Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences

Diabetes mellitusis a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, present with symptoms suchas thirst, polyuria, and weight loss. The oral complicationsassociated with this disease include dry mouth due to decrease in salivary flow and enlargement of the salivary glands. Cross sectional study conducted to estimate flow rates of resting whole saliva in 150 subjects (100 diabetic patients of both types I& IIas experimental group, and 50 subjects as control group) which correlated with age and gender. The subjects were divided into three main groups: control group and two diabetic groups according to the types of diabetes mellitus( I& II). Unstimulated saliva were collected, and salivary flow rate was measured by establishing the time factor (5 minutes), after estimating the volume of collected saliva the salivary flow rate was calculate as ml/min.Results indicated that poorly controlled diabetic patients had more diminished salivary flow rate when compared withgoodcontrolled diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Female diabetic patients older than 45 years, revealed a lowered salivary flow rate when compared with male diabetic patients younger than 45 years.

Oral cytology is a renewed field that aids in diagnosis and observation of possible epithelial changes associated with oral mucosal diseases. Aim; to study themain cytomorphological alteration in gingival and buccal smears from type II diabetics in relation to their hyperglycemic status. The study includes 40 type II diabetic patients(20 new-diagnosed and 20 treated diabetics patients) and 20 healthy persons of both sex. Papanicolaou stained smear were prepared from their cheek and gingiva. The morphological features of 100 unfolded epithelial cells were evaluated underlight microscope.Resultsof this study showthatdiabetics’ oral mucosa cells characterized by large nuclei with frequent evidence of binucleation, granular chromatin, prominent nucleoli. However, there was frequent small blue cytoplasm and buccal smearsshowed altered keratinization.As conclusionoral cytology from type II diabetics is associated with detectable cytomorphological changes that is site specific and indicate epithelial cell regeneration and degeneration with altered keratinization especially in buccal mucosa.

Aim of the study to measure the shear bond strength of composite resin bonded to dentin with three different adhesive system.The buccal surfaces of 30 non-carious, intact, extracted upper premolar (Freshly extracted for orthodontic treatment), were grinded with 600 grit silicon carbide paper to expose dentin surface. the samples were divided into three groups: G1, 10 teeth were bonded with an acetone-base total-etch Prime&Bond NT G2, 10 teeth were bonded with an ethanol-base total-etch Excite. G3,10 teeth were bonded with an ethanol-and water-base total-etchSchotchbond 1. Shear bond strength is determined by using Instron testing machine. Resultsshowed that excite adhesive system has statisticallyhighsignificant increase in shear bond strength than Schotchbond 1.As conclusion;the lack of water in the adhesive may play a more important role than the type of solvent itself.

This study compared in vitro the microleakage of a new low shrink silorane-based posterior composite (Filtek™ P90) and two methacrylate-based composites: a packable posterior composite (Filtek™ P60) and a nanofill composite (Filtek™ Supreme XT) through dye penetration test. Thirty sound human upper premolars were used in this study. Standardized class V cavities were prepared at the buccal surface of each tooth. The teeth were then divided into three groups of ten teeth each: (Group 1: restored with Filtek™ P90, Group 2: restored with Filtek™ P60, and Group 3: restored with Filtek™ Supreme XT). Each composite system was used according to the manufacturer\'s instructions with their corresponding adhesive systems. The teeth were then thermocycled, immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours at room temperature, embedded in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin and sectioned longitudinally bucco-lingually. Microleakage was evaluated by assessing the linear dye penetration at the tooth/restoration interface occlusally and gingivally. The highest microleakage score occlusally or gingivally was recorded and the results were analyzed statistically using SPSS version 13. The results of this study showed that the silorane-based posterior composite Filtek™ P90 showed significantly less microleakage than the methacrylate-based packable composite (Filtek™ P60) and the nano-filled composite (Filtek™ Supreme XT)when the tooth-restoration interface is located in enamel.

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of chemically cured (Conventional) glass ionomer cement and light cured (Resin modified) glass ionomer cement to resin composite and to evaluate the effect of acid etching of the glass ionomer cements on the shear bond strength.Forty acrylic molds were prepared, a hole (6×2) mm was prepared in each mold to retain the glass ionomer cements (GICs). The samples were divided into two main groups. The first group were filled with Conventional GIC and the second group were filled with Resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), then each group were subdivided into two subgroups, the first subgroup were acid etched and the second subgroup were left without etching. The bonding agent applied to the demarcated bond area on the GIC surface, the composite resin cylinders were built up over the GIC base. The samples were stored for one week in deionized water then thermocycled. The samples then tested for shear bond strength (SBS) using universal testing machine. The resultshows thatIndependent samples T-test used for statistical analysis. The result showed that RMGIC significantly had higher SBS than conventional GIC. No statistical difference was shown in SBS between subgroup etched and without etching for RMGIC, but the conventional GIC showed significantly higher SBS in subgroup without etching than with etching. This study Conclude thatthe SBS of RMGIC to resin composite was significantly higher than that of conventional GIC. Acid etching the GIC surface did not improve the SBS of GICs to resin composite.

