Journal of University of Babylon

The aim of this study is to deal with the translation of selected English cohesive devices into Arabic in Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities. The Arabic translation of Dickens' novel that is adopted in this study is Munir al-Baalbaki's translation. This study presents a comparison of various cohesive devices in English and Arabic through examining its translation from the source language (English) into the target language (Arabic). Adopting this comparison, this study intends to show differences and similarities between these two languages concerning the matter of cohesion in literary works, precisely the novel adopted and its Arabic translation. This research is achieved using descriptive and qualitative method so as to uncover selected cohesive devices utilized in English, particularly, the English novel and its Arabic translation. The translation of four types of cohesive devices: reference, substitution, ellipsis, and lexical cohesion including repetition and synonymy are to be analyzed here. The researcher concludes that it is important to study the translation of cohesive devices in literary works because they have diverse parts in language and the literary works are taught at the undergraduate level as well.

This study attempts, through the descriptive-analytical approach, to know the media frameworks adopted by the supreme religious authority and focused on them in the sermon of victory over ISIS from the holy Hussain shrine to the representative of the supreme religious authority in Holy Karbala, the eminent scholar Sheikh Abdul Mahdi al-Kerbala in (26/ Rabi` al-Awwal/1439 AH). Corresponding to (15/12/2017 AD), as the media frameworks extracted from the sermon were methods of confronting extremism and terrorism socially, politically, militarily, religiously and in the media, so this study sheds light on the best way to address according to the vision of Ayatollah Sayed Ali Al-Hussein Al-Sistani.

This research aims to reveal the mechanisms for calculating the semantic and pragmatic meanings and to highlight the laws in which they operate. In addressing the semantic meaning, we have been exposed to the explicit level of conversation, and we have shown the lexical and synthetic methods of semantic space in relation to its actual main speech and the words that branch out from it. We then addressed the calculation of layers of implicit meanings, revealing their pragmatic sources surrounding the speech and directing the analyst to understand and interpret it based on the use of knowledge, context, cultural and social data from outside the conversation. We have found that they vary from analyst to another depending on their drilling capacity. We then touched on the polysemy of meanings in the conversation and found it to be an extension of the implicit meanings, but it operates according to a network of relationships linking three contexts: a local context, a general context and a communicative context, and we concluded a number of findings that the layers of explicit meaning lie in dismantling the texture of conversation, that layers of implicit meaning lie in the analyst's ability to dig and dive into the implicit, and that the layers of multiple meanings lie in the ability to be aware of the nature of the relationships linking the contexts of production.

Arabic has a privileged status among natural languages and has become a center of interest and curiosity for foreign learners in light of openness to the other and communicating with him and the desire to get to know him closely and learn about his habits, beliefs and daily social, cultural, intellectual and economic transactions... Accordingly, many researchers have tried to put a number of Foundations and mechanisms to help teach Arabic to non-native speakers and facilitate the learning process. But that was not an easy thing, so we sought, through this article, to address the most important educational and methodological problems on the one hand, and the mechanisms and curricula for teaching and presenting Arabic and teaching its subjects to non-native speakers on the other hand, using a descriptive and analytical method. We concluded that it is necessary to develop educational curricula and strategies commensurate with the skills of foreign recipients and their willingness to acquire the Arabic language.

The industrial strike has become a major source of concern within Nigeria. The present study investigates the impact of strike action on students’ academic achievement as expressed by undergraduates of the University of Lagos. The study adopts the descriptive survey research design method because it provides an accurate description of a phenomenon. The target population consists of undergraduates of the University of Lagos. The researchers developed a questionnaire titled Influence of Strike Action on Students’ Academic Achievement Questionnaire (ISAAQ). This questionnaire was administered to students during one of the strike actions. The snowball sampling technique, which could be referred to as chain referral sampling, was used to identify respondents because universities in Nigeria are on strike. The snowball technique is a sampling procedure that helps the researcher to identify an individual or a small group that meets the criteria for inclusion in the study for further selection. It consists of two sections: section A deals with personal data while section B contains items on the influence of industrial strikes on students’ academic achievement. A research question was raised and answered while four null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level. The findings show that there are no significant differences among the effect of gender, age, religion and place of residence on the academic achievement of undergraduates. It is therefore recommended that the professional body (ASUU) should employ other available means to resolve issues amicably instead of embarking on a strike action

This paper deals with identifying the speech act types in Henery David Thoreau’s Inspiration. This study is basically qualitative as it tries to define the different categories of speech acts according to Searle’s classification. representatives and declarative speech acts score the highest percentage of flouting i.e., 12 (44%). Expressive speech act signifies a considerable difference as it scores i.e., 2 (7%). For commissive speech acts, the level of its representation in Thoreau’s Inspiration scores only one occurrence (3%). As each speech act score certain level of representation, directive speech acts could not be identified through Thoreau’s Inspiration. The study tries to show one feature of Thoreau’s poetry which is variety of speech act types that enables him to express abstract themes and conceptions. Whereas, the absences of directive speech acts indicate that the nature of themes and ideas expressed in Thoreau’s Inspiration does not agree the nature of that speech act.

