Journal of University of Babylon

Thin films science and technology plays an important role in the high-tech industries. Thin film ‎technology has been developed primarily for the need of the integrated circuit industry. The demand ‎for development of smaller and smaller devices with higher speed especially in new generation of ‎integrated circuits requires advanced materials and new processing techniques suitable for future giga ‎scale integration (GSI) technology.one of the most significant application of thin film is the touch ‎screen, Thus, knowledge and determination of the nature, functions and new properties of thin films ‎can be used for the development of new technologies for future applications. This research presents ‎the principle of the thin-layer approximation in direct current conduction problems. ‎ The approximation presented in this research is not limited to direct current problems: it can ‎also use it for modeling of diffusion, heat conduction, flow through porous media using Darcy’s law, ‎and other types of physics that the divergence of a gradient flux describes. By applied the model it was ‎determined , the total current density through the thin film, 5 slice for the current density across the ‎thin film ,the variation of electric potential(V) with respect to current density through the thin film ‎and the behavior of electric field through the region of thin film. ‎

This study aims to analyze the behavior of underground part of steel pipelines under the effect ‎of loads caused by internal pressure and temperature variation due to transportation of hydrocarbon ‎products. The pipeline assumed to be buried in a sandy soil. The finite element method is used to carry ‎out this analysis using ANSYS 12.0 program. Four parameters are studied including length of the ‎buried part of the pipeline, soil properties, depth of soil cover, and ends condition of the buried part of ‎the pipeline. It is found that increasing the length of the buried part of the pipeline or increasing values ‎of the normal and tangential modulus of subgrade reactions for the surrounding soil causes decreasing ‎in the values of longitudinal displacement, stress, and strain. Soil cover depth over buried pipeline has ‎no effect on the longitudinal displacement, but the stresses and strain increased when the soil cover ‎depth increases. From studying the effect of boundary conditions of the two ends of steel buried ‎pipeline, it is found that longitudinal maximum displacement did not affected, but the longitudinal ‎stresses and strains increase with small rate values.‎

The proposed system is very helpful for blind people, in term of taking an idea about the ‎attendance person/s in their environment simultaneously, so an assistive system based on raspberry ‎pi3 is developed to inform the blind how many persons are around. This work focuses on face ‎detection based on Haar cascade algorithm and OpenCV using python. Satisfied results with different ‎cases are obtained with high accuracy and short processing time, hence OpenCV reduce the delay for ‎getting output, and Haar cascade algorithm increases the accuracy, the system is portable and very ‎light to carry.‎

World heritage cities and sites have been under increasing pressure over the ages due to ‎population growth and development projects of the cities to which they belong, leading to damage to ‎their outstanding universal value, and may lead not to be inscribed on the list of heritage, or exposed to ‎inscription on the list of threatened sites, The World Heritage List that was included in it‏.‏‎ The study ‎includes two main topics, the first: theoretical propositions of the buffer zone, and the related criteria ‎to be effective, to extract the indicators of the theoretical framework, and the second: case study, ‎represented by the Acropolis of Athens.‎

‎ The paper focuses on the main applications of shape memory alloys. It can be divided into ‎five main sections. The first section focuses on the general introduction of shape memory alloys and ‎their applications. This section is followed by discussing biomedical applications. The robotic ‎applications are discussed in the third section. The Automotive Applications are discussed in the fourth ‎section. Finally, the fifth section reviews the aerospace applications.‎

Knowledge propositions in the field of architecture have dealt with various propositions and ‎symmetries of various concepts within the field and within many visions, explained this in different ‎directions and the various surroundings conditions. This demonstrated the importance of studying ‎frameworks of a similar relationship between two main concepts in architecture, such as one of them is ‎a recent concept proposed by many studies and research, which is the concept of sustainability with a ‎basic concept that is the theory of the knowledge aspect in architecture, but it is the concept of theory ‎with its knowledge extensions.‎
‎ This paper aims to define the general foundations of both concepts (sustainability and theory), ‎with a detailed explanation and proposition of some of their detailed links within several paths to be a ‎problem of cognitive research (specific knowledge gap about identifying aspects of similarity between ‎indicators of the concepts of sustainability and theory as basic concepts in the field of architecture) ‎and the goal is to clarify and define those Knowledge and then orientation to form the theoretical ‎frameworks that represent their cognitive state. It has fallen into three main vocabulary for both ‎concepts (general position, organizational structure, general indicators) to be compared between the ‎rates of preliminary verification for each of them in that and then applying T You have the ‎frameworks on a specific architectural product that was carefully chosen and then put forward, ‎analyze and discuss the results of this application and explore and clarify the limits of the nature of ‎the relationship of symmetry and the correspondence between the two concepts and their similar ‎indicators so that it becomes clear within the conclusions the strength of the general position and the ‎organizational structure of the two concepts within the general architectural framework versus general ‎and diffuse conceptual theory in its indicators General only.‎

