Tikrit Journal for Political Science

This study reviews the search for the links between sustainable development and human security issues. It explains the integration of human security and sustainable development. It focuses on human security issues in Iraq including: political security, social security, environmental security, economic security, food security, water security as well as terrorist threats. One of the most important requirements for achieving sustainable development is providing a safe and stable environment based on social justice, respect for human rights and guaranteeing a decent life for all people. The UN agenda 2030 comprises 17 sustainable development goals to achieve better and more sustainable future for humanity such as, no poverty, zero hunger, quality education, good health and well-being, clean water and sanitation, gender equality, economic growth, clean energy industry, peace and justice. The study assumes that human security issues are considered major obstacles to achieving sustainable development in this country. Iraq cannot achieve sustainable development goals without ensuring human security and promoting human-centered development in order to guarantee stability, equality and the right of the next generations in life.

The United States of America faces many internal threats and challenges, and terrorism is one of the most significant challenges and threats. The years following the attacks of (September 11, 2001) witnessed a substantial decrease in the rate of external (foreign) terrorism in the United States, at a time when domestic terrorism witnessed an apparent rise at unprecedented rates in the last two decades. There are four main categories of ideologies in the United States of America: the far right, the far left, religious extremism, and ethnic extremism. The far right is the first and most significant challenge and threat to the United States, as the operations and attacks of this wing have increased rapidly in terms of quality and quantity. Within this wing, there are many movements, and white extremists and anti-government extremists are considered the most critical movements. It is a statistical study that tries to shed light on domestic terrorism in the United States of America after the 11 September 2001 attacks by collecting data from American formal and informal institutions. The study utilizes the quantitative approach as a tool for analyzing these data.

The challenges facing historical social studies in international relations are multifaceted and have different aspects. As the relationship between the science of social history and the science of international relations is deep, intertwined and interdependent because it relates to the history of societies and their social characteristics that determines its identity, lifestyle, and relationship with its peers from other societies. Therefore, the role that historical sociology plays in serving researchers in the field of international relations is essential. Most international relation theories are based on it.

Also, the relationship of historical sociology with theories of international relations helps to understand generalizations in the field of international relations. It contributed to its interpretation, analysis and testing throughout history, in addition to the contribution of the science of social history in revealing the laws that control the conduct of events that societies go through during a certain period of time. Through research and analysis, it was found that historical sociology has a positive impact on international relations.
By providing research material for specialists in this field, the interdependence and overlap between the social sciences makes it difficult to distinguish the boundaries and breaks between them. It also provides ample room for specialists in this field to cooperate with each other.

The Coptic Church monopolized the religious and political representation of the Copts since the establishment of the Egyptian state. It withdrew from direct involvement in the political sphere during the presidency of Hosni Mubarak, characterized by a close relationship between the Church and the political regime, especially in times of perceived common threats. Consequently, the Church often supported the regime to safeguard against potential risks that might arise if the regime were to fall. In this context, Mubarak's regime used Islamist elements to intimidate the Copts, while justifying its actions by claiming that the secular political system had become sectarian. Consequently, Mubarak's regime closed its doors to Coptic representation within his party.

The January 25th, 2011 revolution provided an opportunity for the Copts to act more freely in the political climate. However, this newfound democracy had its challenges, as it witnessed the mobilization and substantial participation of Islamist groups, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, utilizing their organizational capacity. Through this religious polarization, the Islamists succeeded in winning elections, leading to the presidential victory of Mohamed Morsi.

The Muslim Brotherhood failed to alleviate the Copts' concerns about religious freedom and their marginalization in state institutions. Moreover, some Brotherhood leaders and their allies adopted a sectarian rhetoric against the Copts, which had negative consequences on the overall political direction of the Brotherhood. This ultimately led to their downfall, paving the way for a new era of governance in Egypt.

The national identity of a society such as the Chinese community is ethnically, religiously and linguistically diverse, and it needs leadership and leadership capable of managing this diversity, and this was embodied in the efforts made by Xi Jinping through government measures or the procedures and instructions taken by the Chinese Communist Party, which mostly express The ideas and aspirations of Xi Jinping, and the role of the Chinese leader in managing this diversity has been embodied through a set of policies, decisions and initiatives at various levels and political, economic, social and cultural aspects, some within society with the aim of bringing about a quantum leap in the level of modernization and development of Chinese society and the other external in order to achieve the dream of the Chinese nation In terms of openness and progress, Xi Jinping\'s efforts were embodied in completing some of the efforts of his predecessors and others through the initiatives and policies he launched, all of which aim to preserve the unity of China and preserve the identity of the Chinese nation.

In terms of geopolitics, Iran is an active regional force in the Middle East in general and the Arab region in particular. It is trying to define its influence and build its place in the geopolitics of this region. It is aware of the importance of the Force's soft strategy to strengthen its influence throughout the region. It is also aware of the new changes after the Arab Spring, which have given them opportunities to strengthen their influence. By using a set of strategic principles and foundations and making a set of regional and international strategies to achieve their goals and interests, as well as using ideological contradictions, different interests, doctrinal extension, and armed acts to move up the hierarchy of regional powers in the Middle East region, she was able to be a major and influential player in the region's interactions and all its crises, whether in Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, or Yemen.