Spinning is one of the most beautiful poetic arts and the closest to human nature, and the human soul yearns for it and is indispensable for it, because it relates to women and directs them to them, and they are the motivator and motivator for him. Those that pertain to women and carry men’s perceptions of them are for men’s poets. The pre-Islamic poem recorded a clear presence of women and we imposed a significant space in the poetic heritage as a major axis of its axes, so that poets found a wide scope for expressing emotions and feelings and showing ways of ingenuity and creativity. The origin of the flirtatious art is that it is characterized by tenderness and softness, and that it stays away from the sharp and violent style, but it seems that violence has penetrated all sections of poetry, including flirtation. To this day, there is no doubt that violence has its causes and motives, so this study tried to shed light on the phenomenon of violence in the pre-Islamic era and to identify the most important reasons that led to its emergence in the art of (spinning) in particular.
The research was divided into two sections. The first chapter studied violence in words, while the second chapter was concerned with studying violence and its manifestations in flirtatious images.

This study aims to highlight the multiple challenges that the Arabic language faces in light of the use of smart phone applications such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and other social media that have transformed the world into a small village with no controls for communication between its users except the terms of use imposed by the applications themselves. Given that these challenges are a face of the linguistic identity crisis with all its complexities; We preferred to choose this title "The Challenges of the Arabic Language in Smartphone Applications" to be an area of research, and a questionnaire was applied to a random sample of Saudi society (intermediate, secondary and university levels), which numbered (261) samples. Relying on the descriptive analytical correlative approach that provides a correct and realistic understanding of the described situation, showing its characteristics, and then describing the study variables represented by the challenges of linguistic identity, while relying on the social approach: To reveal the impact of smart phone applications in weaken the Arabic language in Saudi society, the research concluded several results, the most important of which are:
The Arabic language faces many hybrid challenges in dangerous that threaten its identity.
-Diversity of social media, activities that are the preferred method in the first place for all stages is WhatsApp.
The spread of the colloquial dialect among young people and adolescents, both verbally and in writing, due to the lack of Arabic culture among them, and this constitutes an unknown danger to the fluency of the Arabic language.
-The results indicate that there are those who are ashamed of using the Arabic language, and find in it a face of backwardness and primitiveness, compared to English in which they find a facet of development, progress and civilization.

The study focuses on the role of security and stability in the workplace in demonstrating the efficiency of employees, and then what are the factors that increase the efficiency of employees and those that weaken it. The main question of the research is whether career security plays a role in the efficiency of employees because, in the context of formal work, career security is the most essential basis for the success of career work or vice versa, so the research problem is to answer the above question and try to answer it through field methods of research. As for the objectives of the research, the researcher has identified four objectives and tries to discuss them through the field steps of the research. The first objective seeks to know the opinions of employees about their future career and their dependence on their career as a main source of livelihood, The second objective relates to the role of providing career requirements in increasing career skills, and The third objective attempts to identify the delay in distributing salaries on time, whether it affects the deterioration in career skills or not. The fourth and final objective seeks to determine whether the suspension of promotions contributes to the decline in employee skills or not. It is worth noting that the research is a descriptive research and the social survey method was used in the sampling method. An intended sample was taken from 100 employees of the University of Sulaimani of both sexes. For the research tools, the researcher built a five-point Likert scale. The SPSS statistical program also relied upon using the statistical methods: of arithmetic mean, and regression to analyze data and test objectives. The results showed a significant effect of career security on the efficiency of employees, in addition to the presence of significant differences in the role of career security in increasing the desire to work among employees.

The study of demographic dimensions is one of the important fields of geological research, so this study included the demographic dimensions of people with the most common communicable diseases among children in the district of Hilla and attempts to determine the demographic trend of the disease based on the statistics of the Babylon Health Department for the study area, and it appeared that the diseases under study affect both males and females, in The disease of chickenpox, measles and whooping cough, it is clear that the susceptibility to the disease is the same for both sexes, with a slight superiority in the number of males over females. As for mumps disease, males are more susceptible to the disease, as evidenced by the existence of fundamental differences in the rates of infection between the two types according to the statistical outputs of the chi-square. As for the structure The age group of the injured showed that the age group (5-9) is the most prepared age group for infection with chickenpox, measles and whooping cough, and this also applies to mumps disease. 4) and (5-9) with the number of patients with the index of the calculated Kapi square value, which showed the essential differences between the age groups and for all the diseases mentioned.

The rapid development of global development has led to a brilliant progression between the mechanisms of learning and acquiring our knowledge and the generation of global knowledge and its absorption into people’s lives, as a result of the backwardness of education and learning systems in our educational institutions on the one hand، and the absence of conviction, the prevalence of the culture and values of education in our Arab world on the other hand , Losing this episode is an obstacle to investing science and knowledge in building creative minds, and makes the learning process boring and expelling, like its effects on them, especially graduate students، because they despise the outputs of educational institutions.
Therefore, the aim of the current research is to identify:
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher relied on the following measures: The (Strategic Intelligence) scale was built, consisting of (35) items, and after verifying its validity and stability, the reliability coefficient reached (0.963)(Alpha Cron bach) The construction of the (academic Buoyancy) scale consisting of (40) items, and after verifying its validity and reliability, the reliability coefficient reached (0.916) Alpha Cron bach..
The study reached the following results:
Graduate students have (strategic intelligence).There are statistically significant differences in strategic intelligence among graduate students، according to the study variable (Master's, Ph.D.). It was found that doctoral students have higher strategic intelligence than master's students. Postgraduate students enjoy academic Buoyancy. There are statistically significant differences in the academic Buoyancy of graduate students according to the interaction of specialization (human, scientific) , and gender (male, female). There are differences according to the study variable (Masters) between the scientific and human specialization in favor of the scientific. And there are differences according to the study variable (PhD) between the scientific and human specialization, in favor of the humanist.