MUSTANSIRIA DENTAL JOURNAL

The purpose of this study was to compare levels of post operative discomfort after cleaning and shaping of root canals using intracanal medicaments. Two hundreds forty teeth requiring root canal treatment were included. At random, canals were cleaned and shaped with crown-down technique and then dried and one of the following medicaments was used. Group I: medicated with chlorhexidine containing gutta-percha points (Activ points). Group II: medicated with calcium hydroxide containing gutta-percha points and finally group III: with no medicaments. Access cavities were closed with a sterile cotton pellet and cavit. The patients recorded degree of discomfort of various time intervals after cleaning and shaping on a visual analogue scale for 72hr. A significant statistical difference was found in the degree of discomfort between the three groups.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of posttreatment pain to two medicaments placed in the root canal system. One hundred teeth belonging to 100 patients were included in this study. All teeth under went conventional root canal, which involved the instrumentation to the apices of each canal at the first visit. Canals were instrumented using a step-back technique and hand-files along with irrigant. The canals were dried and one of the following two medicaments was inserted into the canal: group I: Chlorhexidine- containing gutta-percha point; group II Calcium hydroxide- containing gutta-percha point. All teeth were temporized with intermediate restorative material. Patients' assessed posttreatment pain up to 48 hours as none, mild, moderate, or sever. The pain levels in each test group at each time period were compared statistically with Chi-square test, a significant difference was found in posttreatment pain between the two groups at 4h and 24h. No significant difference in posttreatment at 48h.

The present study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of gingival recession in adults by age and gender in relation to their dental clinic attendance and frequency of tooth brushing. The sample of the study included adult subjects aged (30-69) years who attended Al-Mustansiriya dental college hospital seeking for different types of treatment. A total of (745) dentate subjects (390 males 52.3%) and (355 females 47.6%) were involved in the study. According to age, the sample was divided into four age groups (30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-69). The study revealed that (57.18%) of the total subjects had at least one tooth surface with gingival recession. Recession was found in (63.07%) of males, and decreased significantly in females to (50.7%). The study showed that mean number of teeth with gingival recession per person for males was (7.7) teeth and (5.72) teeth for females. The mean number of teeth with gingival recession per person was (2.05) teeth for age group (30-39) years and increased significantly to (12.48) teeth for age group (50-59). The study also demonstrated that mean number of surfaces with gingival recession per person was (7.22) for age group (30-39) years and increased significantly with age to (30.14) teeth for age group (50-59) years. The total males reported higher mean surfaces than females (19.91) and (15.32) respectively. The results of the study revealed that the frequency of tooth brushing has a positive effect on the prevalence of gingival recession; while regarding the relation of dental clinic attendance, the subjects who attend the dental clinics regularly and irregularly had similar occurrence of gingival recession.

The direct relation between periodontal disease and the oral hygiene level on one hand and the level of education on the other hand were repeatedly proved throughout a large number of epidemiologic periodontal studies. Based on this fact, one can conclude that the periodontal treatment need among highly educated individuals (as university students) seems to be less than that of individuals with low educational level, but a question that may arise in this area is: Does the treatment need among dental students differ from that of their colleagues in other studies or not? The present research aimed at providing an answer for this question. Three hundreds university students (150 dental &150 non dental) were examined by using CPITN and the data were analyzed statistically. Results indicated that in general the periodontal treatment need was comparable between dental and non dental students in this social class. Results also indicated that programs aimed at improvement of oral hygiene of this social class may be applicable in our community, the matter that calls for full cooperation from the health authorities to carry out a national campaign directed toward this social class.

Background: Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is a collective term embracing a number of clinically distinct problem including myalagia, internal derangement, arthritic problem & disorders of mobility & growth.
Aim of study: The aim of this study is to make correlation analysis between clinical signs of temporomandibular internal derangement and magnetic imaging for diagnosis of disk displacement with or without reduction and disk configuration.
Material and method: Eighteen patients were examined according to Helkimo index which include impaired TMJ function, impaired range of movement, TMJ tenderness muscle tenderness &pain during mandibular movement.
Results: The results showed significant correlation between Helkimo index and MRI findings, in that as the severity of index increased, there was an increase in progression of disk displacement, and when the index was mild 88.9% of the joints were with normal disk position, the posterior band of disk was on 12 o’clock position on top of condyle and about 11.1% had disk displacement with reduction, the disk return to normal position relative to condyle in open mouth position and no patient had disk displacement without reduction.
Conclusion: There is significant correlation between clinical signs and MRI findings.

Chlorhexidine is a bisbiguanide antiseptic and disinfectant that is bactericidal or bacteriostatic against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Stability study is the capacity of a drug substance or drug product to remain within established specifications to maintain its identity, strength, quality, and purity throughout the retest or expiration dating periods. Physical, chemical data are generated as a function of time and storage conditions. The purpose of this study is designed to evaluation the stability life of chlorhexidine gluconate mouth wash in experimental formula. Stability information from long-term testing was designed according to the European agency for evaluation of medicinal products storage conditions of high relative temperature and humidity. The prepared samples were analyzed according to united state pharmacopoeia -27. Assays were performed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Ascorbic acid, sodium citrate with organic solvents and antitoxins has been used to provide efficient, simple mixing method for chlorhexidine gluconate mouth wash. The assays and level of related substances predicated stable formula under long term stability study conditions. These results had shown non-significant changes (p>0.05). This formula provided successful distribution and stability of chlorhexidine gluconate in mouth wash solution and this formula is also suitable for mass production and stable products for more than 3 years.

