Kerbala Journal for Engineering Sciences

The educational environment includes many educational and architectural factors. The current
study investigates the effect of colors on the efficiency and quality of the learning process. The physical
environment should be a living and dynamic factor in the quality of students' education. The study aims
to enhance and support the findings of previous relevant studies, which emphasized the effect of colors
as a means of conveying meanings that affect students’ behavior and understanding. The study used the
quantitative survey method and questionnaire as a means of collecting information in secondary schools,
with 175 male and 175 female students. A questionnaire was made for nine colors, six
monochromatic colors Yellow, Orange (Yellow orang), Green, Blue, White, and Grey, and
three colors with complementary movement, Blue + Yellow, Greenish yellow + Blue,
and Reddish yellow + Greenish blue. The results showed that cold colors with a complementary color,
such as blue + yellow, green yellow + blue, and reddish yellow + green blue, are preferred and are the
most used in the educational environment, followed by single cold colors such as green and blue, as
these colors are considered comfortable and soothing to the eyes due to their short wavelength, which
helps... Increasing focus and attention for longer periods without feeling bored, meaning that it is likely
to be used in educational spaces because it positively affects the perception and understanding of
recipients and can help create an ideal educational environment that combines focus and psychological
and visual comfort. On the other hand, colors with high wavelengths (warm colors), such as red, and
neutral colors, such as gray, are the colors of anxiety, fear, and boredom, and can create an atmosphere
charged with tension, lack of concentration, and boredom in educational environments, which negatively
affects students’ performance.

The study of the risk of high concentrations of drinking water parameters is an important part of
the toxicity due to the direct effect to human health in a variety of ages. In this study, the adverse effects
of high concentrations of calcium in drinking water the middle of Iraq was investigated. The study
attempts to determine the risk to adults and children of the calcium in the drinking water. For this
purpose, four main conventional water treatment plants were selected to determine the calcium risk in
the water. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation were applied to determine this risk with different percentiles
10, 25, 50, 75 and 90. The results of Hazard Quotient (HQ) of adults and child were ranged (1-3) for
both recent and future estimation, which is above the standard values. Therefore, suggested scenario was
applied to decrease concentrations of calcium, includes the addition of a nanofiltration unit in each water
treatment plant. The risk of the suggested recent scenario was determined which was within the
acceptable range. To ensure the effectiveness of the scenario in the next time (MC) simulation were
applied to determine the risk. The values of HQ were less than 1. The estimated values of the
deterministic and probabilistic HQ have a value of about 10 %. These values were acceptable for
diversity test using CV.

The significance of human activity recognition (HAR) has increased in recent years because of its wide
ranging applications in areas such as healthcare, security and surveillance, entertainment, and intelligent
settings. A significant challenge in computer vision is the automated and accurate recognition of human
actions. This survey presents the last related work conducted over the 2015–2023 years in various areas
of human activity recognition. It introduces the classification of HAR basic methodologies. In general,
HAR approaches are categorized into two primary groups: sensor-based and vision-based HAR. This
classification is based on the type of created data and the system environment itself. Based on our study,
smart phones, smart watches, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and arm bands are all examples of sensor
based techniques. For the vision-based techniques, there are cameras, Microsoft Kinect, and thermal
cameras. Also categorized the general datasets referenced in academic papers are based on the type of
activity: individual actions, behaviors, interactions, and group activities. Subsequently, the preprocessing
and feature engineering procedures are demonstrated. At long last, this review is able to offer some study
concepts that investigate and analyze HAR.

Traffic crashes are the leading cause of fatalities and severe injuries in several nations worldwide
since they are widely recognized as a primary cause of mortality. They have emerged as a significant
societal worry, representing one of the foremost challenges that deplete material resources and human
efforts, specifically targeting the fundamental aspect of existence, namely the human element. Safety
refers to being protected from harm, danger, or risk. The road has significant social and economic
significance on a global scale. As the number of vehicles on the road continues to rise, it is imperative
to intensify efforts to mitigate preventable fatalities and injuries. This may be achieved by carefully
analyzing past incidents and developing appropriate recommendations and solutions. The study's
objective is to locate and gather the most important research articles on including safety considerations
during the creation of transportation planning. This includes identifying the countries, journals, authors,
and their collaborations that have published such information. WOS (Web of Science) is used for this
purpose. To get advantages from these studies, the factors behind crashes must be comprehended in
their assessment, as well as the methods used for their resolution to ensure the establishment of a
sustainable urban transportation system.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are essential to achieving sustainable mobility objectives. The
configurations used in HEVs are reviewed in this paper, along with their advancements and remaining
challenges. The paper explores the fundamental parts of HEVs, such as motor controllers, energy storage
systems, and powertrains. Different motor types and control techniques are analyzed, along with
advancements in battery technology for improved energy density and lifespan. The role of maximum
power point trackers in optimizing solar panel output for plug-in hybrids is explored. The article
emphasizes the critical function of DC-DC converters in regulating voltage levels and the importance of
efficient energy management systems in optimizing HEV performance. A comparative analysis of
parallel, series, and power-split hybrid powertrains highlights their unique advantages and limitations.
Finally, the discussion section explores overall trends, advancements in HEV configurations, and
challenges such as cost reduction, range limitations, and battery recycling. The conclusion emphasizes
the potential of HEVs for sustainable transportation and briefly mentions future research directions for
HEV configurations. Most controllers have the same reaction with less distortion for the backstepping
control. The main reason is that Backstepping control's effectiveness depends on accurate controller
tuning. Torque distortion can be considerably reduced with carefully selected parameters. This article
summarizes multiple comprehensive reviews that studied different literature on hybrid electric vehicle
configurations, advances and challenges. This work aims to guide researchers and practitioners in
relating their work to existing research and gaining insights into what their work can contribute to the
field.