Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences

The precision of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems is reliant upon their technical attributes and reliability in producing the designated restorations. The evaluation of this precision is primarily conducted through the examination of the marginal and internal fitness of said restorations. Consequently, the objective of this research endeavor was to analyze and compare the marginal and internal fitness of zirconia crowns fabricated using various CAD/CAM systems. The samples were categorized into four groups, each consisting of 10 samples, based on the specific CAD/CAM equipment employed for crown fabrication as follows: Group I fabricated using Sirona CAD\\CAM milling machine, Group II fabricated using Dentium CAD\\CAM machine, Group III fabricated using XTCERA CAD\\CAM machine and Group IV fabricated using IMES-ICORE CAD\\CAM machine. Tooth preparation done following the guidelines recommended by KATANA TM Zirconia (Kurary Noritake Dental Inc., Japan). To ensure standardization, one CAD/CAM program designed parameters was selected to be used for all CAD/CAM machines. Cement thickness was directly measured using sectioning technique to assess the crown\'s internal and marginal fitness. After performing sectioning, measurements were conducted using a digital microscope with a magnification of 230x. Eleven predetermined measuring locations were selected for each sample, representing four distinct areas: two marginal points, two chamfer points, four axial points, and three occlusal points. Results showed that none of four CAD\\CAM machines tested was able to accurately reproduce the designed cement space parameter except Group I (Sirona) showed the closest results. As a conclusion, no CAD\\CAM system is 100% accurate however, crowns fabricated using Sirona CAD\\CAM milling machine showed the closest recordings to selected parameters among other CAD\\CAM milling machines tested.

Background: In the current study, two wt. concentrations of strontium titanate (SrTiO3) Nano powder (1% and 1.5% wt.) were added. An evaluation was conducted on some properties of heat-cured Acrylic Resin. Aim: to investigate how introducing SrTiO3 (NPs) Nanoparticles in amounts of 1% weight and 1.5% weight impacted some of the mechanical and physical properties of heat-cured denture base material and describe the results of adding (Strontium Titanate Nanoparticles) to Heat Cure Acrylic Denture Base Material. Materials and methods: An Electronic Systematic Review was conducted in different databases: (Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar searches) were consulted on this topic, as well as on a hand search of the scientific literature. Published writings from 2015 to 2022 were obtained, examined, and relevant articles were chosen for this review. The online databases were used to perform a literature search for publications published until 2022, without any date or language restrictions. The overview highlights the most significant developments in this field, demonstrating how resin technology developed in many ways. Results: Acrylic Resins\\\' Mechanical and Biological Qualities have been enhanced through the surface modification of poly (methyl methacrylate), the addition of Natural or Mineral Fibers, Fillers, including Nano fillers, and/or Fillers. The post-polymerizations activity decreased the quantity of leftover monomer. New Varieties of Acrylic resins were created for the processing of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing systems and three-dimensional printing. The findings suggest that current knowledge is to use acrylic resin in different cases of dentistry with SrTiO3 NPs and acrylic resin. that consider the most esthetic material and more comfortable, good Strength and Resistance to Wear. Conclusions: that addition of SrTiO3 Nanoparticles into denture base acrylic material improves transverse Strength, Surface Hardness Values, and Glass Transition Temperature, with a Negligible decrease in Surface Roughness.

Background: Significant advancements have been observed in the additive manufacturing (AM) technology industry in recent decades. Due to the inherent variations among each AM manufacturing technique, new areas of investigation continually arise and require consideration. Additionally, the novel applications of additive manufacturing present new difficulties and possibilities for targeted focus. The aim of this manuscript is to conduct a comprehensive literature review that describes the various processing methods, precision levels, types of materials utilized, and potential applications of 3D printing technology in the field of dentistry. Data: An online search was conducted on databases including Research Gate, Google Scholar, and PubMed to identify potential applications of AM technologies in the dental industry. The most relevant studies on the subject were selected, including English-language articles published between 2006 and 2022.
Conclusion: It is feasible to incorporate a variety of AM techniques in dentistry, which has led to improved workflow and acceptable clinical results. Moreover, the different technologies of 3D printing have a broad array of potential applications, enabling the development of novel and optimized techniques to produce dental products.

