Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

It is known that garlic cloves had antibacterial action on a wide range of
microorganisms both g (+) and g (-) bacteria. The antibacterial activity of garlic
is mainly attributed to allicin, the active principle of this vegetable.
The antibacterial activity of allicin is inhibited by different chemical and
physical agents.
No studies were available to elustrate the effect of ionizing radiation on
the activity of this compound. Allicin was water extracted according to AL
Delamy, and different concentrations of this extract were irradiated with
different doses of gamma-radiation from γ-cell 20. The results obtained
indicated that doses of radiation up of 3 megarad did not affect the antibacterial
activity of allicin, whereas higher doses, 5 megarad and up, will inhibit the
activity completely.
We conclude from these results that higher doses of radiation should not
be used for preservation of garlic cloves because of its inhibitory effect on the active principle of garlic, allicin

Morphological and histological aspects on the cerebellum of (Buzzard)
was Studied to describe the size, design and structural variation that related to
birds behavior and function. The results of morphological aspects revealed that
the expanded tuber cerebellum was protruded forward to cover the
diencephalons and backward to cover the medulla oblongata. The vermis was
involved three strongly folded lobes. Ten long and expanded primary folia were
found in longitudinal sagittal sections, the folia (IV, V, VI, VII) were expanded
and subfoliated. Histological aspects of this organ were studied with the help of
rotary microtome and slides stained with heamatoxylin and Eosin (H & E) and
periodic acid schift reagent (PAS) methods. The results of microscopic
examination indicated that there are three distinct layers in the cortex (gray
matter). 1- Thick outer punctuate molecular layer. 2- Single middle large shaped
Purkinje cell layer. 3- Thick inner granular layer. The white matter which
formed the medulla has a tree like appearance of deep nuclei groups embedded within the white matter in the center of the cerebellum

The activation of inflammatory cells, the release of their mediators, and
the excessive production of free radicals may affect circulating lipids, while no
evidence supports a role for peroxidation in the pathogenesis of typhoid fever disease
Lipid profile and essential fatty acids concentration were measured in 44
typhoid fever patients and 25 healthy controls.
The proportion of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were found
to be higher in serum of typhoid fever patients, in contrast with polyunsaturated
fatty acids which were found to be lower in those patients when compared with
healthy controls, this results in a higher ratio of palmitoleic acid to linoleic acid
(P<0.04) and of eicosatrienoic acid to arachidonic acid (P<0.03) (Table-2).
Typhoid fever patients showed also hypocholesterolemia and hyper LDL
cholesterolemia (P<0.001 and P<0.003 respectively) (Table-1, Fig.-1).
Regarding triglycerides and HDL–cholesterol, they demonstrated a non
significant change in typhoid fever.
In conclusion, typhoid fever patients showed some disturbances in their lipid
profile and essential fatty acid concentration which may be of clinical
significance.
Objective
To show the effect of typhoid fever on lipid profile and essential fatty acids concentration.
.

Out of 54 clinical swabs of conjunctivital infections, 24 isolates(44.4%)
were identified and tested for their susceptibility to 10 Kinds of antibiotics by
disk diffusion method. Beta-lactamase production was done for pencillin
resistant Staphylococcus aureus (PRSA).
The most frequent pathogenes were Staphylococcus aureus (33.3 %),
Staphylococcus epidermidis (29.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.6%),
Streptococcus pneumoniae (12.5) & Haemophilus influenzae (8.3%).
20 isolates (83.3 %) showed resistance to pencillin by the disk diffusion
method, beta-lactamase production was positive in all (PRSA) isolates. All
isolates of S.aureus & S.epidermidis were sensitive to vancomycin (100%).
Ciprofloxacin, was the most active antibiotic then gentamycin,
chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulpham ethoxazole, whereas erythromycin,
amoxicillin, tetracyclin and penicillin were the lowest activity.
Multiple antibiotic resistance was seen in this study: 2 isolates were
resistant to 9 Kinds; 4 isolate was resistant to 8 Kinds; 3isolates were resistant to
7 Kinds ;2 isolates were resistant to 6 Kinds;4 isolates to 5 kinds & 2 isolates to
4 kinds of antibiotics.
Key words: conjunctivitis ,bacteria, antibiotic.

The purpose of this study is to prepare a formulation containing
enkephalin leucine as an antiplaque/antibacterial agent. Enkephalin leucine
microspheres were prepared using a poly(D-L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) as
a delivery system. The microspheres were prepared by a dispersion/solvent
extraction-evaporation method and characterized for drug load by HPLC,
particle size by laser diffractometry and surface morphology by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). In vitro enkephalin leucine release was studied
using a dialysis method. The stability of peptide in human saliva was
concentration dependent. PLGA microspheres had released after socking in the
artificial saliva. The encapsulation efficiency was around 83% -97% with the
spherical shape. The in vitro release was successfully controlled over 60 minute or more with percentage of release reach to 70% for the free drug & 25% for the adsorbed drug.

