Journal of University of Babylon

Communication is an indispensable tool that is used to communicate various emotions, exchange information, transmit messages, and carry out a variety of other functions. In order to achieve a successful communication, both speakers and listeners work together to attain a common understanding. They do that by deciphering words, word choices, and linguistic connections used to express something. They can achieve that only if they both interpret what is said in the same way. Although individual words do not usually have meanings by themselves, human determine that meaning. Thus, one word cannot always carry a Connotational meaning since humans have a significant role in determining the reference of that word. The present study tackles the concept of reference in “The Daily Show with Trevor Noah”. It tries to find out how the different types of reference are used by speakers to express meaning that is inferred by the audience. The study aims at 1)identifying the most used types of reference in satirical talk shows, and 2) showing the way in which reference functions in satirical talk shows. The data are taken from an episode of the American satirical talk show entitled “The Daily Show with Trevor Noah”. The finding of the analysis show that: 1) referential and attributive meanings are mostly used in the data, and 2) reference functions as a tool to criticize politicians and ridicule Trump and his family for their irresponsible behavior and carelessness.

Research problem: Defining hatred and contempt, and what are the motives behind them? What are the ways in which each of them is embodied?
The study was divided into three sections with a preface in which it touched on the concepts of (hate and contempt) as well as their motives. The first topic was entitled: (hate and contempt in explicit words), while the second topic was entitled (hatred and contempt). Metonymy and some indicative words) I studied in the first section hate and contempt in the way of metonymy, and in the second section presented the words denoting hatred or contempt, including (cursing, indignation, supplication, resentment As for the third and final topic, it was entitled (Loathing and Contempt by the Interrogative and Arrogant Methods). Perhaps one of the most important findings of the research process is that (hate and contempt) are among the prominent meanings in the Qur’anic expression, and the significance of their presence is not limited to their explicit words, and that some of the words fulfill the connotations of hatred and contempt, such as indignation., cursing, and slande
The connotation of hatred or contempt may be coupled with insult، as in the word (dua), which means to push violently with insult, as the contempt connotation is achieved in an interrogative manner. To the audience, the sign of veneration and respect was achieved, and vice versa, as the transition from direct speech to speech of backbiting suggests hatred and contempt.

Between the responsibility of expression and the freedom to fly in the sky of the blue bird (Twitter), the poet Yahya Riani emerged flying in the world of Twitter, keeping pace with the course of modern life, expressing with his poetry the issues of his time, as if expressing his own emotions in the clothes of public accidents, gaining the admiration of the audience, and he was proud In the homeland, he has a clear characteristic that shines with it, from here this research came; To reveal the poet's pride in the homeland in the Twitter application, and to determine the extent of the response and interaction of the recipients with him, through application models, and answer the following questions and problems:
- How did the poet adapt digital literature to write a poem of pride in the homeland through the Twitter application, and how did the audience interact with him?
What are the most prominent textual mechanisms and techniques used in Yahya Rayani's poetry? What is the secret of its diversity?
What are the aesthetic values in Yahya Rayani's digital poetry?
To achieve the objectives of the research, the descriptive-analytical approach was relied on to analyze the poet’s speech and his pride in the homeland through the Twitter application, and to identify and explain the techniques and electronic media on which the poet relied. The research concluded with the following results:
- Digital literature in the Twitter application contributed to the rapid spread of poet Riani's literary output, which resulted in a great interaction between the creator and the recipient.
- Digital literature has helped bring the poetic meaning closer to the audience of the poet, through the technology of sound, image, color, body language, and moving tapes.
- The Twitter application helped in developing the literary output of the poet Yahya Rayani, and the multiplicity of his topics in the poetic tweet.

The problem of poverty is increasing and widening. The international efforts have not been at the level that stands against this phenomenon. The disastrous results have appeared in the short term, and if left will be more severe in the long run, because the policies adopted to reduce this problem raise question marks. If there are funds allocated to support some groups, why does it spread? Poverty in society and who are the poor, and what is the relationship of the economic and financial policy of the state to poverty and development, and if the state seeks to develop development strategies, what is the relationship of development measures to poverty reduction, and how the state is a weakening state or an empowering state, and how economic growth contributes to alleviating poverty, and the research tries to uncover the causes of poverty In Iraqi society, identifying the poor groups, as well as knowing how the state is a weak state or an empowered state, and also analyzing policies that produce poverty and the poor using the descriptive analytical method. The volume of poverty in Iraq is steadily increasing according to the standard scale of the poverty line, especially with the high rate of poverty The continuation of terrorist operations, waves of displacement and uncontrolled weapons led to the continuation of the issue of feminization of poverty, and that the state’s financial and economic policies are directed to serve specific groups and segments and did not target the poor, and accordingly it was necessary to develop programs for educating families headed by women. To enable them to work and intensify efforts to stabilize the security situation, reduce terrorist operations and displacement, direct the state's financial policy to include the largest number of vulnerable groups, and draw up accurate development plans that include all segments of society.