Orthodontic wires facilitate the required dental adjustments in the context of orthodontic therapy. The archwire has played a crucial role in orthodontic treatment, and the increasing emphasis on aesthetic preferences from patients, as well as the development of composite and ceramic brackets, have prompted investigations into aesthetic archwires that complement these brackets. Orthodontic wires are produced using a diverse range of materials. The utilisation of all available wire types can improve patient comfort, decrease chairside time, and shorten the overall duration of treatment. The individual clinician must possess comprehensive knowledge and comprehension of the various requirements and alternatives throughout the therapeutic process. This article provides an overview of the history of materials utilised in producing orthodontic aligning archwires, the latest advancements in these materials currently accessible in the market, and the future of archwire production.

Background: Demineralization is an anticipated side effect of fixed orthodontic treatment. Incorporating antimicrobial compounds into orthodontic adhesive material may be an effective method for averting white spots. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of an orthodontic primer modified with varying quantities of chitosan nanoparticles. Materials and methods: 0%, 1%, 5%, and 10% concentrations of Chitosan nanoparticles have been combined with Transbond TM XT primer. Three discs of eight millimeters in diameter and two millimeters in thickness were constructed for each group, for a total of twelve discs. Results: included the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the Nano powder\'s properties. The data was statistically examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the results indicated statistically non-significant differences between groups (p˃0.05).
In conclusion, the addition of chitosan nanoparticles to the orthodontic adhesive system\'s primer exhibited an acceptable level of cytotoxicity and was within the appropriate ISO limits (70% cell viability).

Digital photography is of huge importance during the course of dental treatments. It’s indispensable for recording data, patient motivation, communication with the lab etc. Many photography equipment are available and used in dentistry. Using digital photography is obtaining a footstep in pediatric dentistry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of dental images made by different digital photography mediums commonly used in dental clinics and measure the acceptance of children towards dental photography.
Materials and Methods: in this study images produced by Three DSLR (digital single lens reflex) cameras along their prober lenses, one bridge camera and two smartphones with different sensor sizes were evaluated, based upon the sharpness, quality, color fidelity, and general context of the photographs. The participants were divided into three main groups: under-graduate students; graduated dentists and graduated dentists with photography experience. 20 pediatric patients were imaged using the aforementioned equipment. Results: DSLRs with macro lenses and ring flashes scored the highest means with statistically significant differences (p<0.05). From 20 pediatric patient photographed by each equipment used in this study 18 child accepted smartphone photography
Conclusion: Older DSLRS are still usable for dental photography. Kit lenses or extension tubes with camera built in flashes are not appropriate for dental photography. Bridge cameras and smartphones are not adequate for dental photography.

Plaque and enamel demineralization can occur when orthodontic archwires are present in the oral cavity because they provide a unique surface for bacterial adhesion. Bacterial biofilm plays a major role in the development of complications such dental caries and periodontal disease. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect that an esthetic surface coating of NiTi archwires would have on the adherence of mutans streptococci. Material and method: three types of coated NiTi archwires (rhodium, gold and flexy blue) and one uncoated NiTi archwire with round cross section 0.016 inch were tested in the current study. Five pieces of each types of archwire were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline for two hours. Then, these wire segments were immersed for 5, 90, and 180 minutes with mutans streptococci suspension to conduct the bacterial adhesion assay. Result: there were statistically significant differences in the degree to which bacteria adhered to the various archwires at each time interval, with the level of adhesion being statistically highest on the uncoated NiTi wire and the level being statistically lowest on the gold-coated NiTi wire (p < 0.05). The result showed that the highest bacterial adhesion in 180 min followed by 90 min and the lowest in 5 min. A positive correlation was detected between bacterial adhesion and incubation time. Conclusion: the esthetic surface coating were influence the biofilm adhesion on the archwires, gold coated significantly decrease mutans streptococci adhesion when compare with uncoated NiTi wire. Higher incubation time increased the number of bacterial adherence for all types of archwires.

