Kufa Journal of Arts

After relying on Allah Almighty, the following most important results were reached:

The image of the parable in the Holy Quran varied, sometimes it was realistic, and other times it was sensory, and it was found that the verses that carry realistic images are more than the verses that carry sensory images.

Most of the verses that talk about beliefs were interested in the subject of the infidels - and explaining their condition in terms of apostasy, disbelief, seduction, and lack of obedience, belief, and compliance with the commands of Allah Almighty - more than their interest and mention of faith, heaven, and hell.

Every story mentioned in the Holy Quran carries within it a lesson and a sermon, and Allah Almighty did not differentiate between His servants by saying that this is a prophet and this is an ordinary man, or this is the wife of a prophet and that is the wife of a tyrant, but rather each one receives his reward.

It was found that the Quranic parable is the closest tool to reach the goal and lesson to the mind of the addressee, i.e. the individual, who in turn spreads it to society, and thus the benefit intended from the Holy Quran is spread to the largest number of people.
The lesson from the noble verses mentioned previously, which are about parables, if we were to count them, we would find that they speak about promise, threat, reminder and warning, to remind the servants of their Creator, and the miracles that God Almighty sent down to His Messengers and Prophets (E), and of the bliss awaiting them if they believe and are guided, and of the punishment prepared for them if they disbelieve and go astray. This is the promise of God Almighty to His servants.

Imam Hussein (A) - especially after the Karbala incident - became the focus of many poets; as they made the issue of his martyrdom the focus of their poems, praising the virtues and merits of the Imam, mourning him with pure, passionate emotions; and poetry committed to the love of the Household of the Prophet (G) began to carry echoes of the incident, and among these poets are Ali bin Issa Al-Irbili and Al-Sharif Al-Radi.

On the other hand, one of the modern critical studies through which the aesthetics of the text appear is comparative stylistics, as literature is a more specific use of language, as it has more specific styles, which made it a developed linguistic world in which there is beauty that enchants the reader; and the stylistic vision is what is concerned with this beauty manifested in the language.

From this standpoint, this research aims to conduct a comparative stylistic study between two poems in mourning for Imam Hussein (A) by the poets Ali bin Issa Al-Irbili and Al-Sharif Al-Radi to show the extent of the difference and similarity between the stylistic phenomena in the two poems.

The research showed that elegy, the spirit of sadness, grief and sorrow had a special impact on the style of the two poets and was evident at the level of imagery, especially in the use of beautiful similes and metaphors to embody this great catastrophe, and at the semantic level by using words that indicate sadness and crying, and at the phonetic level it appeared in the phenomenon of repetition, especially the use of letters with extensions, and the phenomena of alliteration and antithesis. It was found that Al-Sharif Al-Radi is one of the most prominent Shiite poets, and his poems in mourning for Imam Al-Hussein (A) became a complete example that poets followed after him, and that Al-Irbili is one of those who followed his example in his mourning, especially in his quotations and inclusions.

Abu Hayyan was distinguished from grammarians by the fact that he directed the grammatical rule in the manner of his own vision, after enumerating the opinions therein, then declaring his doctrine therein, then addressing the distant opinions with criticism or belittling. This topic is not one of the grammatical cases that Abu Hayyan alone has, or opinions that are specific to him, but rather it is a choice from among the opinions that have been put forward, to which grammarians preceded him, so he chose the most correct of them, then we notice that he strengthens his opinion with the arguments and evidence he has, and he often supported his opinions with the Holy Qur’an first, then the languages ​​of the Arabs second, then what is available from the poetry of the Arabs third, in addition to his avoidance of citing the rare, the anomalous, and the weak statement, and we notice that he was unique in resorting to the contextual meaning when citing his grammatical choices, and he was not satisfied with the opinions of the predecessors before him in order to strengthen his argument in the choice, and our topic will be limited to some of his choices in grammatical issues from the chapter of nouns, verbs, letters, and structures.