The current research (Expressive Discourse for the Sculptures of Al-Baghdadi Museum) dealt with a study that focused on the expressive discourse in the field of sculpture. As for the second chapter, it included the theoretical framework and previous studies, and it included two chapters. The first topic dealt with the expressive discourse, the concept and mechanisms. The second topic included the study of the sculptures of the Baghdadi Museum, the reference and the foundation. The second chapter ended with the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework, while the third chapter included the research procedures and included On the research community and its sample, the research method, the research tool and the analysis of samples, and the fourth chapter contains the results of the research, the most prominent of which are
1- The expressive discourse in the sculptures of the Baghdadi Museum was formed through the symbolic connotations interacting in the structure of the sculptural text, which in turn interact with each other to free the expressive energy inherent in its structural elements.
2- Technology had an active role in the sculptures of the Baghdadi Museum by embodying the manifestations of sculptural forms according to hyper-realistic features that match the life scenes that expressed the lived reality in its natural concept.
3- The volumetric value corresponding to the real size had a great impact on the embodiment of the expressive discourse by achieving interaction and communication with the recipient.
The researcher reached conclusions
1- The Iraqi sculptor’s interest in representing popular folklore and its expressive dimensions is part of his heritage, which included concepts and cognitive frameworks.
2- The Iraqi sculptor's adoption of replicas of life scenes in their natural sizes was not arbitrary as much as it was an attempt to activate the feelings and feelings of the recipient.
The research also included recommendations, suggestions, a list of sources, and an English abstract

There have been numerous studies and research that dealt with the border problems between Iraq and Kuwait, but the issue of border demarcation between the two countries is one of the important topics as it is a major reason for the outbreak of inter-international crises, especially when the rules of international law regarding the demarcation of land, sea and river borders are not applied. Research problem: The lack of success in agreeing on the demarcation of the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border has raised many international problems and crises between the two countries. Research methodology: The research adopted the narrative-analytic approach in studying the problem and comparing events,
importance of the research: The problem of demarcation of the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border extends to the first decade of the twentieth century, and since the demarcation process was completed according to Resolution 833 of 1993, it is important to draw attention to addressing the negative repercussions affecting Iraq as a result of that demarcation and in cooperation with Kuwait. Security Council Resolution 833 of 1993 The procedures for demarcating the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border were implemented by a special committee, which does not deny the emergence of negative effects on the interests of Iraq as a country that lost part of its lands and waters as a result of this demarcation. Arabic in the future.

Aggravation is as an act of sequences that strengthen the universal illocutionary force; therefore, the speaker assaults the self-image of the target, and supporting conflict or struggle. Aggravation has been little attention from a pragmatic perspective; therefore, this paper attempts to identify the pragmatic aspects of aggravation in Coetzee’s Disgrace novel. Specifically, this work sets itself the task of answering the following questions: (1) What are the most predominant speech acts used in the novel Disgrace (2) What are the most frequently strategies of aggravation utilized in the chosen novel? And which is the most common non-observed Grice’s maxim in this novel? Consequently, the study aims at identifying the most common speech acts employed in using aggravation, showing the most frequent strategies of aggravation utilized in such novel and identifying the most frequently non-observance maxim. It is hypothesized that: Representative and expressive speech acts are more frequently used in the chosen novel. Positive aggravation is the most frequently strategy employed, and quantity maxim is the most frequently non-observance maxim. This study is limited to analyze five texts from ''Disgrace'' novel which written in 1999 by Coetzee . The study ends up with a variety of conclusions, the most central of which is that speech acts of representative, declarative, and expressive are used in Disgrace novel and the use of conversational maxims are to make the communication effective.

This research is concerned with studying (the aesthetics of color relations in the design of the covers of children's magazines). Children), which is one of the important and diverse topics in the fields of contemporary art, in which the artist adopted a different artistic style in the products of Iraqi art in terms of form, content, technique and subjective imagination related to its civilizational references. This problem showed an important question:
How were the aesthetics of color relations formed in the design of the covers of children's magazines?
The second chapter included four topics about me, the first (what is color) and the second (the effectiveness of color aesthetically and functionally) and the third topic included (indications of the design structure in the covers of children’s magazines) and the fourth topic (the aesthetics of the color relationship in the design of the covers of children’s magazines) and this chapter included a presentation of indicators Theoretical framework The third chapter deals with the research procedures, while the fourth chapter deals with the results and conclusions of the research.
First, the results:
1- Color has a vital and important role in the print design process, including the covers of children’s magazines, in terms of its visual value, attracting attention, and showing the center of importance. Children's magazine covers.
2- The formal units are associated with the aesthetic tendency to express an understanding of the possibilities of construction and the color system, where the general structure of the covers of children’s magazines depends on the color unit that comes in the dominant color in the covers of children’s magazines, in which colors are employed according to the main (triangular) system represented (red, yellow, blue ), through which the process of illusion of movement and space depth is carried out inside the covers of children's magazines through the diversity of color schemes and their relationship res ulting from overlay, transparency and gradation.
Second, the conclusions.
1. Stay away from color condensation as much as possible because it may cause confusion to the recipient's eyesight.
2. Interest in studying color relations and their impact on the status and readability of titles and written texts.
3. Paying attention to the formal movement with attention to the high degree of contrast in the optical value between the units.

