Journal of Imam Al-Kadhum College

By the grace of God Almighty, in this research, I dealt with important aspects of the advancement of the human soul in its emotions and fluctuations in life, and I chose this topic for its importance in our lives, and for the need of every human being in general and the Muslim in particular to be attached to hope and a bright outlook and not to despair, with the importance of leaving frustration and relying on sorrow and attachment With the pain of the past, and all of this is carried by the description of optimism and optimism, and this title was discussed from various aspects, starting with the definition of the term optimism and foresight, then a statement of its legitimacy in our religion and its importance, with an explanation of what is related to pessimism and superstition, due to their close connection to this topic.
And I saw that it is important to pay attention to setting controls in the value of optimism and foresight, in terms of the legal controls in it, with knowledge and clarification of the sections of optimism and optimism, and mentioning examples of that from the verses of the Holy Qur’an, and the noble hadith of the Prophet. Then, in order to clarify what is related to the title of the research, I saw that I give examples About optimism and optimism in the lives of some of the prophets (peace be upon them), they are the noble model that you follow in our advocacy journey in life, with an explanation of the harsh things that befell them, and the severe dealings with those who disagree with them in the faith, and yet they were in the clearest forms of optimism, optimism and hope God Almighty.
It also mentioned rational aspects of the value of optimism and foresight through its close relationship with the blessed names of God, whose meanings one would find that they all shine with the light of optimism and blessed hope, which every one of us seeks, and I ask God to make this research acceptance and success.

This study makes an effort to raise questions that are prompted by the contemplative method that the Holy Qur'an recommends, regarding it as a defense of creation. Instead, it separated the two types of responses to the Qur'anic text into two categories: closed-hearted and reflective. Do they not think about the Qur'an, or are their hearts locked up? This issue raises the following queries: What duty do We have toward the Quranic text? Is it possible for someone to understand the Qur'an purely via contemplation? What are the techniques for contemplation? Exist any requirements for someone to be considered prudent? Do the wise take into account interpreter? What connection exists between contemplation and interpretation? Is there a connection between meditation and what the Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family) meant when he said that he would bring his words, his deeds, and his choice to the Book of Allah Almighty? How can thought be kept from being influenced by interpretation or opinion? Through its investigation, the study will attempt to provide answers to these concerns and matters relevant to them.

The legal discourse includes all the religious texts of the Qur’an and narratives, and in this research paper, I devoted the effort to search for the jurisprudential dimension of the legal discourses in the Holy Qur’an and the accompanying discourse of the order of rulings that pervade or pertain to a group of taxpayers.

The research tagged "The facilitator of purity when earthquakes occur - a jurisprudential study -" dealt with the statement of the facilitated provisions of the sayings of jurists when earthquakes occur
And highlights the importance of the subject in the human need to facilitate in purity if earthquakes occur, has come Sharia easy and lift the embarrassment of the taxpayers Vardna in our research to show the extent of the breadth of Sharia and tolerance and take the easiest of the sayings of jurists to lift the embarrassment of the taxpayer, has required the nature of the research on the introduction and two sections and conclusion
The introduction has included the importance of the subject and its causes, and the first section has included a statement of the concept of earthquake and its causes and related words, and the second section has included a statement of issues related to purity when the earthquake occurs, and the conclusion has deposited a summary of its findings .

Islamic Sharia is an integrated system that includes all aspects of worldly and hereafter life. and its inclusion of worldly life on the individual and social level, and on the material and moral level, and there is no defect in this system even in the slightest degree; Because the author of this system is the Creator of the universe and man, who knows absolutely all the peculiarities of his creation and what suits them in every time and place. And for the perfection of this Sharia was suitable to be the conclusion of religions and laws, and it is the Sharia required of every human being until the Day of Resurrection, and one of the peculiarities of this Sharia is that it organized the material aspect of the human being, which represents the important aspect in life, as ensuring a decent life for every human being is an important goal that people strive for It established laws for earning and spending laws in order to achieve the desired goal, and it was mandated to give money to those who need it, and it promised a great reward for those who do in compliance with the divine command.