The study of the hydrological characteristics of groundwater in Karbala Governorate is of great importance to know the qualitative characteristics of groundwater in the study area, including knowing the sources of groundwater feeding, which are among the most important hydrological characteristics of groundwater in Karbala Governorate because through them water penetrates through the soil section and reaches the groundwater level, and also knowing whether the origin of groundwater in Karbala Governorate is marine or continental, and it was shown by conducting equations that it is continental in origin, and also studying and knowing the formations that store groundwater, as these layers are characterized by a set of characteristics. Groundwater is found in the spaces of rock layers, especially sedimentary ones, because they can retain water. As for the direction of groundwater movement in Karbala Governorate, it was in two directions, the first direction was from west to east towards Lake Razzaza and the other direction from the Hindiya area towards the center of Karbala Governorate.

The research relied on geographic information systems technology using ArcGIS10 to build an updateable geographic information base for land uses, and produce basic sector maps for residential neighborhoods in the city to provide government agencies and academic institutions with planning models using modern technologies and with very high accuracy.

The pages of the Baghdadi newspaper Al-Thawra were filled with Abdul Karim Qasim’s treatment of the economic conditions in Iraq, which aimed to achieve social justice. This was embodied in his issuance of the Agrarian Reform Law, which eliminated large estates and freed the peasants economically and socially from the yoke of feudalism, and redistributed the land in a fair manner. By providing health and educational services, the standard of living of the rural population rose.

This study includes (Mazdakism and its intellectual and ideological impact on the Sassanian society) due to the importance of the Mazdakite revolution that led to changes in the Sassanian society for the beliefs and ideas it brought, which were considered the beginnings of the socialist doctrine. Mazdak's goal was to spread justice and equality among the deprived classes and he was able to gain the support of King Qubadh I and the general public because of the philosophy of his doctrine that was appropriate to the needs of society at that time. This study focuses on reading the social situation of the Sassanian state when Mazdak appeared and the intellectual roots of his theory, the beliefs and teachings he brought, and the reasons for his downfall and murder. This is done by relying on a group of Arabic and translated sources and references.

The study shed light on the reality of urban land uses in the old city of Kufa and the most important factors affecting them, and then evaluating those uses according to local planning standards represented by the individual share criterion in addition to other standards. The study also showed that the reality of land uses in the study area is not consistent with the planning standards and the size of the population in it, as there is a clear shortage in the number of housing units and residential area, as well as the case in other uses such as transportation and industry...etc.

A set of conclusions were reached that are the final result through the final study of land uses for this city

The existentialist philosopher Soren Kierkegaard is one of the most prominent philosophers in the world of philosophy in general and the philosophy of religion in particular; because of his own religious experience, and there are several influences that shaped his religious experience, including his father, who lived his entire life with a guilty conscience because of his blasphemy of the Creator, which had an impact on the personality of our philosopher. Kierkegaard described faith as the relationship between man and his Creator without submitting to the teachings of the clergy of the church. His view of the church saw in it nothing but lies, falsehood, and triviality. Materialism, and the transformation of the worship of God into mockery of Him. His orientation was towards God, towards the infinite in itself... which is the orientation whose steps disturbed the words of the church and Christian theory at that time.

The researcher would like to add three notes about the difficulties mentioned by Orientalists about Arabic:

First: Some of the difficulties mentioned are not faced by native speakers of Arabic, so that difficulty becomes related to the methods of teaching it or the methods of presenting it, not its linguistic system.

Second: The supposed difficulties do not stem from the system and structure of the language, but from many other factors such as religion, society, history, and culture, which are factors that linguists ([ii]) have confirmed their impact and influence on learning or studying the language, with what they add of harmful additions and appendices to non-natives. Therefore, I do not tend to stigmatize any language - including Arabic - with a defect; because the system of languages ​​is not to be criticized, as the speakers who invented them spoke them and communicated without complaint, and we should not forget that descriptive linguistics refuses to judge the language and its rules negatively or positively, so the descriptive linguist can describe, not judge. But I tend to say that there are problems or difficulties that this or that language may suffer from, for reasons that are not primarily linguistic.

Third: What concerns the researcher is the rejection of the defect and the way to respond to it; because accusing Arabic of defects is one of the sayings of classical Orientalism, which contemporary Orientalism has reviewed. Thus, the two Orientalisms differed in that.