To evaluate detection rates and morphology of gubernacular canal (GC) in impacted/ unerupted canine, and to determine whether there is a difference in GC characteristics between impacted and unerupted canine.
Subjects and Methods: By using CBCT, GCs were retrospectively analyzed in 300 patients with 432 impacted/ unerupted canine (96 males, 204 females; Age range, 7 to 54 years). Each imaging system software was first converted the CBCT pictures to volumetric data, from which reconstructions on multiple planes were done. Axial, sagittal, and coronal views were provided for each CBCT exposure. Furthermore, coronal sections and corrected sagittal were ready to assess all impacted/ unerupted canines for the presence of GCs, alteration in shape of GC, opening site of GC in the alveolar crest, attachment site of GC to the dental follicle, and canine eruption status. Results: The normal or delay eruption status of canines had high detection rate which were 95.9% and 100% respectively, unlike the impacted canine which had a low detection rate which was 71.2%. Only 8.9% of detected GC had alteration in shape. 54.1% of GC opened palatal or lingual to alveolar crest, 21.9% of GC was continuous with periodontal ligament (PDL) of primary canine, 20.5% of GC opened in the center of alveolar crest, and 3.5% of GC opened Buccally. 59.1% of GC was unusually attached to dental follicle, and 40.9% of GC was usually attached to dental follicle. There was a high significant difference between canine eruption status and characteristics of GC.
Conclusion: The findings of this study reveal that the characteristics of GC in impacted/ unerupted canine may be a sign of an abnormal eruption condition.

Facial swelling, pain, and trismus are typical side sequelae of mandibular third molar surgery. These symptoms are all caused by tissue inflammation followed by trauma from surgery and the quality of life of these patients has been significantly impacted by these symptoms in the immediate post-operative period. Both Alvogyl and chlorhexidine bio-adhesive gel are routinely used in dental practice to reduce post-operative sequelae due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
The study was set up as a randomized controlled clinical study and conducted from February 2022 to September 2022. The study involved patients 18-39 years old who sought extraction of an impacted lower third molar attending the Oral Surgery Clinic in the College of Dentistry in Baghdad. The sample was divided into three groups, the first group received Alvogyl paste following third molar surgery while the second group received periokin chlorhexidine bio-adhesive gel and the last control group didn’t receive any medication.
Results of a study with 51 patients, equally assigned into two study groups and a control group, indicate that in the study groups, there was a reduction in post-operative facial swelling in comparison with the control group and the reduction was statistically significant (P =0.001), and the Alvogyl paste was superior to chlorhexidine in swelling reduction but statistically not significant.

Background: Duran foil, a type of Biostar foil, is utilized in splint therapy as a heat-cure acrylic substitute material. The Duran® gained popularity and broad use, and its strength and resilience to wear are its most important qualities that improve splint therapy.
This study aimed to investigate the surface roughness and fracture strength of heat-cured acrylic resin and Biostar sheets.
Materials and Methods: A total of 20 samples—10 heat-cured acrylic resin samples and 10 biostar sheet samples—were produced and split into two groups in order to measure fracture strength and surface roughness.
Results: The fracture strength of biostar samples had the lowest fracture strength. The surface roughness of the biostar samples was also less than that of the acrylic samples. There were statistically significant differences between the study groups.
Conclusion Duran Biostar is regarded as the material of first choice for removable orthodontic retainers due to its suitable mechanical properties.

Besides having a modest penetration depth, a carbon dioxide laser operating at 10,600 nm has a strong absorption affinity for water. It\'s useful for coagulation of bleeding and soft-tissue surgery. Also, its absorption properties are consistent with hydroxyapatite, a mineral found in tooth enamel and dentin. This article examines the current research on the impacts of 10,600 nm Carbon Dioxide Laser on enamel surfaces. When compiling this review\'s data, we restricted our attention to articles that were made available online. For this study, we utilized the following search terms on \"Google Scholar\" and \"PubMed\" websites: CO2 Laser (10,600 nm), Demineralized enamel, Microhardness, enamel erosion, remineralization, fluoride. Only publications written in English from 2005 through June 2023 were included in this review. Priority was given to original articles and clinical research.
Conclusion: The 10,600 nm CO2 laser is widely accepted in caries prevention. CO2 lasers have been the subject of much research but have yet to be used in therapeutic settings. Effective laser energy transmission to enamel allows for the transformation of carbonated hydroxyapatite into the purer hydroxyapatite of enamel. The laser enhances fluorides and other caries-preventive ingredients\' effectiveness. As a result, resin bonds better to tooth enamel.