The Unity of Existence is a philosophical doctrine that says that God and nature are one reality, and that God is the real existence, and they consider God the image of this created world. It has proof in the travels, and it is what he said in his book, The Transcendental Wisdom: ((The simple truth is all things)) and the people of mysticism and philosophy followed him, including Sayyid Muhammad Husayn al-Tabatabai and Sayyid Ali al-Qadi, his teacher (may God have mercy on them both)
There is still debate about the issue of (unity of existence) between theologians and philosophers. Some of them believe that it is true, and some of them infer its invalidity. In any case, one should not delve into these philosophical issues except after studying the science of theology and understanding the doctrinal structures through the Book and the Sunnah, just as This is confirmed by most scholars and jurists.

Abstract:The exchange of goods has played a very important role in human life, and its form has undergone many changes so that people can meet their needs in easier and safe ways. In the year 2009, the global economy witnessed a new form of transactions that were carried out by digital currencies and it did not face the problems of other transactions. Since then, digital currencies have gradually gained a very important place in global financial and economic relations, This is due to the inability of governments and banks to intervene and the absence of a central bank, in addition to the implementation of all activities such as publishing, processing and validating transactions by the electronic network. One of the most prominent types of digital currencies is the Bitcoin currency, which is used today in many transactions in Islamic and non-Islamic societies and has a huge amount of financial resources. Since this issue is one of the emerging and very important issues whose jurisprudence must be known, this research came to address this subject according to the jurisprudential rulings resulting from knowing the reality of digital currencies “Bitcoin as a model” and their characteristics. And we have concluded that it is permissible to deal in digital currencies by selling and the like; This is due to the problem with the legal evidence mentioned during the research, which was established by the jurists on the prohibition of selling it. Most notably, the sale of these currencies is included in the rule of prohibition of deception.

Praise be to God, by whose grace good deeds are accomplished, and may blessings and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad and his family and companions, and after: The issue of fundamentalist differences is one of the most important topics that scholars of assets have taken care of, as it removes forms and removes the confusion between many fundamentalist terms that are almost similar in appearance to a large extent and differ in their essence. and its meaning Which results in a difference in the rulings based on them, so there is a great need here to define the limits and differentiate between the limited, so the scholars of the origins were interested in mentioning the differences in separate places of their works when there are forms or similarities between two similar terms, the research dealt with the difference between the obligation and the obligation to perform according to Imam Al-Zarkashi A comparative fundamental study He concluded with a number of results, the most important of which are: Imam al-Zarkashi did not differentiate between obligation and obligation of performance, which is the doctrine of most scholars, and some Hanafi masters differentiate between obligation and obligation of performance, and that the distinction between them has an impact on the rulings based on each of the two terms.

This research takes care of the inverted logic in argumentative practices of a fallacious nature, and the origins of its formation in communicative processes, which has become a branch of the science of pilgrims, well as the identification of areas of work, and the contexts required by this logic, especially that it is based on (results), and even that (results) are the pillar of the introductions that lead to it; on the basis of this logic that goes from the results to the introductions is called (inverted logic), and this is contrary to the formal mental logic. Hence the argumentative fallacies gained importance because they are based on the philosophy of difference based on objection and counter-objection, proof and counter-proof, and this logical pattern was common to the ancients, especially in the Greek philosophical heritage, and the emergence of Aristotelian logic was a reaction to the fallacious Sophist activity.

This study, tagged with (Description in the Poetry of Al-Buhtari) began with a brief presentation of the poet’s life and the most important poetic purposes in which he organized, and the research consisted of an introduction and two sections. And then I devoted the second topic to talk about the descriptions included in his poetry, such as describing palaces and Riyadh, describing the night and the wolf and others, using adequate models from Al-Buhturi's poetry, concluding the research with the most prominent results that I reached, including the poet's abundance of innovated improvements, and his dependence on linguistic structures, such as addition repetition, etc.; To convey and confirm the poetic image, and to resort to colors and make them meet and blend; To combine his sensory images with imagination, with his selection of words and ideas, relying on imagination, drawing on the data of nature.

The concept of moral externalization refers to the tendency of individuals to use cognitive means that disrupt organizing processes Moral self and causes individuals to make unethical decisions most of the time without any sense of guilt to provide excuses to commit immoral acts, and individuals use moral exclusion in order to get rid of conflict and anxiety and stress caused by the harmful act.