The Orientalists mentioned many difficulties, some of which were attributed to the linguistic system of Arabic and some of which were attributed to usage, structure and lexicon. These difficulties are: the broken plural, the dual, the actual link, deletion, the violence of the Arabic lexicon, prolixity and the lack of terminology. The researcher will present the defense of the broken plural, and the response to the opinion that considers it a defect, with which Arabic is labeled as difficult.

([i]) The significance of form in Arabic: 25.

([ii]) D: Foundations of Linguistics: 206-209, Linguistics, Mahmoud Al-Sa'ran: 69.

Modern critical studies have followed all the written accompaniments with the produced literary text, and the title took up a large space in that follow-up, especially for poetic texts in which this recording act was absent in previous eras; because the author was busy with immediate, in-person chanting, neglecting to give this verbal introduction (the title) importance, but this act (giving a title to the poem) was absent even from poetic texts that were recorded and not spoken, and ancient criticism took care of filling this deficiency through collectors of poetic texts, commentators of collections, and those who controlled their texts. In line with the modern critical study in its reliance on all linguistic signs accompanying the text as a guide through which the hidden contents of the text can be anticipated, this research followed the strategy of the title in Al-Jawahiri’s poetry, taking a sample of royal poems as an applied field to determine the nature of the linguistic and semantic titles, the amount of directness and suggestion stored in them, and specifying the type of procedure used by the poet in placing them. The procedure taken to give titles to those poems varied, as some of them were by way of a dominant linguistic excerpt in the poem, while others were by way of extracting a linguistic section that had a strong presence at the beginning of the poem, or by being inspired by the occasion in which the poem was said.

Plotinus also saw that good is the highest degree of beauty, and this beauty is good, and it must exist in the One (the First), and issue directly to the mind, and from the mind to the soul, so the souls derive their beauty from the mind and from the One the mind derives its beauty, so the ascent to good is the ultimate goal for all people and it is reaching the highest degree of beauty, so good and beauty are linked together and inseparable, just as they are linked with religious rituals, and achieving religious purification is achieving good and beauty.

This article, through the descriptive-analytical approach within the framework of the theory of dialogism and feminist criticism, studies the characteristic of “linguistic multiplicity” in the novel “Memory in the Flesh”, to reveal the forms of presence of multiple languages ​​at different levels of this feminist novel. The results indicate that this literary genre reveals the writer’s awareness of the dialogic relations existing between her language, the language of characters at different levels, the language of poetic discourses, historical and popular stories, and... where it constitutes a kind of dual-voice discourse that resists in the face of patriarchal authority to express women’s concerns.

Stylistics is a modern critical approach that studies literary texts based on analyzing linguistic phenomena in a way that reveals its organization according to phonetic, structural, and rhetorical levels, leading to the distinction between the works of writers and poets. One of the most prominent stylistic characteristics is the rhythmic interplay, which is represented by coherent tonal elements with a collective or individual character. This research focused on studying the rhythmic aspect in the two poems of Al-Kawthariyyah by Sayyid Redha Al-Musawi Al-Hindi and Muhammad Jawad Al-Janabi; As for the rhythm, it must be issued from a beautiful musical instinct in the poet who plays the role of the implementer and coordinator of this structure. As for the poetic oppositions, it is an art of creativity practiced by poets to revive the heritage of previous poets, as Al-Janabi practiced in the opposition of Al-Kawthariyyah by Al-Mousawi Al-Hindi, and they are considered among the poets who revive the heritage of contemporary Iraqi poets; so Al-Janabi opposes the poem Al-Kawthariyyah by Al-Mousawi Al-Hindi, which he said in praise and supplication to the Messenger (7) and the Commander of the Faithful (A). From this standpoint, this article aims to study the rhythmic structure in light of the descriptive-analytical method. The most important results that this study reached are: that the two poems are on the same subject and rhythm, but the main reason that led to the difference is the length of the two poems; Al-Mousawi Al-Hindi used more external and internal rhythm compared to Al-Janabi. It is natural to find a contrast between the two emotions. Sometimes the emotion is intense and other times it diminishes in him, while we find that the emotion in Al-Janabi is at the same level in the verses.