This study was conducted to investigate the sealing ability (microleakage) of new composite restorative materials at tooth/composite interface.Thirty non carious, extracted human premolarsteethwere mounted in acrylic resin, the teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n=10) according to the type of composite (tetric T-Econom, Evo ceram,IPS Empress). A standardize class V (5×3×2) mm dimensions cavity was prepared on the facial surfaceof each tooth (each group with corresponding bur type). After the specimens were filled with three types of composite restoration. They stored for one month in 37ºc distilled water, thermo cycled for 500 cycles between (5ºc & 55ºc) and immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 24h., and then sectioned longitudinally. For both occlusal and gingival margins, dye penetration at the tooth/composite interfaces were scored from 0-3 under stereomicroscope at a magnification x10. Data were analyzed using unpairedT-test, ANOVA, and Duncan’s multiple rang test at 5% significant level.Kruskal-wallis test show that there was a significant difference in microleakage between the three types of composite it represent that there was less microleakage in group filled with IPS Empress while tetric T-Econom show the highest leakage.There was no significant difference in microleakage between IPS Empress and Evo ceram composite filling.AS Conclusions;Within the limitations of this in vitro study the results show that therewas less microleakage in the cavities filled with IPS Empress composite and EVO ceram composite as compared with Tetric T-Econom composite.

The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative level of pain after root canal therapy using different irrigation protocol. Materials and method: in a clinical trial, 90 asymptomatic single-rooted teeth were treated endodontically with different irrigation techniques. The teeth were randomly assigned into three groups. In group I(n = 30),procedures were performed using an endodontic irrigating syringe (Vista, Appli-vac). The group II (n = 30) used an irrigation device based on subsonic system Endoactivator (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialist). In group III (n = 30) used Safety Irrigator (Vista Dental Products, WI). Pain levels were assessed by an analog scale questionnaire after 4, 24, and 48 hours. Results: during the all time intervals after treatment, the pain experience with group III was significantly lower than the other methods.In conclusion, an irrigation/evacuation system Safety Irrigator resulted in significantly less postoperative pain than subsonic Endoactivator and conventional needleirrigation.

Flowable resin composites have been recommended for many clinical uses and have been formulated in a variety of compositions and viscosities to meet various uses. The aim of this study was to determine if flowable composite with or without resins could be used as orthodontic bracket bonding. Sixty noncarious human premolars were divided into three equal groups. Metal brackets were bonded to etched enamel using a composite resin control (Resilience® orthodontic adhesive) and flowable composite with and without sealant resin (Resilience® flowable composite). After 72 hours of incubation in deionized water at 37 C°, debonding was performed with a shearing force. The shear bond strength (SBS) and the mode of bond failure were examined. High significant difference was observed in the SBS between control and flowable groups. Clinically acceptable SBS was found for the two flowable adhesives with bond failures occurred mostly in the bracket–adhesive interface. No significant differences between flowable groups. In conclusion, the use of flowable composite with and without sealant resin is advocated for orthodontic bracket bonding.

The purpose of this study was to disclose the relationship of salivary urea, calcium and phosphorous levels with root caries occurrence among overweight and obese adults aged 55-65 year-old at Textile Factory in Mosul City. All subjects aged 55-65 year-old (thirty five subjects) at Textile factory in Mosul city who fitted the study criteria took part in the current study. Weight status was determined by using the Body Mass Index (BMI). Root caries was recorded according to the criteria of WHO (1997). Unstimulated whole saliva was collected then salivary samples were subjected for biochemical analysis. Salivary urea, calcium, and phosphorous were determined colorimetrically by using the spectrophotometer. Results revealed that salivary urea and phosphorous levels were higher amongobese and overweight subjects than non-obese with highly significant difference. Also calcium level was significantly elevated among obese compared with non-obese. Sound root surface value was higher among obese than non-obese and overweight subjects withsignificant difference. On the other hand overweight and obese subjects revealed lower decayed root surface value than non-obese though statistical difference was not significant. As a conclusion obesesubjects with good general health might experience reduced root caries severity that might partly be due to changes in salivary constituents. Therefore future studies should address which factors specific to obese might be protective against root caries.Also there is a need for further studies with larger sample size and another sample distribution that include underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese to get more precise and clear results.