The study aimed to investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic ceramic brackets bonded to porcelain ceramic surfaces that had undergone various conditioning methods. Materials and Methods: Forty ceramic discs were fabricated (vita vmk master®, zahnfabric, Germany) with a diameter of (4*10mm). Ceramic discs were divided into four groups (n = 10) according to ceramic surface conditioning methods, 37% phosphoric acid (PH), 9%hydrofluoric acid (HF), and surface conditioning with a fine diamond bur. Transbond XT light-cure composite was used to bond ceramic brackets. Before bonding, extra samples from each group were chosen to be examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the topography of the ceramic surface. The Shear Bond Strength data were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD tests. Under an optical stereomicroscope, debond surfaces were examined. Results: Surface conditioning with a fine diamond bur + HF acid etching group produced the highest SBS (30.64 ± 7.28 MPa), and the lowest SBS was investigated in the PH acid etching group (14.75 ±3.32 MPa). Conclusions: Different conditioning methods affected the porcelain ceramic surface\'s shear bond strength (P < 0.05). The highest SBS was found in the fine diamond bur_+ HF acid etching group; however, this had a deleterious effect on the ceramic surface after debonding.

The world\'s best-selling glass-ceramic is IPS E.Max CAD. It is known for its versatile applications and is appropriate for the effective manufacturing of comprehensive dental restorations. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the morphological changes, surface roughness, and micro-hardness after modification techniques with KHF2 and NH4HF2 acid etching on e-max cad substrate.
Materials and Methods: Forty disc shape of E.Max CAD specimens (thickness 3mm and diameter 10mm) were fabricated and divided into four groups according modification techniques (control group, sandblasting by 70µm of Al2O3, etching with 70 mg of KHF2 and etching with 70mg of NH4HF2),10 samples for each group. Surface roughness, micro-hardness, and microstructure changes of e-max CAD substrate have been measured.
Results: The higher mean value for the surface roughness (Ra) was in the group (ECNH4HF2), followed by (ECKHF2) whereas the lowest mean value of surface roughness was in the group (ECC) followed by (ECSB). While for the micro-hardness test, the (ECKHF2) group demonstrated the highest mean value in comparison with other treated groups. Finally, SEM results for both untreated and sandblasted groups revealed there is a smooth and no deep morphological change for their surfaces. While the SEM analysis revealed that the e-max cad surfaces after KHF2 and NH4HF2 showed rough morphology with fine grains result and random porosities.
Conclusions: Etching with KHF2 and NH4HF2 yielded higher microstructure changes and roughness than other techniques. While KHF2 etchant was more effective on E.Max CAD surface micro-hardness in comparison with other treated groups.

Enamel White Spot Lesions (EWSLs) are a common dental condition characterized by being opaque or chalky white in appearance. In this review, an overview of the etiology, prevention, and treatment techniques for EWSLs is presented. Enamel demineralization caused by bacteria in dental plaque which releases acids upon the consumption of fermentable carbohydrates causing mineral loss is thought to be the main cause of those lesions, which could be predisposed through orthodontic treatment, poor diet, inadequate oral hygiene and certain medical conditions. So, sustaining an adequate carbohydrate consumption, proper fluoride exposure and good oral hygiene are some of the practices which aid in these lesions’ prevention. Although the success or failure of treatment of EWSLs depends on patient cooperation, depth of the lesion and lesion severity, treatment of those EWSLs should begin with the most conservative approach like remineralization and if failed then more invasive microabrasion, infiltration and maybe even restoration treatment strategies can be pursued. Further research is still needed in the prevention and treatment strategies.

Smoking has a negative impact on overall health including oral health causing dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, calculus and other effects.
Aim of study: This study was conducted to assess correlation between cigarette smoking and oral health condition among dental student in college of dentistry/ Tikrit university.
Material and Methods: Students (male only) from Tikrit university were selected on a random basis, after consent form has been obtained from participants. They were divided into two groups, smoking and nonsmoking groups. Dental caries experience was diagnosed and scored according to the index of DMFs (WHO).
Results: In the present study dental caries and mean value of (PI, GI, Cal) index were higher among smoking students than non-smoking group.
Conclusion: According to our findings in the current study, smoking had an effect on dental caries and gingivitis, as smoking dental students had higher levels of dental caries and gingivitis than nonsmokers.