The use of antibiotics as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of periodontal diseases is of special interest to dental practitioners. In addition to using an appropriate antibacterial agent, clinicians may find it useful to determine the local and systemic concentrations of antibiotics in infected periodontal sites to reduce the levels of bacteria. The purpose of this study is the determination of the ciprofloxacin concentration in saliva; as well as investigates the efficiency of triethylamine and acetonitrile mobile phase in separation of ciprofloxacin in saliva.
Ten Subjects were given orally a single dose of 500-mg. ciprofloxacin, then 0.5 ml saliva samples were collected into centrifuge tubes (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hrs) after dosing, samples were centrifuged and the separated were injected to HPLC using triethylamine and acetonitrile mobile phase after adjacent the pH at 3.0 ± 0.1 with phosphoric acid at flow rate 1.5 ml/min.
Ciprofloxacin tablets used in this study within the specification and meet the USP requirements in weight variation, disintegration time, dissolution and assay. The obtain result from HPLC method recorded saliva concentration of ciprofloxacin within one day run ranged from 0.062 to 2.0298 mg. / L while day to day run from 0.071-2.030 mg/L. The other pharmacokinetic parameters are: the mean concentration of ciprofloxacin 4.233 μg/ml, C max 3.285, AUC 0-∞ 20.388 μg. h/ ml, and T max 1.203.
The results of this clinical study show that the detection of ciprofloxacin in saliva represents the distribution of the drug in saliva and indicated the suitability for ciprofloxacin in dentistry treatments, and The HPLC method provided successful method for mentoring the ciprofloxacin in saliva with a detection limit reach 1.2 ng/ ml. The analysis method are sensitive, reproducible, low coast and efficient for low concentration

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the type of bad oral habits "sucking (thump, index, more than one figure), nail or pencil biting, tongue thrusting, lip sucking" and its relation to age, gender, malocclusions and type of feeding (breast or bottle), in patients above the 6 years of age.
Material and methods: 110 patients of oral habit reported to the department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry and department of orthodontics at the collage of dentistry Baghdad University, during a one year period (2005-2006), Thos were 35 male and 75 females in age range between 6- 13 years.
Result: Thumb sucking represented the predominate habit (34.55%) for all age groups, The age group that showed the highest oral habit was 8-9 years in which (35.45%) children had oral habit, female children (68.18%) were more than male, the children who sucked their thumb were more likely to develop an increased over jet, while the anterior open bite mostly seen in children with tongue thrust, The children who suck their lip showed deep bite and an increased in the over jet.
Conclusions: oral habits had dental effect rather than skeletal effect, there was no association between oral habit and pattern of child's feeding.

Selected elements in stimulated whole saliva, and dental caries experience were studied. The stimulated mixed saliva samples were obtained from (56) dental students with an age range between (18 – 23) years. Every salivary sample was centrifuged at (1800 r.p.m) for (6) minute at room temperature. The results showed that the DMFS and DMFT values for females were higher than that of the males in all age groups. The concentration of inorganic phosphate was higher than that of calcium and magnesium and the females showed lower values than males.
A negative correlation was recorded between the concentration of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate with the DMFS and DMFT. Significant relation was found between the concentration of calcium with the DMFS and highly significant difference with DS and DMFT. Non significant difference was found between the concentration of inorganic phosphate with the DMFS and DMFT. Highly significant difference was found between the concentration of magnesium and DMFS, FS and DMFT.

The aim of this study was to compare in vitro the microleakage of a pit and fissure sealant after different enamel surface treatments: (1) acid etching only, (2) air abrasion only, and (3) air abrasion followed by acid etching.
Thirty sound human upper premolars were used in this study. The teeth were divided into three groups according to the type of treatment prior to sealant application: Group 1 (in which the occlusal surface was etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel for 30 seconds), Group 2 (in which the occlusal surface was air-abraded for 10 seconds with sodium hydrogen carbonate powder), and Group 3 (in which the occlusal surface was air-abraded as in group 2 and then acid etched as in group 1). Then a light-cured pit and fissure sealant (Fisseal, Promedica, Germany) was applied to the central fissure in the occlusal surface of each tooth and light cured for 20 seconds. Then the teeth were thermocycled between 5ºC and 55ºC for 10 cycles, immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine dye for 24 hours at room temperature, embedded in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin, sectioned longitudinally bucco-lingually, and examined under a stereomicroscope for dye penetration.
The results of this study showed that the highest mean of microleakage scores was in group 2 (air abrasion group), while the lowest mean of microleakage scores was in group 3 (air abrasion + acid etching), with statistically highly significant difference (p<0.01) between group 1 and group 2, and between group 2 and group 3, with statistically non-significant difference between group 1 and group 3 (p>0.05).
Air abrasion treatment prior to sealant application was not effective in reducing microleakage and should be followed by acid etching.

