AL-ANBAR University Journal of Law and Political Sciences

Since the inventor has the right to guarantee his exclusivity by exploiting his invention, the state grants him a patent that grants him this right; Therefore, the patent is the document that results in the emergence of the inventor’s rights over his innovation. The inventor’s right to monopolize the exploitation of his invention, meaning creating something new that did not exist before. Also, discovery in the eyes of the law is an innovation, which is the disclosure of something that exists but was not previously known so that no It can be proven to him just because he discovered a new invention, but it is proven to him once he obtained the patent, and it is noted that the right of the inventor is always protected, whether in the countries of the capitalist system or in the countries of the socialist system, so it is difficult to determine the nature of industrial property rights as they are similar to personal rights because of Its non-material nature, but it can be argued against all, which brings it closer to real rights. The prevailing trend sees it as a moral property that responds to non-material things. If these rights are temporary, they expire after a certain period of time or non-use, so it is necessary to protect the inventor, because the public interest requires that the inventor not have a perpetual right, but must be specified within a period in which the invention becomes permissible because the inventor has benefited from the research and efforts that were made during his invention by; Therefore, in our study of this subject, we relied on the comparative approach in various foreign and Arab legislation, and this is what we will address in the subject of our research, and we will limit the general principles on which the law is based.

The rules of civil responsibility and the determination of its provisions are among the basic pillars of the legal system, and they occupy the center stage in practical life. Therefore, they are of interest to jurisprudence and the judiciary in contemporary society. Not only in civil law; Rather, in the various branches of law, the rules of responsibility have evolved with time in response to the evolution how it relates to social, economic, and political life is the mirror of society and expresses the identity of the ruling authority in it

The outcome of the prevailing customs among the clans was a means of social security to protect the rights of individuals, in addition to its role in deterring aggressors, which are directed to the individual or received from childhood for the purpose of controlling behavior in society and addressing the problems that arise in it, and as a result of the norms followed by Iraqi clans and adherence to them. In a direct way, it has prevailed to confront social problems due to the difficult circumstances despite their differences according to the different clans in society, and this is a logical result of changes in circumstances, environment and reality, most of which were inherited from one generation to another and derived from social values followed. aspects related to the fulfillment of rights. However, it remained unchecked, as it does not have a specific legal scope and is independent of compensation in the law or blood money as an Islamic system, and this resulted in legal problems in what is presented in the tribal councils as an initial step, and then the doors of the judiciary were touched at a later stage to transfer to it the conflict that had already been resolved It is customary in a clan council. The problem that has been socially addressed according to the prevailing clan custom results in a real legal problem, or it may branch from it, which is the combination of the clan payment Sum and compensation or not, the fate of paying the clan payment Sum when the compensation ruling, and the possibility of Subtract the clan payment Sum from the compensation issued by virtue of a court ruling

he constitutional courts play an important and key role in ensuring the supremacy of the constitution and the consequent rule of law، thus consolidating the preservation of legitimacy and the stability of the political system in the country. The constitutional judiciary achieves a balance between the authorities as a reference for resolving disputes and disagreements between them

The aim of our research, tagged with (the governance of the ministerial curriculum and its applications between the texts of the constitution and the political reality), is to study the concept of governance of the ministerial curriculum, and to clarify its most important criteria represented in the criterion of independence, accountability, accountability, government openness and quality in drafting, and the applications of these standards to the ministerial curriculum in Iraq and linking them to practical political reality. With reference to the rulings of the Federal Supreme Court related to the subject of the study, through which it became clear that there were many shortcomings, defects and loopholes that marred the constitutional and legal texts regulating the ministerial curriculum, not to mention the issuance of some decisions by the Federal Supreme Court that contributed to the prime minister and ministers’ evasion of accountability and accountability, which requires raising the level of government performance by amending constitutional texts and enacting laws aimed at achieving quality in the preparation and implementation of the ministerial curriculum

Constitutional texts are no longer just political texts resulting from the consensus of the forces of society, but rather they have become binding legal texts that impose their provisions on all state authorities, and they are not deaf texts, but rather a reflection of the reality of society’s conditions, which necessitates it to keep in touch and keep pace with its new circumstances and interests Therefore, the policy followed by the Federal Supreme Court and its method in applying and protecting the constitutional texts must be through sophisticated legal means that enable it to follow the factors of change and keep pace with the general developments in the state, without being restricted to the letter of the Constitution’s texts that may result in the constitutional document’s failure to comply with the provisions of the Constitution. The political reality of the group, and then a gap appears between what it contains of texts and reality, and between it and what is required by the requirements of the development of society

Given the importance of the role played by the "Federal Supreme Court" in Iraq in terms of its competencies, the research came to clarify the legal basis for its right to interpret the texts of the constitution, which often raises controversy and controversy regarding the legal basis for the right of the Federal Supreme Court to interpret the texts of the constitution. Is the legal basis represented in the 2005 constitution Is it enforceable, or is it represented in “Federal Supreme Court Law No. 30 of 2005” issued on the basis of “the canceled State Administration Law for the Transitional Period of 2004”, and Law No. 30 of 2005, issued based on the text of Article (44) of the “State Administration Law for the Transitional Period” Repealed” violates the provisions of the constitution, and is devoid of a reference to the constitutional interpretation. However, the court exercised its right of interpretation in accordance with the text of Article (93/Second) of the effective 2005 constitution, which stipulated new competencies that were not provided for in the State Administration Law, including the interpretation of the provisions of the constitution, in comparison with the explanatory jurisdiction of the constitution in both Egypt and the Emirates