The very water soluble drug, trifluoperazine HCl was prepared as
sustained release carnauba wax matrix tablets using direct compression method.
Different amounts of carnauba wax as matrix substance was used to show its
effect on drug release. Also sintering as new technique was used in order to
retard the drug release from carnauba wax matrix tablets; the granules before
compression or the tablets after compression were exposed to 90°C or 120°C for
3 or 5 minutes. Microwave is another technique which was used to prolong the drug release from carnauba wax matrix tablets. The granules before
compression or the tablets after compression were exposed to microwave irradiation at 600
watt for 3 or 5 minutes.
The results revealed that the release of drug decreased significantly
(p<0.05) when the when the amount of carnauba wax was increased. On the
other hand, sintering of granules or tablets, exhibited a significant (p< 0.05) drug
release retardation when the temperature was increased from 90° C to 120° C.
Furthermore, non significant differences (p> 0.05) in drug release was shown at
different time of sintering for 90°C or 120°C. The microwave irradiation
directly on tablets had a significant (p< 0.05) retarding effect on drug release,
particularly for tablet exposed to 5 minutes since the drug release prolonged
from 3hr for unmicroaved tablet to 6 hr for microwaved one.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major cause of morbidity and
mortality in the world. The green tea prepared with leaves of Camellia sinensis
is particularly rich in antioxidants, which seems to have a crucial role in
atherogenesis. Melatonin also participates in many physiological functions and
exhibit antioxidant activity.
The aim of our investigation was to evaluate the effects of green tea
drinking and melatonin on the lipid profile in 36 subjects. The lipid profile
included the measurement of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides
(TGs), apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein (a). The
measurements were performed at the beginning of the study, and after 3 weeks
of drinking 1 L of water, and after 4 weeks of drinking 1 L of green tea daily
plus 3mg/day melatonin at night. Tea was prepared every day at the same
conditions of temperature, time of infusion, and concentration. After drinking
green tea plus melatonin a significant beneficial improvement in the lipid profile
of subjects was observed. Our data suggest that drinking green tea plus
melatonin have beneficial effects protecting against the risk for cardiovascular
disease by improving blood lipid levels.
Keywords: Green tea, Melatonin, Lipid profile.

It has been well known since ancient times that medicinal plant have
antimicrobial activity because of the presence of substances, therefore they
become important sources of drugs production. Thymus vulgaris and Juglans
regia have active compounds make them have antibacterial properties.
Antibacterial effects of different concentrations ranging from (3.1
50mg/ml) of hexane and methanol extracts of Thymus vulgaris and Juglans
regia seeds was determined by using agar well diffusion method on clinical
strains:
Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus,
pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus
vulgaris, Salmonella typhi Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus sp.
Methanol extract of Juglans regia seed was the most active followed by
methanol extract of Thymus vulgsris seeds. The activity of Juglans regia extract
determined by measuring inhibition zone as following:
Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Listeria monocytogenes and
Streptococcus pyogenes showed inhibition zone at concentration of 3.1-50
mg/ml. Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed inhibition zone of
12.5-50 mg/ml. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed sensitivity at concentrations
of 25-50mg/ml. There was no inhibition zone for Escherichia coli,
Salmonella.typhi and Enterococcus sp.
Methanol extract of Thymus vulgaris showed activity at concentrations of
6.25-50mg/ml for Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus subtilis.
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus. aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes showed sensitivity at concentration of
12.5–50 mg/ml. Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensitive at concentration of 50
25mg/ml. There was no inhibition zone for Salmonella.typhi and Enterococcus
sp. Hexane extracts of both plant seeds were less active then methanol extract
against tested bacteria.
These results support the notion that plant extracts may have a role as
pharmaceutical and preservatives.
Key words: Thymus vulgaris, Juglans regia, seeds extracts, antibacterial
activity.

