AL-ANBAR University Journal of Law and Political Sciences

The obligation of ensure safety is one of the important obligations Devoted by the French judiciary, especially after the great development that the world has witnessed in all areas of life, especially in the medical field, as many diseases and epidemics have appeared, and many vaccines, treatments, devices and medical equipment have been invented and developed. Possible damages and effects to the patient or the therapist that affected his life and the safety of his body, and since medical work in general, especially in the field of vaccines against diseases and epidemics, is not without complications and harmful effects that may befall its recipients, which raises the question of the content of the commitment to safety in the field of vaccines against epidemics. Determining the party responsible for ensuring this safety and the provisions of this commitment in this field, especially in light of the sudden emergence and the widespread and rapid spread of the Corona Virus (19-COVID) epidemic at the level of all countries, including Iraq, and the difficulty of confronting this epidemic by traditional means of vaccines and treatments, and doubts Which still revolves around the extent of its success and effectiveness in preventing or limiting this epidemic, and the presence of side effects accompanying it, as the information available about it is still incomplete. In this research, we will try to answer all these questions.

Electronic currencies in their various forms raise a number of legal and regulatory issues that must be taken care of, and this includes finding a set of acceptable means for documenting and protecting information. The first topic of this research presents the various definitions that have been developed to define electronic currencies, their characteristics as well as their different forms. As for the second topic, we have devoted it to discussing what calls us towards a legal regulation of the issuance of electronic currencies.

Our research, which is tagged with the privacy of the contesting through the appeal, came to head its concept and present its characteristics. It is one of the ordinary methods of contesting in civil judicial rulings. It is linked to the idea of judicial hierarchy, as it allows the Court of Appeal to monitor the work of judges of the courts of first instance, and the conduct of this way of appealing judicial rulings requires the availability of The general conditions for accepting the case are not about the availability of certain conditions, as the appellant must be a losing litigant in the initial case, and that the judgment be subject to appeal by methods of contesting, and that the contesting is submitted within its legal period, unless the convict has forfeited his right to appeal.
Reviewing the contesting by way of appeal requires taking certain legal measures, as the contesting must be submitted with a petition accompanied by the payment of legal fees, which will result in the suspension of implementation of the contested judgment unless it is covered by the expedited enforcement, and the case is transferred to the Court of Appeal to address the subject of the dispute if it decides to rescind the appealed judgment, as was done. Explanation of the privacy enjoyed by the contesting by way of appeal by distinguishing it from the other appeal to determine its legal framework and delineate the boundaries that separate it from other ways of appeal so that its features become clear and its truth becomes apparent.

The law aims to protect rights, freedoms and interests in order to satisfy the needs of the individual and society alike, and since the individual is a member of the members that make up human societies, based on this membership and by virtue of human nature, rights and freedoms are generated for him to satisfy his multiple needs, and that these rights and freedoms are connected in other branches of law, Accordingly, the Penal Code is closer to these rights than those other branches, as it was established in order to protect these rights, by criminalizing everything that affects them and imposing punishment on it, such as assaulting the right to property, even if these rights and freedoms are dealt with by other branches of law, such as the Civil Code, which dealt with its concept and systems of provisions in detail, As the original domicile of it, the Penal Code has provided criminal protection for these rights and stipulated severe penalties for those who abuse them when the elements of the crime are available. Then it moved to the Penal Code to contribute to solving many of the difficulties and problems that arise before the criminal justice, as the effect of possession lies in the adaptation of crimes and then determining the punishment for each crime, whether possession is complete or incomplete.

Investment in all its forms is an important pillar in our time, to bring foreign capital to the state in the event that it is successfully and correctly applied, as well as establishing and establishing new, advanced and modern projects. The Iraqi legislator tried through the enactment of the Investment Law No. (13) For the year 2006 and its amendment No. (2) For the year 2010 and (50) for the year 2015 to provide a strong legal environment for Iraqi or foreign investors, by stipulating in the law the provision of lands by the state to investors in their projects in exchange for paying them relatively low rental fees, as well as offering attractive customs and tax exemptions, represented by providing guarantees to investors. Not to nationalize or confiscate their projects.

