi reality in accordance with the circumstances and developments of the political، social and economic reality of the country.

Armed conflicts waste many opportunities for young people's social, political and economic participation, through which they create spaces to express themselves. In fact, armed conflicts not only destroy infrastructure, but also destroy social capital as a result of population displacements in conflict areas, often accompanied by broad ethnic and national divisions, and in local communities. In the Iraqi case, the youth group became the most affected by the conflicts that Iraq witnessed after 2003, as a result of the terrorist organizations (ISIS) occupying cities and large areas of Iraq. In fact, the seriousness of the role of youth in perpetuating the momentum of conflicts at times, or for young people to become victims of them, was one of the most prominent challenges related to youth empowerment, and in confronting this, societies emerging from conflict (Iraq after 2017) must reap the benefits of stability. By making appropriate investments in youth by creating enabling mechanisms at multiple levels in order to reconnect youth to the societal system.

Discussing aid diplomacy in Iraqi politics, dealing with the issue of humanitarian aid as an important and vital topic in international relations. Humanitarian aid aims to address an emergency situation such as humanitarian disasters that afflict people and aims to provide the necessary humanitarian needs. government and various governments in order to save a human group in the event of a confirmed danger, its forms and principles that govern it, as well as dealing with the role of humanitarian aid in drawing Iraqi foreign policy and the most important models of this aid .