One of the most prevalent challenges that a specialized oral surgeon might encounter involves extracting impacted lower wisdom teeth, which can lead to post-operative complications like swelling and pain. Various techniques have been developed to mitigate these issues. In this research, we aimed to introduce a novel approach in oral surgery known as adhesive membrane oral aid. This study utilized a split-mouth design to assess the efficacy and impact of the adhesive membrane following the surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth in 10 patients. The split-mouth design enables both the control and study groups to be assigned within the same patient, reducing variability between different patients. The research involved a total of 10 patients who presented bilateral impaction of lower wisdom teeth and were recommended for surgical extraction. In the control group, the patient\'s ipsilateral side was sutured without the use of a membrane. After one month, the contralateral side of the same patient was sutured with a membrane using figure 8 sutures.

The potential impact of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF) combined with bone graft as a guided bone regeneration on the relationship between dental implant stability, alveolar ridge width, and dental implant dimension.
Materials and methods: The present prospective comparative study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID number: NCT05427643). A total of 13 patients aged 18-65 years (11 females and 2 males) presented with missing teeth in either the maxilla or the mandible or both and met the eligibility criteria and enrolled in this study treated with 40 dental implants. These cases were allocated into two groups, control group in which the implants were placed without I-PRF and a study group (advanced cases with narrow alveolar ridge) in which implants were installed with I-PRF mixed with synthetic bone graft at the dehiscence sites around the implants. 22 (55%) dental implants were inserted in patients with alveolar bone width of ˂ 3.5 mm and 18 (45%) dental implants were inserted in ridge with ≥ 3.5 mm. The primary stability was measured at the time of surgery and Secondary stability was measured 24 weeks after dental implant installation with Anycheck device in implant stability test (IST) values. Results: Twenty dental implants were installed in each study group. According to the results obtained in this study, there was significant difference between primary stability (69.96±8.5 vs 74.50±4.3) of both groups and secondary stability (69.96±8.5 vs 76.32±6.5) values of group A with bone width of ≥ 3.5 mm and dental implant dimension 4.1 mm. Conclusion: The addition of I-PRF with bone graft for augmentation of dehiscence and fenestration peri-implant defects with simultaneous implant placement results in 100% survival rate with statistical differences in implant secondary stability between study groups. However, the results were clinically irrelevant.

To facilitate the correct diagnosis and treatment planning, a range of diagnostic orthodontic indices have been developed. Pont’s index, as one of them, was documented to estimate the ideal maxillary dental arch widths from the sum of crown widths of maxillary incisors. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the applicability of Pont’s index to Iraqi individuals.
Fifty stone dental models for 25 females and 25 males were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Orthodontics in Baghdad College of Dentistry. The dental arch widths at the level of 1st premolar and molar areas in addition to the mesiodistal crown widths of all teeth were measured using an electronic vernier. The estimated arch widths were compared to the actual ones using paired sample t-test.
The results showed highly significant differences between the actual and estimated maxillary inter-premolar and intermolar widths with over-estimated values in both genders. New formulas were developed to make Pont's index more reliable, and the newly estimated widths were non-significantly different from the actual one. The original Pont’s index is an unreliable and inapplicable method for arch width prediction. A specific modification of Pont’s index is developed and can be applied for more reliable results.

This study was performed to measure distribution of different types of Carabelli cusps among population and relationship of each cusp type with dental caries.
Method: this study included the examination of 200 patients for both right and left sides, to find the distribution of Carabelli cusp and their caries susptability. Patients with severe destructed or extracted upper first molar from any side were excluded.
Results: percentage of presence or appearance of prominent Carabelli cusp was approximately 23%. Groove obtained in 33% of total examined teeth. Prominent cusps showed higher rate of caries infection, while smooth surface had lower caries susptability.
Conclusion: according to the anatomical differences of mesiopalatal surface of upper first molar, Carabelli cusp prevalence was high and caries susptability was increased in positive cusp expression