Corona pandemic is one of the important topics that occupied legal jurisprudence in general, and it became clear that this pandemic had an impact on many legal actions in society, so we turned in this research to study the extent of this pandemic's impact on administrative contracts. This pandemic may be viewed as an emergency circumstance on the one hand, and a force majeure on the other, and that the theory of force majeure and the emergency circumstance have many similarities on the one hand, but there are differences between them, resulting in different impacts on administrative contracts. Therefore, in the first chapter, we discussed is the extent to which this pandemic can be adapted to the emergency situation , and that will result in financial imbalance of the administrative contract, which is followed by the necessity to compensate the contractor with the administration to help the contractor face this circumstance and restore the financial balance of the contract. However, in the second chapter we discussed the adaptation of the pandemic as force majeure, the extent to which force majeure conditions are available in this pandemic, and the application of these conditions to the Corona pandemic may lead to terminate the contract because of the impossibility of implementation under this adaptation.

This research an attempt to shed light on the origins of Roma, their nature, their living, and the extent of their right to have Nationality of the countries in which they exist, in accordance with the principles that are accepted by the International community in the field of Nationality. Considering that the right to nationality is one of the basic human rights listed in global declaration of human rights 1948 and the Institutes, Collective International agreements with legal character which includes Roma in their provisions, as they an integral part of the human community for which these documents were issued to guarantee their rights to naturalization, to ensure the activation of this right by the states parties to the relevant conventions, and to follow up its implementation to guarantee it .Put in consideration that there are many countries refuse, till now, to give Roma their nationality even in European countries that claim leadership in the field of Human rights.

Research problem: The research problem revolves around what are the deterrent means available to the administration in ensuring the implementation of laws and systems regulating agricultural exploitation and respect for their rules, deterring violations that occur in violation of the provisions of those legislation, and the legitimacy of the administration’s specialization in inflicting deterrent administrative penalties.
The importance of the research: The importance of this topic stems from the importance of preserving agricultural exploitation as agricultural land and yields, for the purpose of achieving food security, which is one of the most important factors for maintaining public order in society, achieving food security to preserve public health and the environment, as well as its importance In achieving public tranquility and economic development.
Research Methodology: In this research, we followed the analytical approach, by analyzing the legal texts related to the problem in agricultural legislation in Iraq, and showing their adequacy to address the study problem through the deterrent measures included in it that the administration can use.
The results and solutions that resulted from the research: Through our research on the subject, it was found that the administration is allowed to resort to direct forced execution to ensure the implementation of laws and regulations related to agricultural exploitation in the event of a violation of their provisions by professionals in agricultural activity, or their abstention from implementing the decisions it issues in this regard. It has the right to stop the implementation of the violating actions, restore the situation to what it was and remove the violations through the administrative way, and it has the right to impose financial administrative penalties on violators, such as imposing financial fines and administrative confiscation, as well as non-financial penalties such as issuing a warning and withdrawing the license granted to practice a specific activity, and it also has the right to discipline specialized employees in the event of their violation to their job duties in accordance with the provisions of the legislation, but the administration does not impose freedom-depriving penalties even if it is stipulated in agricultural legislation; Because it violates the provisions of the Constitution in force.

Reservations to international conventions are among the complex issues in international law. Because each country seeks to formulate the provisions of the agreement in accordance with what is consistent with its legal system, culture and customs, which makes international agreements turn into a list of selective options for the implementation of international obligations, which leads to raising many legal problems. If this is the case in international agreements، then reservations to international agreements of a humanitarian nature are، in addition, a sensitive issue due to their importance and universality. International conventions of a humanitarian nature do not establish a set of rules for the protection of human rights in the face of states only, but also in the face of individuals. The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties adopted a legal system for reservations, according to which it gave states intending to accede the right to make reservations. The reservation system makes it easier for countries to amend or exclude from the provisions of the Convention what they deem inconsistent with their various interests and systems. Thus, this system has played a prominent role in encouraging countries to join these agreements, increasingly.
Therefore, this research aims to study the concept of reservation and clarify its definition, types and upbringing in the light of international conventions of a humanitarian character.