Ulcerative colitis (UC) disease is irritation of the colon that is frequently related to infection and ‎immune compromise. The wall of the colon with inflammation is always thicker than normal. UC may ‎be life-threatening and lead to death if not detected early. Early detection of this disease is very ‎important to initiate appropriate treatment. In this paper, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) applied ‎to detect the UC according to a theoretical dataset generated by the criteria of UC. The Levenberg-‎Marquardt (LM) algorithm has trained the single hidden layer ANN. The best behaviour is equal to ‎‎1.9947×10-24for the system which the number of neurons =4.‎

Slum housing is one of the most important urban problems that worsened after 2003, migration ‎from cities to other cities was great due to lack of security and poor living conditions. Therefore, cities ‎suffocated with the slum belts surrounding them, forming a burden on the city’s fabric, putting ‎pressure on all infrastructure and social services and negatively affecting the urban fabric, through ‎random, illegal and chaotic housing. This has led to many problems, housing, service, environmental, ‎social and economic. The most prominent of which is the unusual growth in the size of slums areas ‎and the various negative effects that have happened in cities. The research aims to shed light on the ‎most important factors generating this phenomenon, and this would help provide material and human ‎capabilities which help us to solve the phenomenon of random housing in Iraq. Methodology used is ‎descriptive analytical as well as sample-based survey by distributing a questionnaire to a selected ‎sample including different categories from the decision makers categories to the beneficiaries group in ‎the study area. The main conclusions were and still are within the circle of economic reasons ‎represented by low income and unemployment, while social reasons are the search for a better life in ‎Kufa city, which they lack in their former areas‏.‏

Renewable energy is the most important type of energy sources nowadays. It’s clean, ‎abundantly available and can be obtained from nature without giving any negative impact to the ‎environment. This is the opposite of what fossil fuel does by giving the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission ‎and makes a huge damage to the atmosphere. Solar energy is one type of renewable energy and is ‎considered a good effective alternative source of energy. The solar energy can be collected using solar ‎panels from emitted radiation from the sun. The aim of this paper is building a dual-axis solar tracker ‎to control the direction of the panels and get the highest output efficiency‏ ‏compared to the fixed ‎panels. The sun tracker system consists of two main parts, hardware, and software. Hardware ‎represented by using a microcontroller, Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) to detect the light of the sun, ‎servomotors use to adjust the direction of the solar panel (PV). The software represented by the ‎application used and the codes. The results show that the dual axis tracking is more powerful than the ‎fixed position solar cells and achieves better output power. The power measured were obtained by the ‎data logger method.‎

Many mechanical and chemical problems rely mainly on the mixing characteristics of a ‎dispersed liquid and the carrier gas which is strongly affected by the rates of mass and heat ‎exchanged. The secondary flow generated by the centrifugal forces accompany a substantial change ‎in flow direction leads to the presence of counter rotating vortices. The study investigates the effect ‎of curvature ratio on the flow structure and turbulence intensity during a liquid-gas mixing process ‎prior to a bent duct. The study employs the experimental Particle Image Velocimetry technique (PIV) ‎in purpose tracking the secondary flow structure when the water-air mixture travelling through a bent ‎duct. The curvature ratios were taken to be (0.25, 0.5, 0.75) at average velocities of 2.5 and 5m/s for ‎air flowing through a square duct. The PIV images illustrate the appearance of a Pair of rotating ‎Dean vortices (four-cell pattern) generated for all curvature ratios with the vortices near the inner side ‎of the bend moved outward while decreasing the curvature ratio as a result of centrifugal effect and ‎flow separation. The design and the configuration of the water nozzles matrix is decided according to ‎the numerical simulation using ANSYS FLUENT 19.R1, with RNG-k-ε turbulent model. The ‎numerical analysis showed that the swirl intensity has little effect on mixing due to changing ‎Reynolds number and was more influenced by the changing of the curvature ratio. The phenomenal ‎comparison between experimental and numerical results showed good agreement as the maximum ‎deviation recorded is about (7.1%). ‎

