Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences

Background: Maxillofacial prosthetics frequently tackle with the challenge of bacterial colonization, particularly by Staphylococcus epidermidis, causing risks of material failure and infections. Recent relevance has grown in using antimicrobial potential of microcrystalline cellulose as a possible solution, markedly recognized in different dental uses. Aims: This study aimed to determine the antibacterial efficacy of incorporating microcrystalline cellulose into silicone while focusing on its capacity to reduce Staphylococcus epidermidis adherence. Furthermore, the study also examined the influence on some mechanical properties of silicone. Materials and methods: The investigation employed 120 room temperature vulcanized silicone specimens. Microcrystalline cellulose was integrated as an antibacterial agent at concentrations of 1wt.% and 2wt.%, chosen based on preliminary pilot study results. Then, antibacterial properties were assessed using a bacterial adhesion test, determining bacterial adherence to silicone. Mechanical properties were assessed, including tear strength and Shore A hardness, with each test involving 10 specimens for each concentration and control groups. Statistical analysis involved one-way ANOVA tests with significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: There was a substantial decrease in adherent bacterial cells compared to the control group. The most significant reduction in colonization appeared in the 2wt.% microcrystalline cellulose addition group, followed by the 1wt.% group, both varying significantly from the control group. Tear strength exhibited a significant decrease, with the 2wt.% addition group presenting the lowest value, followed by the 1wt.% group and the control group. Conversely, hardness revealed significant increases, with the highest value in the 2wt.% group. Conclusion: Microcrystalline cellulose demonstrates effectiveness against Staphylococcus epidermidis. It confirms promise as an additive to silicone, decreasing bacterial adhesion effectively at both 1wt.% and 2wt.% percentages, with the latter showing superior antibacterial performance. Importantly, cellulose incorporation leads to a statistically significant reduction in tear strength, alongside an increase in hardness that remains within acceptable limits.

Aim of the study: to examine the apical microleakage of three distinct endodontic sealers: One-fil, Sealapex and EssenSeal utilizing a dye penetration technique. Materials and methods: Thirty single-canal mandibular premolars were extracted from human for orthodontic purposes. The teeth were cleaned and the appropriate working length was measured. It was instrumented, and it was irrigated. The samples were separated into three categories according to the type of sealer that were obturated by it. These endodontic sealers are: One-fil (bioceramic sealer), Sealapex (calcium hydroxide sealer) and EssenSeal (zinc oxide eugenol sealer). Following the manufacturer's guidelines, the sealer was manipulated and applied. F3 (protaper system) gutta-percha was used to obturate all of the specimens. Obturated samples were sectioned, the apical microleakage was examined using the dye penetration technique, and microleakage was calculated with Kinovea software. The data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tucky test. Results: The statistical analysis of the endodontic sealers in this study shows a statistical difference between the three types of root canal sealers (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: This study found that the apical seal of a One-fil sealer was the most effective, followed by a Sealapex and then a EssenSeal sealer.

Periodontal disease is a significant ailment that should be prioritized in community health check-up programs given its asymptomatic nature, early detection of the illness would be optimal, may be even before the patient exhibits any symptoms. Lactate dehydrogenase, often known as LDH, is an enzyme that can be found in the cytoplasm of almost every cell in the human body. When a cell dies, LDH is released into the extracellular space. The present study aims to compare the concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in saliva and serum samples of individuals with periodontal diseases. The objective is to identify any differences in LDH levels between these two bodily fluids. The case-control research included 200 people aged between 25 and 50 years old. The participants were categorized into two cohorts: 150 individuals with chronic periodontitis, and 50 control subjects who had excellent overall health and exhibited a healthy gum condition. The blood and saliva samples were collected simultaneously from the individuals after a comprehensive periodontal examination to assess the levels of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. The analysis indicated that men with chronic periodontitis had a mean age of 40 years, whereas females in the control group with healthy periodontium had 27 years.CP patients had higher mean values for clinical periodontal indices PLI, GI, BOP, PPD, and CAL: 2.37, 2.12, 33.23, 4.25, and 4.55.LDH characteristic results showed that the CP group had a substantially higher mean blood enzyme level of 250 than the control group in saliva (123). The comparison showed no significant difference in LDH levels between saliva and serum in both the CP group and the control group.LDH levels in both saliva and serum rose as periodontal disease progressed. There was no statistically significant difference between saliva and serum LDH levels. Salivary LDH estimation may be utilized as a risk predictor in patients with periodontal disease.