A sample of 27 individuals with nasal obstruction (18 males and 9 females: 18-28 years) was selected and compared with matched control subjects whom diagnosed as nasal breathers. Each subject underwent an intraoral clinical examination and a cephalometric radiograph analysis. The purpose of this evaluation was to clarify the issue whether or not breathing mode is related to cranial base texture. The results showed a significant increase in the cranial base angle in the sample group. On the other hand no clear evidence was found about the inconsistency of the pituitary gland concerning its size; instead it showed significant correlations with the other cranial measurements in the sample group.

The dirty denture may have undesirable effect on patient's health and ability to successful wear of the denture, if a patient's denture becomes unsanitary, the consequences may be bad breath, poor esthetic, denture stomatitis and angular cheilitis and the using of the denture cleanser is the solution for this problem but the prolong use of such cleansers may affect the properties of the denture. The aim of the study is to observe the effect of denture cleansers on color stability, water sorption and water solubility of the light cured acrylic resin after their immersion in tea solution.
Light curing acrylic resin was prepared and immersed in four types of denture cleansers after there staining with tea then color stability, water sorption and water solubility of acrylic resin was measured.
There were no changes in the stained acrylic properties when the samples were immersed in prepared denture cleansers and in the alkaline peroxide cleanser compared to that immersed in the distilled water in respect to color stability, sorption and solubility of the testing groups.
The water sorption, water solubility and color stability of the light cured acrylic resin where immersed in the prepared denture cleanser solutions are in accordance with the American dental association no.12. The denture cleanser are good and satisfactory cleanser materials for the acrylic resin denture base and it’s recommended for cleansing the prostheses which are cured by light curing method.

Denture cleanser is the most widely used method by the patients to maintain clean and healthy denture but the prolong use of such cleansers may affect the properties of the denture. So the aim of our study is to observe the effect of denture cleansers on surface hardness and surface roughness of the light cured acrylic resin after their immersion in the tea solution.
Light curing acrylic resin was prepared and immersed in four types of denture Cleansers after there staining with tea then surface hardness and surface roughness of the acrylic resin was measured.
There is no change in the stained acrylic properties when the samples were immersed in the denture cleansers compared to that immersed in the distilled water.
The prepared denture cleanser solutions are good and satisfactory cleanser materials for the acrylic resin denture base. It’s recommended to use the denture cleanser for cleansing the prostheses which cured by light curing method.
Introduction The microporous surface

study was used to evaluate the use of lingual frenum as pre – extraction record in determination of occlusal vertical dimension in edentulous patients.
The sample consisted of twenty subjects, impression of lower arch, stock trays, stone, surveyor and vernia for measurements.
The results of this study indicate that the distance between anterior attachment of lingual frenum and incisal edges of mandibular central incisors may be used as a reliable landmark when the frenum was recorded during function.
The lingual frenum of the mandible is used as are liable land mark to determine the occlusal vertical dimension.

Background: The establishment of the correct vertical rest position is considered essential, because this position is a critical landmark in determining the vertical relation of occlusion. Unfortunately, the physiologic rest position is variable as it may be influenced by muscle tension, fatigue, and properioception. A study was therefore, undertaken to investigate the repeatability of vertical dimension measurement by different education degree groups. Materials and methods: thirty patients were investigated for vertical dimension measurement by different education degree groups (5th class undergraduate students, house officers dentists, MSc and PhD), depending on a very popular and simple method by using millimeter ruler. Result: the result showed that the difference in the vertical dimension measurements by the four different education degree groups was clinically not significant. Conclusion: 1.The vertical dimension measurements obtained from the undergraduates and house officer dentists were dependable. 2.The time-span of the measuring procedure has no effect on the determination of the vertical dimension throughout a single visit. 3.The caliper method was practical, simple and accurate in academic work. As The result of this study reveals the reproducibility of this method by all of the investigators.

Gypsum products have been considered to be among the most widely used model and die materials. Modifications of these materials by adding chemicals or salts result in a change in their structure. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the addition of Calcium Hypochlorite disinfectant on the microstructure of dental stone.
Calcium Hypochlorite disinfectant in aqueous solution in different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) was added to type III dental stone. The microstructure of the dental stone samples was examined under the microscope and then photo scoped, pictures were taken at different time intervals (immediately, after 10, 30 min., 1and 2 hours) for all the test groups.
The results of this study showed that at different time intervals, from the beginning of mixing of dental stone with Calcium Hypochlorite disinfectant solution, deformation in the microstructure was produced (calcium sulfate dihydrate crystals).
Microscopically appearance of dental stone samples mixed with Calcium Hypochlorite disinfectant solution revealed a deformation in size and shape of the calcium sulfate dihydrate crystals when compared with the control group.