Due to the importance of the Building Information Modeling System (BIM) in the field of ‎architectural design and construction, many countries have published standards and guidelines to ‎organize engineering practice and to overcome its difficulties. The paper investigated the similarities ‎and differences in the methods of managing information in BIM standards of the UK, USA, Australia ‎and Singapore. The aim of the study was to establish a knowledge base for initializing the Iraqi BIM ‎standards. To achieve this aim, the paper put forward a theoretical framework for processing ‎information in the BIM system. The framework identified the methods at two levels. The first level is ‎concerned with the design information, including the techniques of structuring design data, the ‎techniques of storing the database, the techniques of coordinating and classifying building information ‎and the techniques of representing information. The second level, on the other hand, is concerned with ‎the digital techniques supporting the information management in BIM.‎‏ ‏It includes the techniques of ‎digital collecting and storing information, the techniques of managing and exchanging information, the ‎techniques of digital security, and finally the techniques of integration and interoperability in the digital ‎representation of information. The techniques of utilizing information in BIM were investigated in the ‎descriptions of the standards and guidelines of the four countries to determine their similarities and ‎differences.‎
The comparative analysis findings revealed similarities in the techniques of digital storing, ‎collecting and organizing information, in addition to the techniques of digital security and integration ‎and interoperability of information. In this case, the shared techniques can be adopted in the Iraqi ‎standards. The differences can be found in the techniques of structuring the design data, storing the ‎database in the national library, and coordinating, classifying and representing the design information. ‎They reflect the specificity of‏ ‏each country in the implementation of BIM. Therefore, these techniques ‎Requires special preparation for the Iraqi standards of BIM.‎

The main objective of the present study is to investigate the behavior of FRP-concrete bond of two ‎types of concrete (normal and light weight concrete) using different concrete properties. For this purpose, a ‎model of single shear test was selected and modeled using ANSYS program to study the FRP-concrete ‎bond. The modeling was represented in two ways: with epoxy material (epoxy model) and without epoxy ‎material (full bond model). These two models were formulated and used in the analysis process. Different ‎models of two types of concrete (normal and light weight concrete) were analyzed in order to study bond ‎behavior. In general, the full bond model gave results of more good agreement with the available ‎experimental results than the epoxy model. The average difference between the experimental and ‎analytical failure load was 5.35% and 10.32% for the full bond and epoxy model, respectively. It was ‎found that the increasing in compressive strength of concrete leads to increasing in the bond capacity and ‎the greater concrete compressive strength the better utility of the CFRP sheet. As the compressive strength ‎was increased from 20 to 40MPa, the bond strength of normal concrete and light weight concrete models ‎increased by about 81% and 106%, respectively.‎

Recently, the Shatt Al-Arab River (SAAR) in Basra/ south of Iraq, have suffered from high ‎amounts of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the water that is due to reducing the incoming fresh water ‎from the sources which caused the salinity intrusion into the SAAR. The objective of this study is to track ‎the seawater propagation from the Arabian Gulf into SAAR. One-dimensional transport model using ‎HEC-RAS 5.0.5 has been used to making knowledge of the dynamics of TDS into the SAAR. Four cases ‎were taken to estimate the salinity intrusion into the SAAR which were, the low and high discharge that ‎equal to 29 m3/s and 103 m3/s which released from Qalat Saleh regulator with high and low tide. It is seen ‎that if the flow is high, the TDS values were between 3000- 4000 mg/l in the case of lowest low tide and ‎highest high respectively, and if the flow is low, the TDS between 1000- 2000 mg/l reach 150 km from the ‎mouth in the case of lowest low tide and highest high respectively. It can be conclude that an increase of ‎the incoming freshwater discharge to 103 m3/s, will lead to prevents the salinity intrusion towards the center ‎of Basrah city, for both low and high tide.The obtained results show good describtion for the TDS variation ‎from the sea towards the upstream of the SAAR. The model allows the immediate estimation of TDS ‎propagation towards SAAR and can help to ensure the safe water supply to the province. ‎