The research is based on the idea that "Whenever Iran is able to use smart tools of power vis-à-vis Arab countries and take advantage of opportunities while neutralizing challenges, it will strengthen its role and regional standing and change the balance of power to achieve its goals and serve its interests." The research was split into Two main topics. The first study looked at how Iran's strategy toward the Arab region makes use of "soft power" tools. The second study looks at how Iran's plan for the Arab region makes use of hard power tools.

The cyberspace has been turned into a new arena for the international struggle between the major powers in order to impose hegemony and influence on cyberspace, and these developments imposed a rethinking of the structure and the concept of national security of the state. As a result, the issue of cyberspace security became part of the national security strategies of many developed countries in order to prevent the exposure of their vital infrastructure to cyber threats and risks, and the United States is one of the first global powers to realize the importance of the impact of cyberspace on the global balance of power, as it considered it an essential element of the comprehensive forces of the state. Therefore, the United States focused on technological and information superiority in cyberspace in order to increase its strategic capabilities and deprive opponents of it within its national strategy for the twenty-first century. Since the cyberspace is one of the sources of threats facing the United States of America, it is necessary to develop several strategies to deal with threats and risks poses by cyberspace that threaten US national security.

The events witnessed in the Middle East and the study of U.S. foreign policy and its hostility towards various countries, particularly in the context of terrorism and how to address and implement it, can potentially lead to an increase in terrorist activities. The approach adopted by most U.S. presidents in the Middle East region revolves around ensuring access to oil and preventing the spread of nuclear weapons in these countries. The Americans have been present in Afghanistan for over 20 years and have spent substantial amounts of money, yet the intentions and objectives of the Taliban remain unclear to them and the international community.

This prolonged presence has caused security, political, and economic instability in Afghanistan, leading to unpredictable consequences in the country and fears of a potential resurgence of terrorism in the future. The aftermath of the U.S. withdrawal could potentially result in significant and diverse changes, with the possibility of a civil war within Afghanistan, which poses future risks and threats for both the country and the international community.

Sustainable development is one of the most important special studies, which constitutes an entity of knowledge and an integrated academic system , as the efforts of the countries of the world combined to pay attention to it , so it was due to the developments and problems that the world witnessed, human needs and the increasing risks on the one hand, and the possibility of depletion of energy resources and its inability to renew on the other hand, the need to adopt development appeared To confront sustainable political , economic and social problems because neglecting them will affect all sectors , so the need to lay foundations , rules and future strategies and adopt a methodology and good governance to promote and develop the development process because the success of any country and society depends on the extent of the ability of individuals to develop and pay attention to development and investment plans, and Iraq has resources, energies and capabilities, but It has not been properly employed to achieve progress in indicators of sustainable development and to provide a decent standard of living for members of society and to guarantee the rights of future generations, as well as the absence of wise development management in setting and implementing policies, programs and plans to bring about a quantum leap in all sectors because efficient management is able to achieve high levels of sustainable development Even if there are human and material obstacles.

This study examines the developmental experiences in the Baltic countries, namely Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, after 2004. Following their accession to the European Union, these countries underwent significant transformations in the fields of economy, population, and culture. The study aims to analyze the developmental changes in these countries and evaluate their impact on the assets of the population, their languages, and the population's developmental indicators and wealth.

The analysis revolves around the key aspects of development in these countries after 2004. The influence of these transformations on the assets of the population and their languages will be studied, with a focus on demographic changes and linguistic diversity. Additionally, the study will analyze population development indicators such as population growth rate, fertility rate, and mortality rate, to understand the population shifts in those countries.

The process of political engineering sought to find the perfect alternative, which is change through the process of democratization in the South Korean system as a whole, through which it moved the wheel of economic development that placed it in the ranks of economically developed countries and within a few decades, and one of the main and important reasons in line with the nature of its role was that it accomplished engineering Political at the regional and international levels, based on this situation, the successive political regimes in South Korea began to develop ambitious strategic plans for development in the areas of industry and education, which led to the growth of the middle class as well as the working class under the ruling political control and for this reason, the march of social, economic and political events In South Korea, both internally and externally, it is aligned with the goal of forcing the Korean government to retreat from military dictatorship and adopt a democratic system of government with South Korea's position in the world

The transformations of the international system led to the creation of an arena in which ethnic and sectarian conflicts usually take place, and governments usually try to ignore or suppress the demands of internal ethnic and religious groups when necessary, and these demands differ from one political to another in the break-up of Yugoslavia is depicted as the beginning of the emergence of the deconstruction of cultural characteristics., because countries with racial and ethnic diversity are more likely to interfere than others, was the pretext of the Americans in the early 1990s. Since the twentieth century, as a pretext to interfere in the internal affairs of the nation-state under the pretext of (protecting minorities from persecution) and as a result achieving its global goals of controlling and dominating the world and spreading ideas and propositions that are consistent with these practical developments,to infiltrate the borderless countries bordered by the fragmentation of the nation-state and the fueling of ethnic and racial conflicts.

Author: Dr. Firas Jamal Shaker

Place and date of publication: Al-Araby for Publishing and Distribution,

Cairo - Egypt, 2022.

Number of pages of the book: 304 pages