Periodontal disease, which involves gingivitis and periodontitis, is a common oral infection that affects the tissues that surround and support the teeth. Previously there were no epidemiological studies to assess the prevalence of periodontal disease in Al-Qadisiyah governorate generally and Al-Qadisiyah colleges and institute specifically. Therefore, an epidemiological study to determine the prevalence of periodontal diseases is essentially needed. To assess the prevalence of periodontal disease for the final year undergraduate students at all colleges and institute in Al-Qadisiyah governorate, Iraq and investigate the effect of age, gender, socioeconomic status, marital status and lifestyle factors on periodontal health status. A cross-sectional study was performed in AL-Qadisiyah colleges and institute. A total of 800 last stages students were examined using the community periodontal index for treatment needs and chosen randomly through stratified random sampling. A questionnaire was used to record information about socioeconomic status, marital status, and lifestyle, and correlated with periodontal health status. The overall prevalence rate of periodontal disease for the final year of undergraduate students in Al-Qadisiyah colleges and institute was 84.6%. Bleeding code 1 and calculus code 2 recorded approximately similar percentages (31.5%) and (31.4) respectively and only 15.4 % of students had healthy periodontium, while the percentage of shallow and deep pockets recorded 18.4 % and 3.4% respectively. Community periodontal index for treatment needs varied non-significantly among marital status in which single students had healthier periodontium (16.5%) compared to married. The statistical analysis also showed that students with very good socioeconomic status and good lifestyle had the highest percentages of healthy periodontium (50%), (22.6%) respectively. The present study shows a higher prevalence rate of bleeding and calculus among final year of undergraduate students in Al–Qadisiyah colleges and institute with a lack of knowledge about periodontal health status. Hence, there are significant associations of age, gender, marital status, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle with periodontal health conditions, also the results indicated that the majority of the students need preventive programs to reduce PDs initiation or progression.

Diabetes Mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus may cause many oral problems as a result of both micro- and macrovascular complications. We aimed to assess the probable relationship between the severity of dental caries and the biophysical properties of saliva (flow rate, PH, and viscosity).
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Karbala City, in which a sample of 45 children with type 1 diabetes aged between 10-12 years was compared with a group of 45 non-diabetic children matched in age and gender. Dental caries severity and experience were recorded and diagnosed using Manji et al.'s criteria and the decayed, missing, and filling index (DMFS/dmfs). Unstimulated salivary specimens were collected to evaluate flow rate, pH, and viscosity. Pearson (r) correlation coefficient test and one-way ANOVA test were employed for data analysis using SPSS-22.
Results: Salivary levels of viscosity and flow rate were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) predicators regarding the dental caries experience and severity among type1 diabetic children (controlled and uncontrolled) while pH level of saliva was a statistically significant predictor regarding dental caries experience (DS/ DMFT) among uncontrolled diabetic children.
Conclusion: Compared to non-diabetic children, type 1 diabetic children exhibited pronounced changes in salivary biophysical properties but unpronounced changes in caries status.

Orthodontic treatment with has been increasingly demanded. However, when using fixed appliances for orthodontic treatment, oral hygiene is compromised, and there is a higher chance of developing dental stains, plaque-related diseases, and corrosion-related problems. Air abrasive polishing had a superior effect over the conventional method in removing dental deposits, however, its effect on corrosion process was not investigated thoroughly in details. This study designed to assess the effects of air polishing onion release and surface micromorphology of stainless steel and Nickel titanium arch wires. A total of 288 ( stainless-steel , coated stainless steel , Nickel titanium and coated Nickel titanium rectangular arch wires ) of one brand ( The Ultimate Wire) ™ From IOS (International Orthodontic Services, Stafford, USA), (0.016 * 0.022 ) were subjected to varying air abrasion polishing periods (5, 10, and 20 seconds), after which they were immersed in artificial saliva with a pH of 6.75 and incubated at 37°C for 28 days. Ion release was measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer at 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days. The cumulative effect was then calculated. After polishing the chosen sample, corrosion and surface changes were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The significant difference between the analysed groups was found using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD test, with a significance level of p 0.05. The results revealed that all types of arch wire showed a significant amount of release in the tested ions and the amounts of nickel and iron ions released was higher than chromium ion. Additionally, the longer the polishing time the higher the number of ions release that’s yields the level of significance, air abrasion polishing increased surface roughness and surface pits and crevices.It may be concluded that the air polishing method enhanced the amount of ion release to a subtoxic level and could be employed in adult patients with a lengthy time between visits.This study was performed to:1. Evaluate the effect of calcium carbonate airborne particles abrasion with different polishing times 5, 10 and 20 seconds on (Fe) ions release from orthodontic arch wires. 2. Assess the surface micromorphology of orthodontic arch wires after air polishing procedure.