The current research aims to identify the level of bystander behavior among middle school students, as well as the significance of the differences in bystander behavior among middle school students according to the gender variable (male, female). -2023), and the number is (20,728) male and female students, and the research sample was chosen randomly, amounting to (300) male and female students. The researcher also used the appropriate statistical methods to reach the required research results, and the researcher reached each of the following results:
1- Middle school students have a high degree of bystander behavior.
2- There are statistically significant differences in the bystander behavior variable according to gender (male, female) in favor of females.
The researcher also made several recommendations and proposals according to the results of the current research.

Islamic civilization has many aspects and diverse drinks, in which morality occupies an important and large aspect of it because it stems from the human being as its engine, as morals represent the spiritual dimension and the true essence on which states are based in their emergence and their development through historical eras, and at the same time they are the secret of their survival and immortality throughout the history of generations. Naturally, if this aspect is engulfed, the aspects of civilization are warned of danger or demise, and we do not exaggerate if we say that the morals and values witnessed by Islamic civilization have surpassed their counterparts in other civilizations, thanks to Islam, the tolerant Sharia, and what it recommended in adopting those noble values, and therefore It became a matter of interest to Westerners, including the Orientalists, so they began embodying it in their books and writings.
On the other hand: The orientalists have scrutinizing and critical opinions on the process and life of civilizations that differed according to different orientations, ideas, and data.
The first is to introduce the author, Marshall Hood Jason, and the author, The Adventure of Islam, as one of the recent books in the arena of Arab culture. It was not printed until 2021 AD, and it is a virgin in the field of Islamic studies.
As for the second axis, it began presenting the views of the orientalists about civilizations, and the field of their survival or their demise, each according to his orientation, and his opinion until the place ended for the third axis, which deals with the new idea put forward by Hood Jason, which is the moral dimension of Islamic civilization. The positive vision of Islamic civilization.