The human reputation is considered a basic moral value for the human being. It is of great social and individual importance. In order to protect it, criminal and civil penalties have been instituted, which may be commensurate with the due protection of human dignity and the maintenance of his right to reputation. Most of the penal legislation has always protected the right to reputation as a right inherent in the human person, which is inseparable from him throughout his life, And publishing judicial procedures that are characterized by legal or judicial secrecy, and publishing judicial procedures for expressive crimes (insulting - slander - divulging secrets) or crimes of assault on honor (rape - indecent assault - indecent act), or publishing pictures and names of juvenile defendants or photos The names of the victims in the crimes of assault on honor are not free from the assault on the reputation of individuals and the criminal litigation in those procedures, so the protection of the right to reputation appeared within the framework of criminalizing the publication of judicial procedures

One of the modern criminal concepts mentioned by the legislator in Traffic Law No. (8) of 2019 is (dropping the penalty), which we are unfamiliar with in other penal laws. The omission here is not absolute but instead involves the penalty that negatively affects freedom without dropping the financial penalty (fine), as stated in the text Articles (36 and 37), and this concept may be similar to concepts that are similar to it in aspects and differ in others. Each of them operates in its legal and procedural sphere, and it does not correspond to the expiration of the case. That what distinguishes this term or the modern concept is its connection with the penal effect with other concepts, that the dropping of the penalty negative for freedom is the effect of waiver and consent, especially since the concept of compromise is also a modern concept that entered the criminal system and was stipulated in the traffic law. So, if we want to approach the concepts and terms of criminal legislation, there must be similarities and differences between the expiration of the criminal case and the dropping of the penalty

Money laundering is a dangerous crime that has an increased negative effect on the society because it is linked to other dangerous crimes such as drug trafficking, terrorism, and corruption as money laundering is a mean to hide money gained from these crimes and integrate this money to financial systems. Many countries have tried to fight this crime by introducing laws and treaties anti-money laundering. Additional means have also introduced such as controlled delivery to intensify secret efforts of the political authorities to track and monitor the illegal materials and money that being laundered. The purpose of the controlled delivery is to discover all the participants in the operations of money laundering resulted from the original crimes. Because of the effectiveness of controlled delivery in inti-organized crimes and specifically in money laundry crimes, it should be expanded in use and be regulated that it can be used by law enforcement agencies to achieve the targeted purposes

The fact that violent and aggressive behavior is still hindering in the minds and behaviors of some when dealing with the other and pushing it to adopt violence as a tool for communication. Violence against women may be the most prominent image in this area to appear as a human behavior based on discrimination and characterized by oppression, aggression and coercion based on an unequal relationship Between men and women in society, to produce a variety of psychological, physical and psychological damage. Violence against women takes multiple forms such as physical abuse, sexual violence, humiliation, etc. Whatever the violence against women, and despite the fact that there are many legal instruments that establish a legal framework that protects women from violence, whether within the scope of international or internal law, the effectiveness of the legal texts contained in these texts is relatively effective. To ensure effective protection of women against violence, the study will focus on this problem by reviewing the issue of violence against women and analyzing the legal texts that deal with this issue as an attempt to explain the reasons of the effectiveness of the legal protection and the requirements for its application

In this study, the researcher sheds light on the issue of oversight, managing the financial deficit of the public budget by identifying the meaning of the fiscal deficit in the general budget, its causes, effects, and means of addressing it as methods followed by the administration in this regard, and then dealing with the various control means on that administration, especially the administrative control practiced by the authorities. The administration, especially the Ministry of Finance, as well as the oversight of independent bodies, including specifically the oversight of the Financial Supervision Bureau and the Integrity Commission, the obstacles that stand in the way of it performing its duties in this regard, and the solutions offered for that

Taxes have an instrumental part in financing public budgets, and renewable revenues that supply the public treasury to end up its deficit in periods of financial and economic crises, especially income oil countries depending on one source. They are often affected by low oil prices, which affects their revenues in general, so they resort to taxes which is the most important way to bridge the deficit and achieve financing. Sales tax is among these taxes. Although it is relatively new in Iraq, it was imposed for the first time under the dissolved Revolutionary Command Council Resolution No. 36 of 1997. It is an in kind tax which does not take into account the taxpayers’ social burdens and the financial ability. The latter is borne by the ultimate buyer, who is often those with limited incomes. However, its role in financing the general budget, whether permanent or temporary, which was imposed under the laws of public budgets, cannot be denied. The absence of an independent special law dealing with its provisions, and the lack of proof of its base due to its differences from year to year, made it lose its weight among the other taxes. This is due to its imposition under temporary laws, the general budget, and an administrative decision that did not address all its details, but rather referred every deficiency in it to the Income Tax Law, which is the General Law. However, it is considered one of the essential taxes and becomes more and more important in Iraq when it is regulated by a special and independent law.

The study aimed to shed light on the impact of internal variables on Iranian foreign policy, and among the most prominent of these internal geopolitical and economic variables, these variables may affect external political decisions in different ways, depending on the nature of each variable and the degree of its positive or negative impact on the decision maker and his external environmental conditions. Since one of the features of today's world is the interpenetration of states, and technology and means of communication make the world like a small village, there is no doubt that the foreign policy of any state should be influenced by the interaction between the various units of the international system