Surgical extraction of the mandibular third molars are widely carried out in dental practice. The procedure is associated with postoperative complications such as pain and trismus.
Objective: The study aimed to assess ketorolac's analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy after surgical extraction of the mandibular third molar.
Methods: The study was designed as a double-blinded, randomized prospective clinical study in which 44 patients who required surgical removal of an impacted mandibular third molar were included. They were randomly distributed into two groups (the study and the control/placebo groups), with 22 patients in each group. Immediately after the last stitch, the study group received 30mg/1 ml of ketorolac, while the control group received 1 ml of normal saline at the buccal mucosa near the extraction site of both groups. The mouth openings of the patients were recorded preoperatively, and on the 2nd and 7th postoperative days, a comparison between the two groups was made. The pain level was assessed postoperatively using the numeric rating scale.
Results: The comparison between the two groups by pain score showed that there was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001) in postoperative pain between the study and control groups at all times after the operation. Regarding the trismus, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between both groups on the 2nd and 7th postoperative days.
Conclusion: Ketorolac buccal infiltration is effective for postoperative pain following third molar surgery but has no significant effect on trismus.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hereditary disorder caused by the substitution of valine for glutamic acid in position six of globin's beta chain. Segmental arch dimensions, arch perimeter, and palatal depth comparison between SCA and control using the three-dimensional (3D) technique was the aim of this study. This cross-sectional investigation was carried out in Karbala City. The sample consisted of 200 casts (100 SCA and 100 control). Each group consisted of 50 casts upper, and 50 casts lower (25 males and 25 females). The arch perimeter was calculated using two segmented arch lengths bilaterally. Palatal depth was measured from the mesiolingual cusp tip of the upper first permanent molar to the corresponding palatal vault. The difference between the control and SCA groups was calculated using the independent t-test. Except for lower left incisal to canine distance (LLI-C), where p = 0.01 there was no significant difference in segmental arch measurements and perimeter between males in SCA and males in control. There was no significant difference in segmental arch measurements and perimeter between females in SCA and females in control. There was no significant difference in palatal depth between the control and SCA (male and female). SCA did not affect the segmental, arch perimeter, and palatal depth measurements.

Patient discomfort due to dentin hypersensitivity DH is one of the major challenges faced by dentists in daily practice. Difficulties in DH treatment have resulted in the many regimens currently used. This clinical study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a new protocol in reducing dentin hypersensitivity using a 980 nm diode laser.
50 cases of DH were enrolled in the study, and the pain level was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Apply a 980 nm diode laser with continuous mode, backward motion, tangential incidence of the beam in non-contact mode and 0.7 W delivered output with a total exposure time of 60 s per tooth. Postoperative pain was significantly reduced immediately after treatment. Means remained stable until the 2-week follow-up.

No single sonographic feature is enough to distinguish gland disorders. Major salivary gland diseases are either localized or diffuse. Imaging must identify neoplastic from non-neoplastic diseases using Ultrasound, which is a non-invasive, low-cost, and accessible imaging method for the major salivary gland evaluation. Color Doppler in addition to B-mode ultrasound assesses gland enlargement and detects inflammatory, benign, and malignant gland enlargement. Moreover, this study aims to assess the diagnostic effectiveness of ultrasonography in diagnosis of major salivary gland pathology. Method: Ninety Major Salivary Gland swelling patients underwent preoperative ultra-sonography with a high-frequency linear probe. Echotexture, internal Calcification, focal lesion borders, lymphadenopathy, tumor shape, duct dilatation, and blood supply distribution were examined using color Doppler and B-mode Ultrasound. Result: A histological investigation of 62 tumors identified 18 malignant and 44 benign, with 68.2% of the benign group being pleomorphic adenoma and 61.1% of the malignant group being mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The rest of the cases, 28 cases were inflammatory, 50% of which were sialolithiasis. The sonographic features of malignant and benign differ significantly in echogenicity, posterior echo-enhancement, vascularity, morphology, and homogeneity and Calcification. All groups show considerable differences in duct dilatation, duct calcification, and homogeneity. Conclusion: Ultrasonography demonstrating excellent diagnostic efficacy in assessing salivary gland function, based on these results Ultrasonography may help reduce unnecessary biopsies especially in inflammatory cases.