In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, and praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the best of creation and the seal of the messengers the honorable Prophet Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family, and after...
We will discuss the hadith and the study of a number of Qur’anic stories that were mentioned in the Bible, which Christians adopt as a heavenly book that God Almighty sent down to guide them in their rulings, legislation, and laws of their lives. It is known that there are only four Gospels that were approved by the official church in the late second century AD. These gospels are due to the fact that Christ (PBUH) did not leave a written trace, but rather oral teachings and a biography of his life. In fact, the Gospels that we know today were not the first written effect that the early Christians used to work with, as they were preceded by the letters of Paul the Apostle that appeared successively between the year 51 and the year 67 AD. It was the year in which he was martyred in the city of Rome during the widespread wave of persecution against Christians in the days of Emperor Nero, but Paul's letters themselves did not contain anything regarding the life of Christ or his deeds, sayings and miracles. And Paul's teachings begin with the risen Christ, Lord and Savior, and end with Him. He did not refer with a single word to the Virgin Mary (PBUH), nor to the miraculous birth of Christ, nor to the events that led to his trial and crucifixion, and this means that forty years Or the like has passed since the death of Christ without the church having an approved document regarding him, but rather a group of messages of a theological nature whose main subject is not focused on the life of Christ, but rather on the salvific effects of his crucifixion, death and resurrection.
And when most of the members of the generation who heard about Jesus directly or heard from the disciples of Christ died, bringing with them their memories and direct impressions, the differences and contradictions within the early Church surfaced, and there was an urgent need to write down the life and teachings of Jesus, with the aim of confirming the Christian belief on the one hand, or affirming This or that group's point of view. Thus, the four Gospels appeared in succession, which were attributed either to personalities from the era of the prophecy of Christ, such as Mark and Luke, or to his direct disciples, such as Matthew and John. All of these Gospels were written in the Greek language, which was the language of culture in that era. Matthew, the Gospel of Mark, the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John), in addition to these Gospels, the Christian Bible contains a number of books, namely: the letters of Paul the Apostle, the letters of James, two letters to Peter, three letters to John, the letter of Judas and the Acts of the Apostles attributed to Luke, in addition to These books were considered canonical and written under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. There are a number of Gospels that were not sanctioned by the official Church, and falsely considered them to the names of prominent figures in the New Testament, such as the Gospel of Jacob, the Gospel of Jacob, the Gospel of Matthew, the Arab Bible, and the Israeli Gospel of Thomas. And the history of Youssef Al-Najjar. Most of these gospels are concerned with the history of Mary's family, her childhood and her previous life, the birth and childhood of Christ, and other topics that did not receive much attention from the authors of the official gospels.
Although these gospels remained on the sidelines of the official books of the New Testament, they were widely circulated and played an important role in providing rich material to the popular imagination and Christian piety. Modern, such as the birth of the Virgin, her presentation to the Temple, the nativity cave, and the angel’s annunciation to Mary as she sits weaving the veil of the Temple. It also provided rich material for music and church hymns, and some of its events became festive religious occasions, such as the feast of the Ascension of the Virgin Mary.
At the beginning of the seventh century AD, at the advent of Islam, the Christian world was drowning in the apocryphal Gospels, and the central church had not completely succeeded in standardizing the Christian belief and eliminating what it called heresies that carried ideas and visions that were inconsistent with the decisions of the successive ecumenical councils since the Council of Nicaea in the year 325 m.
This means that the Qur’an was revealed in a cultural climate fraught with controversy between Christians and Jews on the one hand, between Christianity and paganism on the other, and between rival Christian sects on the third. Among the stories and stories mentioned in the Gospels, especially those that represent the New Testament recognized by the Church.
Here, in this research, we will return to these Gospels approved by the Church, and trace some points of convergence with the similar stories mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, because the Qur’anic narrative contains rich material similar to that of the Gospels, and the aim behind that is to show the similarity between the Biblical narrative and the novel Quranic; Which makes the Qur’anic novel more like a novel based on an internal Christian controversy, not on a controversy between two different religions, and we will also, through the folds of the research, make a comparison between Christian theology, which was woven slowly and over several centuries by the decisions of the Ecumenical Councils, and the theology of the Holy Qur’an as reflected in its controversy with People of the book.
Is there any similarity or difference between the Holy Qur’an, which is a guidance for all people, including other religions, and the Bible, which is the law of the Christian religion?
This is what we will study in our research by presenting an introduction and one chapter with two chapters and a conclusion, provided that the methodology is complete and the information is correct presented in an understandable and sound manner, with an illustration of a set of examples and evidence taken from the Holy Qur’an and the Bible that tells the subject of fasting in both the Qur’an and the Holy Qur’an.

After the end of the American-Mexican War in 1848, Mexican Americans people suffered from exclusion and marginalization due to the great disregard for the provisions of the Guadalupe Hidalgo treaty that was signed between the two parties in the same year, which called for the enjoyment of freedom, property, and religion for Mexican Americans people and their settlement in the western United States of America. But they were classified as second-class citizens by land registration laws and electoral laws that required knowledge of reading and writing in English as a qualification to vote, and as a school system dominated by white Americans, Mexican Americans people were forced to struggle to promote recognition of their cultural values and access to civil rights.
In the 1940s, Chicano was a derogatory name for the children of Mexican immigrants living in the United States. White Americans used it because they did not believe the Chicanos were native Americans, and people from Mexico used it because they did not believe the Chicanos were indigenous Mexicans . After several decades of mistreatment and naming, Mexican-Americans decided to adopt the term "Chicano" as a symbol of ethnic pride, and then the name was given to the Mexican-American civil rights movement that intensified in the 1960s.

Abstract : After the end of World War I in 1918, and the withdrawal of the Ottoman forces from Yemen, Yemen gained its independence, and it continued to look at the Western countries and everything they offer with a look of doubt and suspicion for many reasons, foremost of which is Western ambitions in the Arab countries and the resulting Western colonial expansion and the establishment of areas of influence in regions Different from the Arab countries, so Imam Yahya worked since taking power in 1918, to keep Yemen away from any foreign interference, and the treaties that were concluded during his reign with Western countries did not lead to the development of those relations much on the ground, and Yemen remained throughout his reign , The kingdom closed to all that is foreign.
The importance of the research: Tracking the political developments in Yemen led to asking a set of questions to achieve the goal and importance of the research, including: What is Imam Yahya's internal and external policy and what are the most important obstacles that directly affected that policy? Did Imam Ahmed, who came after the death of his father, succeed in modifying the course of Yemeni politics, and how did he face the internal opposition, especially after the 1955 coup, the 1959 uprising in Yemen, and the attempt to assassinate him in 1961?