Conceptually similar words in the Holy Quran have since ancient times become a rich subject for linguistic studies among linguists and commentators. Some of them believe in the phenomenon of synonymy, while the vast majority of linguists completely reject the phenomenon of synonymy. On this basis, they resort to scientifically recognized linguistic dictionaries to delve into discovering the true meaning of similar words. Based on these linguistic studies, the veil has been lifted on the aesthetic engineering that the Arabic language enjoys, embodied in the Holy Quran, and what the word enjoys in the text of a semantic and conceptual field that determines the independence of its meaning from the word that is imagined to share the meaning with it, in addition to the accuracy of its concept in its appropriate place. Rather, this matter goes back to the precise and delicate system in selecting the words in the Holy Quran, which we call the linguistic miracle, and the linguistic engineering in choosing each word in its appropriate place where it can bear the burdens of revelation and be able to perform its functional role in this paper. The research conducted a linguistic study of the Quranic similarities based on linguistic dictionaries and some interpretations of the Holy Quran, framing those similarities under axes in order to reach the precise engineering of the Quranic vocabulary and select them so that they can perform their miraculous rhetorical role, and that the phenomenon of synonymy in the Quran is used by some for similarities only in sharing some of the meaning of the similarities; therefore, there is no synonymy in the Quran, and if it were so, we would be subject to repeating two words that carry the same meaning, and this repetition is considered futile and this is far from the wisdom of God. We reached, through the study of linguistic similarities, not a few results that it carries a meaning that differs from another word, and the research paper was able, through its study, to reach the result through the analytical transmission method, and the necessity of the research here lies in the fact that uncovering this topic and crystallizing it lifts the curtain on the dazzling beauty of the Holy Quran for followers and researchers.

In this study, we will discuss the character of Al-Amidi the critic in light of the applied approach in criticism, and we will look at his important book “Al-Muwazana Bayn Al-Ta’iyyin” to know the truth of his objectivity or lack thereof. In this study, Al-Amidi appeared to us through the book “Al-Muwazana” as an encyclopedic writer in his criticism and his broad knowledge of poetry and poets. He tried to study and compare the two poets in a neutral manner without being a party to the dispute that arose over these two poets and their schools of thought in poetry. However, it became clear to us, through the examples and evidence, that he had a clear inclination towards Al-Buhturi’s school of thought.

The Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali (A) made many efforts to expand various aspects of the sciences of the Arabic language. It is noticeable that the correction style of Imam Ali (A) differed according to the surrounding circumstances, so that it was sometimes by explicit indication or by simply stating the method of correction and choosing an appropriate style. It expanded to include all aspects of the sciences of the Arabic language, so that it played an active and effective role in the field of linguistics, revealing, explaining and interpreting. His productions in this field were rich and full, from which linguists drew, as he treated what was difficult from the ambiguities or linguistic complexities. There is no doubt that the Imam (A) is the most capable of understanding the contents and concepts of the Holy Qur’an and understanding its subtleties and dimensions of its meanings. Imam Ali (A) made many contributions in the field of linguistic correction. After the expansion of the Islamic conquests and the mixing of Arabs with other peoples and the spread of incorrect pronunciation, the Imam played a great role. To correct what was corrupted in the language, until he dictated the principles to his student, Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du’ali. No one or more had a greater role in establishing this science than him. History has proven that the Imam (A) is the founder of the science of grammar. We have found in the words of Imam Ali (A) all the chapters of Arabic rhetoric, and he was the best in spreading the language and what is in it of beauty. It is an Arabic rhetorical school. For the Imam (A), all the means that prepare him for this place among the people of rhetoric were prepared. He (A) used to compose poetry and look at it well, and he used a lot of poetic verses and Arabic proverbs when we follow his letters and sermons. Ali (A) had high critical opinions in poetry, which are still the criteria that critics rely on in our present age. This indicates the intelligence and cleverness of the Imam (A) and his penetrating knowledge of criticism. He was also the first The speakers of the science of theology and that he took the initiative to control the Arabic language with principles and rules based on evidence and proof, which indicates its mental ability to weigh and context, he is truly the one who laid the foundation for the sciences of Arabic and with the eloquence of his tongue and the quality of his statement, his words became a waste and his sentences became wisdom that impressed the wise. The approach of eloquence has collected the sermons of the Commander of the Faithful (A), his sayings and his wisdom, and it is considered an Islamic literary heritage and a comprehensive constitution for the highest Islamic and human values ​​and principles. This study came through the historical method to shed light on the contributions of Imam Ali (A) in various fields, including: language, grammar, rhetoric, and interpretation.... and worked to clarify those good efforts and their impact on the development of the Arabic language and its sciences.