Background: Selenium, a trace element with antioxidant properties, decreased
in patients with blood disorders.
Objective: To see if blood transfusion in those patients with thalassemia
corrects the level of selenium in their blood.
Materials & Methods: Seventeen patients enrolled in this small study, ten of
them females and seven were males, their ages were ranged from 1.5-73 years.
Ferritin and selenium levels were estimated using Mini-Vidas and atomic
absorption technique respectively.
Results: Decreased selenium level in both non-bloods transfused
(0.33±0.17ppm) and blood transfused patients (0.30±0.24ppm) show no effect
of blood transfusion on the level of this trace element
Conclusion: Selenium supplement is the only way to elevate the level of this
element in the body with some precautions of selenium toxicity. Further studies
on this subject are recommended.
Keywords: Thalassemia, Blood transfusion, Ferritin, Selenium

Melatonin is the major secretory product of the pineal gland, playing an
integral role in numerous metabolic, physiological and behavioral processes.
This study represents an attempt to understand the effect of environmental
changes on the responses of a selected isolated tissue to pharmacologically
active substances in certain species which may lead to important experimental
and clinical implications in future. Twenty male albino wistar rats were divided
into three experimental groups:
Group 1: Control animals, comprising 6 rats were exposed to 12:12 hour light:
dark cycle for 4 weeks.
Group 2: Composed of 8 rats, was kept in a dark environment for 4 weeks.
Group 3: Consisted of 6 rats aged 6-7 weeks, subjected to continuous darkness
for 2 weeks, at the end of the first week the rats treated daily with s.c melatonin
injection at 1.00 p.m. for 7 consecutive days. The result of this study showed
that the vas deferens preparation from the third group reacted with significant
increase in reactivity to nor-adrenaline and 5-HT than that of control and
continuous dark animals.
The limitation of time and shortage of materials may be blamed for the
kind and quantity of results obtained and the conclusions made. Therefore,
further studies with regard to the exposure period have to be undertaken in
future to extensively elaborate on this point.
Key words: Melatonin, Vas deferens, 5-HT, Nor-adrenaline.

Abstract
Background: Prostaglandin G/H Synthases (Cyclooxygenases) are enzymes
that catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to a series of compounds ending
in prostaglandins, endogenous compounds triggering many biological &
physiological events in many systems including circulatory & renal systems.
The normal balance between Cox-1 derived thromboxane A2 (TXA2) which
acts as a platelet activator enhancing thrombosis, & the antithrombotic
cardioprotective effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) which is produced through Cox-2
activity. Thus inhibition of Cox-2 derived PGI2 will exaggerate the
cardiovascular effects of TXA2. Cyclooxygenase - 2 (Cox-2) inhibitors have
different odds on cardiovascular risk factors through selectivity to that enzyme
that could play a role in their pharmacological action.
Objective: Our study includes a comparison between the effects of the purely
cox-2 selective inhibitor (Celecoxib), and the relatively Cox-2 selective inhibitor
(Meloxicam) on some cardiovascular risk markers in patients suffering from
rheumatoid arthritis.
Materials &Methods: Thirty –six patients were selected as having rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) with age range of 30-60 years (48±9.72), in addition to a group of
normal subjects (12) were included as a control group Specific biochemical
investigations based on measuring highly sensitive kit for serum C – reactive
protein
(hs-CRP), serum creatine kinase( CK), serum aspartate
aminotransferase(AST), serum urea, serum creatinine, and serum lipid profile.
The patients were treated with celecoxib 400mg/day or with meloxicam
15mg/day for 3 months period.
Results: Both drugs were able to reduce (significantly) the highly sensitive C
reactive protein and increase serum total cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein
/High Density Lipoprotein (LDL/HDL) ratio as compared pretreatment values.
Both drugs have nearly the same effects on renal function presented by
decreasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as indicated by elevating serum urea
levels.
Conclusion: The selectivity of COX2 inhibition is not the major character that
could be correlated with cardiovascular events related to their administration.
Since, meloxicam could aggravate some cardiovascular risk factors more than
celecoxib does, as presented a significant increment in serum CK activity.
Keywords: Meloxicam, Celicoxib Cardiovascular risk markers, CRP,
Rheumatoid arthritis.

The objective of this study is the evaluation of concentration levels of
interleukin-6 (IL-6) in breast cancer patients and it's relation to estrogen receptor
(ER) expression on tumor cells. The expression of IL-6 and estrogen receptor ,
were studied on 30 patients (positive breast cancer ) and 30 controls (negative
breast cancer).Serum of studied groups were examined using Enzyme Linked
Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) for IL-6 and breast biopsy specimens were
examined using immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor. The serum
level of IL-6 was significantly higher in patients with breast cancer compared
with control (p<0.05). The number of positive ER expression in patients with
breast cancer was higher than the negative expression (p<0.05). The current study found a positive significant correlation (r = 249; P<0.05) between serum
levels of IL-6 and estrogen receptors (ER). The results of this study suggest that
elevated IL-6 serum concentration are associated with breast cancer and found
that high levels of IL-6 in breast cancer patients are associated with positive estrogen receptor.