Despite the fact that the contemporary Arab constitutional systems are based on the idea of a plurality of governing bodies in the state, the distribution of competencies between these bodies is not actually done fairly. Rather, we find that the legislative authority enjoys many competencies, whether in the legislative or executive field, and in normal or exceptional circumstances. , in a way that makes him a supreme authority that dominates and dominates - in practice - over the rest of the authorities, and it is noted that the phenomenon of expanding the powers of the legislative authority at the expense of other authorities - especially the head of state - has become one of the distinctive phenomena of the contemporary Arab constitutional systems in their various forms and nature, and as a logical result For this phenomenon, the powers of the executive authority have significantly receded, in favor of the legislative authority represented by Parliament. Thus, an important development took place on the position of the head of state after many Arab countries that adopted the parliamentary system switched from the presidential system with absolute rule to parliamentary systems that combined the characteristics of more than one political system.

There is no doubt that prose keeps pace with the developments of life and merges with it to form a basic feature and an important factor for it and plays an active role in this development.
It is the result of development, but it quickly merges with the course of urban life to establish a form by which this life is organized and determines its course. It was necessary to have an appropriate means of communication for the Sultan that is close and circulating, and does not cause aversion or symptoms to the recipient. Rhetoric and letters were the first choice of the authority. The authoritarian discourse included both visible and implicit ideas through hidden cultural patterns. So, I divided the research into first: Preliminary
Second: The sermon of power between entitlement and tyranny
Third: The messages between the awareness of power and the double author.

The current research discusses the philosophy and imagination of artists and their ideas of creative chaos through the achievements of the contemporary Iraqi artist. It consists of four chapters. The first chapter of the research included a definition of the research problem, which was determined by answering the following question: What are the representations of creative chaos in contemporary Iraqi painting? The importance of the research and the need for it, and the goal of the research was determined as follows: Knowing the philosophy of creative chaos in contemporary Iraqi painting, the research adopted a descriptive approach in the method of analysis to reach the results through the analysis of five samples that represent pictures of the achievements of contemporary artists, The most important results: Iraqi painters seek to harness images of chaos, destruction and fragmentation to direct an open artistic discourse for communication and reading from different peoples and cultures to present the suffering of the Iraqi people and the Iraqi people as a result of the wars imposed on them. Opaque and fragmentation manifestations that suggest sabotage, explosions and fires.

The research problem was represented by the following question:
Is it possible to merge between digital painting and traditional decorative painting in creating contemporary works ?, while the current research aimed to reveal contemporary digital decorative designs through the objective research boundaries represented by plant decoration in the light of digital technologies for the period (2010-2020) by the working artists in the field of beauty of decoration in the Islamic world. While the second chapter was divided into two sections, the first one included "Arabic decoration, its concept and stages of development", while the second section was represented by "Digital Decorative Design Techniques".
While the third chapter tackled with the research procedures, the research community, which consisted of (50) forms, the research sample was chosen intentionally and through the descriptive analytical approach at a rate of (60%) and it became (5) models.
As for the fourth chapter, it represented the results of the research, the most important of which are:
• Digital techniques contributed to the production of various and multiple formations within the same shape within the framework of the painting.
The conclusions are:
The multiplicity of digital technology and style helps the artist to control the effort and time he spends in producing the traditional painting.
The researcher recommended making use of the research results to produce digital paintings, and the researcher suggested a complementary study (An aesthetic reading of the digitally processed linear formations).

This research is concerned with the language skills of the students of special education classes from the point of view of their teachers. And the importance of the research, and the goal of the research, which was determined in: Identifying the language skills of students of special education classes from the point of view of their teachers? As for the limits of the research, it was limited to special education teachers in the schools of the Babylon Governorate Center for the academic year (2020-2021) and the chapter ended with the definition of the terms contained in the research.
As for the second chapter, it consisted of a theoretical framework that included special education and general education and the difference between them, as well as language and language skills and others. The chapter concluded with previous studies and their discussion.
While the third chapter contained the research procedures and details in terms of the research community, which consisted of (70) schools and the research method and tools, the researcher adopted the (Imad Al-Saadani) scale of language skills, which consisted of 60 paragraphs, and the researcher presented the scale before applying it to a group of experts to verify its validity. In addition to verifying its stability by re-testing, appropriate statistical means were used to unload the answers, and the chapter was concluded by analyzing the results of the questionnaire. As for the fourth and final chapter, it contained the conclusions, which stated: Listening is a mental process that depends on follow-up and focus to understand what the speaker is saying And the recommendations that came in: Establishing training courses to increase the experience of special education teachers using language skills As for the proposals, the researcher came with a set of them: Building a program to develop the language skills of special education students The research concluded with a list of sources, references and appendices.