Nahj al-Balagha, as a religious book and an important source for the Shiites that collects the sermons, letters, exhortations, wisdom, and manners of Imam Ali (A) - which were collected by al-Sharif al-Radi and named with this title - was not far from the doubts of those who doubted its authenticity and the suspicions of those who doubted its authenticity and the validity of its reference and sources, while the one who said everything mentioned in this book of sermons, letters, and wisdom was the wisest of the wise and the most eloquent of the eloquent, the legislator of eloquence and its source and the origin and birthplace of eloquence, and from him (A) its essence appeared and from him its laws were taken and every orator followed his examples, and every eloquent preacher sought help from its words and the tongue of every eloquent Arab spoke it. Among the most prominent figures who criticized and criticized the approach of rhetoric are Taha Hussein, who was influenced by the Cartesian school of thought characterized by doubt, and Ihsan Abbas, who raised some doubts and objections to the validity of what Al-Sharif Al-Radi attributed to Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in Nahj Al-Balagha. In this article, the researcher addresses the objections and doubts raised by Taha Hussein and Ihsan Abbas, which are considered formal or verbal doubts in Nahj Al-Balagha as a feature of artifice. He attempts to uncover some of the reasons that led to these doubts being directed and seeks to respond to them by mentioning scientific evidence and discussing it according to the descriptive analytical method.

Calling prepositions redundant is a far-fetched term. It is better to add what can be added from their examples to the other meanings and to be satisfied with the meaning of emphasis in the rest, like the rest of the tools of emphasis in the beginning of the speech, but it differs from them in the effect on its objects.

Literature develops with the development of cultures, taking something from society and giving it something else; whenever we read literary texts, we see a phase of creativity and innovation in them due to the development of societies and cultures in which the writer lives. Literature developed more in the Abbasid era than in previous eras, and writers created some creativity in it and renewed poetic purposes and contents. Abu Nawas, as a modern poet, was born in Ahvaz in the Abbasid era and got acquainted with different cultures and created in his poems what we do not see in previous poets; so we see some creativity in the poetic image and meanings that are revealed through his poems. This research attempts to uncover the manifestations of creativity in Abu Nawas\'s poems, relying on the descriptive-analytical approach. One of the results of this research is that Abu Nawas was creative in some poetic meanings and poetic images, but he tends towards innovation more than creativity.

The Jews are one of the major powers in the world and they are trying to control and dominate the world and make Muslims fall into the quagmire of ignorance and immorality. The novel "The Shadow Government" by Mundhir Al-Qabbani is one of the novels that reflects this issue and is able to absorb the features of this phenomenon. In this article, through a critical social study based on the descriptive-analytical approach, we aimed to shed light on how they are present and try to seize control of Islamic society in order to become the real king of the world. Among the results we reached is that the writer talked about the Jews in the three axes and warned Muslims and the whole world of their plans and doctrines towards Freemasonry, the Donmeh and the Union and Progress Society. Al-Qabbani also indirectly explained to the readers the characteristics of the Jews, especially Freemasonry, towards secrecy, money, symbols, violence and their attempt to spread lust. The writer announced through his novel their danger in Islamic society. On the other hand, there is an indirect call in this novel to every Muslim who reads it, and the writer encourages them to adhere to the Holy Qur’an and the intellectuals who turn them away from Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.