The new preparation of colloidal Tin phosphate labeled with technisum
99m for bone marrow studies. The method was applied with heating sodium bi
hydrogen phosphate with carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) as stabilizer in
neutral medium then cooed at room temperature, followed by adding stannous
chloride as stannite. The chemical analysis indicates that the radiochemical
purity is greater than 99% with suitable particle size distribution.
The results of biodistribution indicate that the preparative agent was
accumulated with higher concentration in bone marrow reach to 30% of total
injected dose and negligible percent in non target organs. The results meaning
that the new preparative agent is a good agent for using as bone marrow
scintigraphy compared with others.

Stability is the ability of a drug substance or drug product to remain
within established specifications to maintain its identity, strength, quality, and
purity throughout the retest or expiration dating periods. Physical, chemical data
are generated as a function of time and storage conditions. The purpose of this
study is design to evaluate of the stability life of Miconazole muco-adhesive
tablets in experiential formula.
Tablets used in the Stability study were prepared in three different batches
with same preparing percentages. Long-term testing was cover a 180 days
duration for three different batches at the time of study. Prepared tablets were
storied under conditions of high relative humidity and temperatures that applies
particularly to solid stability tests. The prepared samples were analyzed
according USP 27 methods of analysis. Assays were performed by HPLC while
the dissolution was performed by UV analysis.
The assays, dissolutions and disintegration values predicated stable
formula under long term stability study conditions. These results had shown
non-significant changes (p>0.05) for assay and disintegration over 3 years.
This formula provided successful distribution of Miconazole in muco
adhesive tablet for mass production. This formula could be achieved for oral disease with high efficiency.

A total of 150 sputum sample from the patient attendants to medical city
and Ibn Al-Balady hospital during the period from February 2009 to May 2009
with signs and symptoms of pneumonia only 57 sputum samples 53. 5 gave
bacterial growth positive, the result indicated the most frequent microorganisms
were 18 isolate (22.5%) Klebsiella pneumonia, 16 isolate (20%) Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, 5 isolate (6.25%) Candida albicans, 5 isolate (6.25%)
Acinetobacter spp, 5 isolate (6.25%) Eschereshia coli, 4 isolate (5%)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 3 isolates (3.75%) proteus spp, 1 isolate (1.25%)
Enterobacter, (1.25%) Citrobacter Acinetobacter spp. 5 (6.25%), 3 isolate
(3.75%) Streptococcus Pneumonia, Enterobacter 1 (1.25%), Mycobacterium
tuberculosis 4 isolates (5%). Aqueous of cold extract were investigated for their
antibacterial activities against bacteria not effect. Hot water extract can inhibit
the growth of microorganisms. Oil extract of Origanum magorana effect on
E.coli and Staphylococcus aurous.
Key words: Origanum margorana, antibacterial.

A number of male rats (40) were used to test the protective efficacy of
verapamil a calcium channel blocker (CCB) against gentamicin nephrotoxicity.
They were divided into four groups: group-1 control, giving only water, group
2, they were administered gentamicin IP 80 mg/Kg, group-3, administered
verapamil orally 10 mg/Kg and group-4 administered gentamicin and verapamil
at the same time. The period of study was 10 days.
Nephrotoxicity was induced by using gentamicin for 7 days; this was
evidenced by marked elevation in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) andplasma
creatinine (Pcr) when compared with control. BUN increased from 20±1.4 to
205±7 and Pcr from 0.75±0.08 to 4.2±0.3 mg/100 ml). Coadministration of
verapamil with gentamicin decreased the rise in BUN and Pcr, their values
reached to 90±13 and 1.5±0.9 mg/100 ml respectively.
Our data suggest that supplementation of verapamil decreased the severity
of acute renal failure (ARF) in rats, this supports previous studies in which
CCBs offer renoprotection in ARF, the exact mechanism of this protection need
further study.
Key words: Acute renal failure, Plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, calcium channel blockers, Endothelium derived relaxing factor

One hundred samples (63% females, 37% males) from periodontal
patients. Clinical and bacterial examinations were done. More than 4 different
genuses of bacteria were present in these infection Bacteroides spp,
Fusobacterium spp were most frequently isolated followed by Streptococcus
spp. Pigmented bacilli and non spore forming bacilli which was present in few
cases.
These results are showed that the gingiva tend to retarn more normaly in
group of patients using 3-4 times daily by rubbing the gingiva all round with the
inner surface of banana skin until all the strap is finished.
The aqueous extraction of banana skin show very effective against aerobic and anaerobic isolated from periodontal diseases.