Hawlyat Al-Montada

The topic at hand is very big and we cannot cover its details in an hour, days or even years. The topic, by its title (a geopolitical approach), takes us into a very large space in geography, politics and economics in all the sciences that can be invested in serving relations between countries. In our specialization in political geography, we conduct an objective study of the state, that is, its geographical, political, economic and social components. This objective study takes us to many matters that determine the state’s external relations and its relationship with its political system.

Oil Seizure
Since the 1958 coup, the ruling elite began to view oil as an important tool of power if they wanted to perpetuate their control over society, the economy and the state. Therefore, they adopted a different approach in dealing with foreign oil companies that monopolized the production and export of oil in Iraq. The issuance of Law No. (80) of 1961 is considered a turning point in affirming the Iraqi government's right to control this sector, as it determined the concession area for companies. It was thus able to tighten its control over the undeveloped lands, which constituted 99.5% of the lands subject to the concessions of operating foreign companies. However, this important achievement received a severe blow after the overthrow of Abdul Karim Qasim's rule in February 1963, when the Baathist coup leaders granted several concessions to American companies such as Bechtel, Mobil, Parsons and others. In loyalty to those who carried them on their train to power, as one of them put it.

This paper attempted to determine the efficiency of health services in Najaf Governorate according to some national and international standards. It became clear that the standard of doctor/person is below the Ministry of Planning standard and below the international standard. The same was true for the standard of doctor/health professions, doctor/nurse, and the level of standards: bed/person, bed/doctor, bed/nurse, bed/health professions. All of them are still below national and international standards. The results indicate that some residential neighborhoods exceed (15) minutes from hospitals and health centers, especially in Greater Najaf (Najaf and Kufa). Regarding the degree of satisfaction with the performance of some institutions, this degree reached 52% of the studied sample community, which is satisfaction related to the performance of hospitals and health centers. As for private clinics, the percentage rises to 71% according to the field study conducted by Dr. Hussein Jaaz from the College of Education for Girls/University of Kufa.

What happened and is happening in Iraq today? Where are events heading and who is being targeted? Who controls the definition of the Iraqis’ vision and awareness of what is happening? Where is culture located on the map of Iraqi blood? Who is purifying whom or eradicating whom...!! Blood or culture? Who is heating up the Iraqi bloodbaths, culture or politics? Is what is happening a conflict of the type of clash between politics and culture? Or is it a local model of a cultural/cultural clash? Or is it just a clash of politics? Is Iraqi society a victim of a historical (national/religious) neurosis that has petrified at the point of initiation? Or is the obsession with anthropology the origin of our social/political schizophrenia? Has worship at the altar of politics become an obligation on culture? Is the Arab intellectual in general and the Iraqi intellectual in particular (assigned) by custom to sanctify the politician (leader) only?!!

The Document on Reforming Higher Education and Scientific Research in Iraq, 1989, indicated that higher education, by virtue of its social, economic and political dimensions, requires that it occupy a distinguished position among all activities taking place in society. It is the influential factor that is influenced by the factors that move society and determine the paths that direct it towards progress and advancement. Through education, people acquire knowledge and skills, and through them they contribute to the material construction of society.

The mind may be drawn to the suggestions and allusions given by the term (national) in the title, and this - of course - rules the blatant contradiction at the heart of the proposed study, and even calls for its rejection from the ground up because it is based on confiscating the simplest Islamic axioms, especially since (nationalism) is no longer in modern political thought a general framework for belonging to this nation or that people, but rather, in the view of many Western thinkers, it is a philosophy of life, politics and legislation! And it constitutes a vital source for theorizing about the movement of history and its interpretation... This diversion is out of place, as (national security) here is a purely scientific term, and it is not the national vision in the political direction, as (national security) relates to the conditions, atmospheres and economic, military, moral and intellectual rules in the context of a specific goal, which is to protect the regime from collapse. It is closer to science than to doctrine, although the latter has a great influence on (objectivity) in general, and we believe that this ambiguity can be avoided and its contradiction can be verified by addressing the subject in a detailed statement.

The radical formation of the concept of citizenship
The concept of citizenship in all nations is formed from three elements:
1- The universal philosophy that society believes in, which determines the nature of the legal status of the relationship between man and the land, and this will be clarified in detail in the research on the theory of succession in this study.
2- The historical experience of that society, which reveals the relationship between man and territory and its impact on the cognitive mind that determines the meaning and concept through that experience.
3- The ability of the political mind to analyze its contemporary reality, and to deconstruct complex ideas to mature the concept of citizenship.