Achieving a balance between the principle of humanity and military advantage on the one hand and the state of necessity on the other is one of the basic requirements in international humanitarian law as it strikes a balance between two opposing rules of its rules, namely humanity and military advantage and necessity. Therefore, this balance is a condition for controlling the behavior of the parties to armed conflicts in order to protect Civilians, and their related objects and property, and defines the situations in which the use of force by them is permitted in order to humanize international wars and restrict them to the principles of international humanitarian law.

The issue of Iranian policy toward Kenya since 1979 is one of the issues that has not been highlighted as it should, so this study came to trace the course of Iranian policy toward Kenya since the period after the Iranian revolution until now, as well as knowing its goals, which ranged from what is political The search aims to find new allies to strengthen its regional role and restore the glories of its empire based on historical and ideological considerations, and between what is economic aims to create an outlet to evade international economic sanctions, either by importing Kenyan products or exporting Iranian goods to Kenyan markets, as well as searching for new markets to sell as well as research On the uranium mineral, and between what is military and security aimed at establishing new military arms loyal to it to enhance its influence and strengthen its position regarding the nuclear program, and between what is cultural aimed at supporting Islamic minorities in this Christian republic to create intellectual, religious and local political lobbies loyal to it to pressure the Kenyan government to support causes of the Iranian side.

The research "Ancient trends in Chinese political thought" is exposed to the problem of ((Does the understanding of Chinese political thought necessitate invoking the ancient heritage of values, traditions and ideas that contribute to the growth and progress of society and the state?)), and is based on the premise that "Chinese political thought is characterized by originality and innovation." And endurance and continuity within the system of the political, social and educational environment that contributed to its existence and the creation of the Chinese national identity of society and helped to establish the development and development of the state, through the use of the historical method and the descriptive method, and the results came to prove the hypothesis in the affirmative, and the research concluded that Chinese thought does not use straight-line or dialectical methods, and that the four ancient school : from the morality of the curriculum and discourse of the Confucian school to the school The Taoist inaction, passing through the opinions of the utilitarian school of Mohism and the contributions of the school of legalism in building the state and its provisions.

The fundamental objective of the research is to present an overall assessment regarding the role of Iraqi women in political participation in the Iraqi parliament after 2003, due to changes in the political level of the country, taking into account the year 2005, as the beginning of the study, since in this year the first Iraqi government was formed , taking into account giving women an important place in the political life of Iraqi society, and this was considered an achievement for Iraqi women to reach the Iraqi parliament through a participation rate of 25% representation, i.e., the so-called "quota". granted to Iraqi women through the Iraqi constitution of 2005.
The findings of the study showed that the Iraqi woman was able, to reach to the Iraqi parliament, by the proportional representation process, whereby a women play an important role in participating in decision-making process and defend about the rights of Iraqi society components, despite of its in simple representative , but they have influential role in the political life of the Iraqi people.

Democratic representation appears to be under increasing pressure in many well-established democracies, such as Greece and Spain. Chile also follows this trend, but there are some differences that make the Chilean case distinctive, and Chile is broadly one of the most cohesive democracies in Latin America with an economic performance Strong, however, citizens have demonstrated decreasing levels of satisfaction with democracy and representative institutions, and turn to protest and social mobilization to express their discontent. The paradox that Chile faces today is the mismatch between the attitudes of voters and the overall performance of the system. In explaining this intriguing conundrum, Most of the policy studies emphasized the legacy of institutions inherited from military rule, and despite the existence of institutions, they are not suited to the challenges facing the political system. Chile became independent from Spanish colonial rule since 1818 and has witnessed many changes in government since then, and the first rule By the Supreme Director, the country plunged into political turmoil in 1823, and conservatives controlled the country from 1830 to 1861, establishing An authoritarian republican government created the Chilean Constitution of 1833. Ultimately, the liberals rebelled and took control from 1861 to 1891, continuing to rule under the 1833 constitution, and from 1891 to 1925 the constitution was amended to give the president more power. In response to a failing economy, the coup The successful military in 1973 brought Chile into a military regime until 1990, when the citizens voted not to allow the military leader to carry out another term, a new president and Congress were elected, and the country transitioned to a representative democratic republic.