Apstract: The research talked about one of the prominent stylistic features in recent studies, which is displacement Definition of displacement phenomena and their divisions. Displacement in the language: (it is the disappearance of something and its removal, and it is said that the thing is removed, it is removed, if it is gone) As for in idiomatically, it is a departure from the usual or what the apparent necessitates, or it is a departure from the standard for a purpose intended by the speaker, or it came with the will of the mind, but it serves the text in one way or another and to varying degrees. It is the poet's artistic ability to form relationships between expressions to create creative horizons for texts, and among the manifestations of displacement that the research examined in the study: manifestations of semantic displacement from metaphor and analogy) and manifestations of synthetic displacement from introduction and delay - deletion, turning around, and bringing poetic evidence to them. A poet with a long history in the field of poetry, Khasab al-Qariha, was distinguished by his linguistic purchase, from which he draws from the extent that opened his poetic horizons, and his cultural and literary stock resulting from his environment that provided him with the heritage and cultural background, in addition to his fondness for reading and reading literature books and Arabic collections.

كان للصحافة العراقية لا سيما في العهد الملكي دورٌ كبيرٌ في توثيق الأحداث سواء اكانت سياسية أو اقتصادية أو اجتماعية، لأنها عاشت الحدث وأصبحت شاهد عيان فيه، ولم تدع صغيرة أو كبيرة إلا وسلطت الضوء عليها، بغية الوصول إلى معالجات وحلول مفيدة تسهم في تصحيح الواقع الذي عاشه العراق في ذلك العهد. من بين تلك الصحف، برزت جريدة \\"الصاعقة\\" البغدادية، التي أعطت حقل التعليم أهمية خاصة، لما له من تأثيرٍ واضحٍ على الفردِ والمجتمع على حدٍ سواء.
من هذا المنطلق، جاء اختيارنا لهذا الموضوع الذي حمل عنوان \\"موقف جريدة الصاعقة من المؤسسات التربوية في العراق الملكي 1952-1953 انموذجاً\\"، لنتحدث فيه عن المؤسسات التربوية في العراق، ابتداءً من وزارة المعارف بوصفها قمة الهرم التعليمي في البلد ودور وزرائها في هذه المدة، مروراً بمجلسِ التعليم العالي الذي تأسس مطلع خمسينيات القرن الماضي، وفكرة إنشاء جامعة بغداد التي اخذت حيزاً كبيراً من اهتمام الجريدة، والمجمع العلمي العراقي، وانتهاءً بكليةِ الحقوق العريقة، وبيت الحكمة، وكلية الصيدلة والكيماء.

Abstract:This research aims to find out the extent to which presenters of political programs in Iraqi satellite channels adhere to professional, ethical and responsibility standards from the point of view of academics in the field of media. The importance of the research comes from the scarcity of studies that dealt with the media performance of program presenters, especially political ones, at the local level, which constitutes a new media source for researchers. The research reached results, the most important of which are:
1/ The commitment of presenters of political programs in Iraqi satellite channels to professional media performance standards is generally high, at a rate of 76%.
2/ The commitment of political program presenters in Iraqi satellite channels to ethical media performance standards is generally high, with a rate of 69.29%.
3/ Commitment of presenters of political programs in Iraqi satellite channels to media performance standards in terms of social responsibility, with a high rate of 71.67%.

Investigating ambiguity in political statements is the goal of the current study. More adequately, it clarifies the lexical and structural ambiguities that are used by Vince Cable as a member of the British Liberal Democrats in 2018. The importance of this speech lies in the fact that it discusses the Brexit argument which is about the issue of leaving the European Union for Britain. Moreover, it presents some other crucial issues like racism, immigration, and economy. This paper provides a theoretical background on ambiguity and its relavant types. Two methods are chosen for analysing the data: descriptive (analysing the data descriptively) and statistical (analysing the data statistically by using frequencies and percentages). It is found that the speaker employs lexical ambiguity more than he does with structural ambiguity with percentages that amount to (75%) and (25%), respectively. It is concluded that lexical ambiguity is more appropriate for achieving linguistic ambiguity than structural one.