Sustainable buildings or eco-friendly buildings are one of the modern trends in the field of urbanization. ‎Sustainability standards are the first step in the development of sustainable construction processes as they illustrate the ‎global standards that define and guide design and construction processes. It is a tool for designers, restorers and users. ‎The search included evaluating the Basra University -engineering college buildings under Leadership in Energy and ‎Environmental Design factor (LEED). The evaluation was undertaken for buildings established in various periods of time ‎‎(1975-1984), (1990-1994), (1995-2004), (2011-2015). By applying LEED requirements, buildings such as (civil ‎engineering-mechanical engineering, Dean-building, computer engineering, Chemical engineering Bldg, Student Club ‎building and classrooms) have got the normal classification according to LEED requirements while engineering ‎workshops have got a sub normal, (electrical engineering building-architecture-building library-Scientific Affairs building ‎and business students) have got the silver rating as the electrical engineering building, has added solar cells, which helped ‎reduce electricity consumption. The rest are modern buildings and designed, implemented and run by advanced techniques ‎and methods to help reduce the environmental impact, and contribute to reduce costs such as energy, maintenance, and ‎operation. Costs they all contribute to the achievement of sustainable urban environment and convenient configuration.‎

In this paper, mixing of the recycled glass, which possesses a high SiO2 (silicon dioxide)‎‏ ‏percentage, ‎was utilized to produce a green concrete with remarkable properties. Waste glasses were utilized as cement ‎or fine aggregate partial replacement with various contents (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) via the weight of ‎cement or fine aggregate. The compressive strength for three ages (7, 14, and 28) days and slump was ‎measured for each concrete mix. Results evinced that the recorded compressive strength increased with the ‎glass content up to10% and then decreased when using glass as replacement of cement, while when using ‎glass as replacement for fine aggregate, the compressive strength decreased initially and then increased ‎with the content of glass. The results of slump test manifested that the concrete workability increased with ‎the content of glass whether the powder of glass employed as cement or fine aggregate replacement.‎

Architectural competitions were used to obtain a set of designs for architectural and urban projects ‎and to present creative ideas to create architectural products in unique and unusual formulas that surpass ‎their time and add symbolic and aesthetic value to their spatial and cultural context. The obsession with ‎winning the competition motivates the architects to breach the stereotypical norms prevailing in the ‎processes of creating an architectural form, and thus the research problem has arisen with (the lack of ‎knowledge at the level of local studies about architectural competitions and its active link to processes that ‎breach the familiar in the products of contemporary architecture). The research aims to develop a clear ‎theoretical perception about Architectural competitions and their role as an inspiring catalyst for architects ‎in breaching the familiar in order to reach creative contemporary architectural products. The research ‎assumes the effectiveness of architectural competitions in breaching the familiar by imparting a set of ‎formal and aesthetic characteristics first, material and functional second, and to achieve the objectives of ‎the research, an analytical and descriptive approach was adopted for contemporary international projects, ‎and then analyzed a group of previous studies and extracted the vocabulary of the theoretical framework ‎and applied it to a research sample that included three projects Global, regional, and local and analyzed. ‎The research concluded that formal characteristics are the most influential indicators in increasing the ‎likelihood of a project winning the architectural competition‏.‏

This paper investigates the behaviour of Four concrete piers reinforced with different types of ‎reinforcement. All piers have identical dimensions of 200mm in width, 200mm in height, and 600mm in ‎length with a column cross-section of 200×300mm and 200mm in depth. Various concrete mixes were ‎used among which are the normal concrete (NC) and the green concrete (GC) which use a recycled ‎aggregate of 50% replacement ratio instead of normal aggregate. CFRP bars and GFRP bars are used for ‎reinforcing pier cap at the top Two layers .Experimental tests had been carried out to investigate the ‎behaviour in terms of first cracking load, crack width, failure load, and deflection. The test results showed ‎that the value of load failure of the GC pier was less than that for the NC one by 2.41% with an increase ‎in deflection. Furthermore, CFRP and GFRP pier specimens showed opposite behaviour regarding ‎the ‎failure load. It has been found that the ultimate load of CFRP bars increased the ultimate load by 6.9%, ‎while GFRP bars decreased the ultimate load by ‎‎6.7% in comparison to the pier with steel reinforcement. ‎

The research aims to use the Neutrosophic Logic, which adopts the logic of non-determinants, in treating the missing values in educational and psychology scales and tests, and to derive the necessary equations for the Cronbach's Alpha consistency equation