Nowadays, the adult patient male or female demand for esthetic as a first choice in relation to other factors. The current case report introduces a technique of treating a young patient with complicated problems of bad condition of remaining teeth with partially edentulous arch. In this study a new precession attachment (Dse-HINGE) design was used to make prosthodontic appliance more comfortable, and esthetically acceptable than traditional design removable partial denture. The results of this procedure showed a successful clinical treatments with fixed bridge and new Dse-Hinge attachment removable prosthesis. Finally, patient remarks a preferable esthetic, stabilization, retention, and more comfortable function results of fixed prosthesis with Dse-Hinge attachment in relation to previous conventional removable prosthesis.

Gypsum models are often used in dental healthcare, andthere is an increased need for manipulation of master casts in extensive reconstructionsrequiring a material that is not easily abraded or damaged with dimensional accuracy, accurate reproduction of details, and the use of a voids free surface master model. This study was conducted to compare betweencommercially available type III and type IV dental stones in some of their properties.Four groups were compared: Zhermack and Geastone of Type III dental stone, and Zhermack and Bluejey of Type IV improved dental stone. Ten specimens were fabricated for each material from a rubber ring with dimensions of 20mm height and 30mm diameter. Dimensional stability, reproduction of details, surface porosity, and surface hardness were evaluated for the different gypsum products. Resultsof this study show thatfor the dimensional stability there was an increase in dimension more than that of the test block and was only highly significant for groups Z3 and Z4. The surface hardness for groups Z3 and Z4 was significant higher than groups G3 and B4 in all of time intervals except after 24h for groups Z4 and B4 this was insignificant. Surface porosity test and reproduction of details test, both revealed no significant difference between the test groups.As conclusionthe Zhermack dental stone products, type III & IV, showed higher surface hardness than Zeus dental stone products, type III & IV (Geastone and Bluejey). On the other hand we found that Zeus dental stone products showed good dimensional stability than the Zhermack dental stone products. All stone products provided similar scores for details reproduction, and were similar in relation to surface porosity.

The Technique of fine needle aspiration biopsy (F.N.A.B.) was evaluated in the field of maxillofacial surgery. For this purpose comparison of cytological results with the conventional histo pathological results were take place.Seventy-two specimens were obtained by F.N.A.B. from 60 patients with age range from 3-84 years of both sexes, 11.7% of the patients had previous history of diagnosed malignant tumors.Cytological resultsshow 40 cases(55.5%) were benign tumor, 27 cases (37.5 %) were malignant, 3 cases (4.2 %) unsatisfactory for diagnosis and 2 cases (2.8 %) were suspicious to be malignant.The statistical analysis showed that F.N.A.B. had sensitivity (92.6%), specificity (100%), positive predictive value (92.3%), and accuracy rate (96%).

Dry socket is one of the most common complications of tooth extraction especially after lower wisdom tooth removal. Many drugs have been used to decrease the incidence of this complication. The purpose of this study was to evaluate different drugs in prevention of dry socket. In this study 150 patients needs removal of lower wisdom tooth were included. The patients divided into five equal groups were and each group received different type of drug postoperatively. The patients were evaluated for the presenceof dry socket in the 2nd, 5th, and 7thday after tooth extraction. The females were affected more than males in this study with 2.1: 1 ratio. The incidence of dry socket in the total number of the patients was 17.3%. The analysis of the data showed no significant relations between the five groups as the P value was > 0.05. Theuse of different drugs postoperative in this study showed no differences in the incidence of dry socket which high lighten the use of preventive measures to decrease the occurrences of suchcondition.

The relation of maxillary posterior teeth roots to the maxillary sinus floor isimportant for diagnosing and planning of many surgical procedures. In order to determine of this relation two imaging technique were used in this study. Paired panoramic radiographs and computed tomography images of maxilla from 27 subjects were taken and analyzed in the teaching hospitals of Sulaimani city during the period from Jan to Aug 2009. For both imaging modalities a total of 146 maxillary teeth were groupedaccording to their topographic relationship to the inferior border of the maxillary sinus followed Kwak etal. classification, were 0 indicated no contact between the root and inferior border of the maxillary sinus); 1 indicated that the root is in contact with the inferior border of the maxillary sinus; 2 indicated that the root is projecting laterally on the maxillary sinus cavity but its apex is outside the sinus boundaries; 3 and 4 indicated that the teeth roots that projected on the maxillary sinus cavity. Then roots were measured according to their projection lengths in the sinus cavity. Resultsof this study showthat there was a high correlation between the two imaging technique for classification 0 and 1 relations. The OPG showed statistically significant (P>0.001) longer root projection in the sinus cavity in comparison with the root protrusion into the sinus measured by using CT images.As conclusion;for the majority of the roots projecting on the sinus cavity in panoramic radiographs, no vertical protrusion into the sinus was observed in CT images. Roots protrude into the sinus in the CT showed shorter projection length in comparison with panoramic radiography. Panoramic radiographs can provide adequate assessment about relation of the maxillarysinus floor. CT is indicated to provide the information about the relation to the maxillary sinus floor when there is protrusion detected in panoramic images.