The substantial progress that the nation has witnessed in its preparations for the 2022 World Cup, aligned with the goals set for 2030, will be a significant and lasting legacy of the tournament. As part of this initiative, seven state-of-the-art stadiums have been built from scratch. The hosting of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar marked the first time the tournament took place in the Middle East or any Arab country. Over the course of the tournament, nearly one million spectators traveled to the region, providing many with their first exposure to Arab culture. While Qatari people often dress in traditional attire, tourists and expatriates are seen wearing a wide range of styles. Tourists have the freedom to dress in traditional Qatari clothing if they wish to do so. The Qatari culture places high importance on strong and stable families. Restaurants, shopping centers, museums, and even fan zones are all welcoming and open to young visitors at any time, day or night.
Adding insult to injury, alcohol is not prominently featured in Qatar. Only hotels, taverns, and restaurants with proper permits are authorized venues for legal alcohol consumption. It is against the law to consume alcoholic beverages outside of these approved establishments. The State of Qatar strictly enforces a zero-tolerance policy regarding the importation of alcoholic beverages. To avoid having their alcohol confiscated upon arrival in Qatar, tourists should refrain from bringing any alcoholic beverages from their home country or purchasing duty-free items along the way. Public displays of affection are not part of the local tradition, but meeting new people and enjoying their company are highly valued. However, Qatar offers alternative forms of entertainment. It is customary to have some cash on hand to provide gratuities for services, particularly in the hospitality industry.

Sam Shepard (1943-2017) was born to Sam Rogers the sixth and Jane Elaine Schook Rogers on Nov. 1943 in Fort Sheridan, Illinois. To keep the family tradition, he was nicknamed Steve to distinguish him from his father who was a military man. The family was moving from a place to another before staying in a farm in California where they raised sheep and grew avocados. At the age of eleven and while Shepard was studying at school, he received a copy of Samuel Beckett's Waiting For Godot from one of his friends which was a new experience for him. In 1963, Shepard moved to New York where his talent of writing developed. He found himself in the middle of a rapidly transforming social and cultural world. At that time, he changed his name from Steve Rogers to Sam Shepard to break his heredity of the name and to distance himself from the ties of the family. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1978 due to his masterpiece Buried Child.

Sam Shepard ( 1943 – 2017 ), USA. He was a celebrated American dramatist author, actor, a screenwriter and a director. He lived a difficult childhood through moving around several American army bases until his father’s retirement from the army. Due to Shepard’s father’s growing alcoholism and lack of responsibility for his family, young Shepard developed a disagreed relationship with his father, admiring his courage and hard-working personality, yet scorning him for his irresponsibility and unpredictable moods. Shepard's Buried Child, was first presented at the Magic Theatre in San Francisco, where Shepard was a playwright in residence from 1974 to 1984. The first appearance of the play was in 1978 and it won a unique prize, the Pulitzer Prize in 1979. The play was described by its author as a "typical Pulitzer Prize winning play". Buried Child, then received fine critical appreciation that reflected its successful revival.

The Emperor Jones is a psychological study of the mind, fears, visions, and dreams of Brutus Jones, the protagonist of the work. In the same piece, Tom-Tom symbolizes the last heartbeat and death of a person. Jones's awareness is expressed in his technique of cinematic flashbacks linking past and present. Symbolism and psychology merge here and the whole play becomes one long drama. Eugene O'Neill compresses the summary of an event of trauma into eight scenes, expressing the personal and collective trauma of an individual and a society caused by a distorted sense of self and one’s concept of identity with respect to political repression as well as cultural colonization. By externalizing the symptoms of psychological trauma in the reconstruction of Black identity together with nationalism, O'Neill’s play symbolically lets readers participate in perceptions of the evolution of trauma and the ongoing threat of psychosocial trauma.