Background: Ceramic is very essential in the science of dental biomaterials. successfully in dentistry zirconia restorations have been utilized because of their good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Zirconia cores are generally veneered with porcelain duo to lack of translucency, this make restorations weaker by means of miss of the cohesion between veneering ceramic and core material, the goal of the present study to estimate the influence of core material (zirconia) and surface treatment up on fracture resistance of some ceramic material.
Methods: Forty samples of zirconia were fabricated by (Computer adding design/Computer adding manufacture technique. Samples were split randomly for four groups depending on their surface treatment , each group contains 10 samples .Group Zirconia control: Samples without surface treatment (control group).Group Zirconia sand plast: Samples sandblasted with 50μm of AL2O3particles.Group Zirconia potassium hydrogen difluoride :samples etched with 70 mg concentration of potassium hydrogen difluoride .Group Zirconia Combination: samples sandblasted with 50μm of AL2O3particles and etched with70 mg concentration of potassium hydrogen difluoride. Scanning electron microscope at different magnification was used to detect the morphological alteration of the zirconia following surface treatment.2mm veneering ceramic was put on all samples. Then sintering and glazing. fracture resistance of all samples was measured by universal testing machine. Statistical test perfect utilizing SPSS software. Results: In (Zirconia Combination) group the data analysis manifested that highest mean of fracture resistance values was, while the lowest mean of fracture resistance values was for (Zirconia Control) and (Zirconia Sand Blast) groups. Conclusion: Due to the time constraints of this study, using of different surface treatments with Zirconia

Background: Comprehensive orthodontic treatment calls for archwires with exceptional strength, excellent springiness, and a lengthy range of motion during the initial alignment stage. Due to a number of reasons that could impair their effectiveness, these archwires and other components of fixed orthodontic appliances are susceptible to deterioration or corrosion inside the oral cavity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the tensile strength of new conventional superelastic nickel titanium (NiTi) archwires to those after artificial aging.
Materials and methods: The total sample of 40 pieces of 0.016 inch round preformed NiTi archwire cutting into straight segments (30mm), 20 pieces of NiTi archwire as received wires which served as baseline and 20 pieces of NiTi archwire subjected to acid challenge experiment, and then subjected to the tensile strength.
Results: The mean tensile strength of group A (before aging) was lower than group B (after artificial aging). The independent T Test revealed a significant difference between the groups (P <0.05).
Conclusion: the NiTi archwire exhibited significantly the lowest force value at baseline, while after aging, the NiTi archwire provided the highest force value. Therefore, the NiTi archwires are more resistant to in vitro aging than at baseline condition.

This study was aimed to assess marginal microleakage in cervical cavities restored with different composite resins after in-office bleaching. Methods: A total of forty-two class V composite restorations on the buccal surfaces of extracted teeth were prepared then divided into three groups each group was 14 in number according to the type of composite. After bleaching with 32 percent hydrogen peroxide, a stereomicroscope was used to assess the amount of dye penetration at the gingival and occlusal margins at a magnification of×20 and reported. The non-parametric analysis method (alpha = 0.05) was utilized to evaluate the data. Results: The data demonstrates no significant differences in the microleakage scores obtained between the three groups subjected to bleaching (p< 0.442). Conclusion: Marginal microleakage in composite resin restorations is influenced by the action of bleaching gels applied.

Background: kinetic friction force (KFF) between the orthodontic brackets and wire impacts to the sliding mechanics that affecting teeth movements and treatment duration. This sliding media is released metal ions from the fixed appliances. This study aimed to assess the KFF and surface topography of stainless steel and I archwires in dry conditions and in media fully with metal ions that released from fixed appliances.
Methods: In this research study, a set of 60 as-received straight archwires specimens (50 mm) length wire were employed and categorized into two groups based on the material type (30 super elastics new I archwires gauge (0.4572 x 0.3556 inch) and 30 stainless steel archwires 0.4572 x 0.5588" as a control (. The archwires' KFF was measured while sliding a loaded Roth Stainless Steel brackets (0.4572) on the archwire using a universal tensile testing machine in dry and metal ions released media. While the topography surface was assessed using a noncontact Atomic Force Microscope.
Results: KFF of I arch wire was significantly lower than SS wire in dry condition. Metal ions media released from fixed appliance significantly reduced KFF compared to dry condition for both wires. surface roughness reports revealed that the highest mean of all three roughness parameters was in SS group, followed by I arch wires in descending order. Additionally, Metal ions media significantly reduce all roughness parameters.
Conclusion: KFF of I archwire lesser than SS standard archwire in all conditions specially in ion media. Full ion media reduce KFF for both tested wires.

Aims of the study: to assess the crowns' mesiodistal angulation in angle class I canines and molars relationship; provide normative data for tipping values of Iraqi populations.
Materials and Methods: 240 maxillary and mandibular dental casts of young people (18-24 years) with normal class I occlusion was used to assess mesiodistal tooth angulation. Data was examined and for each measurement, the mean and standard deviation were determined. At a significant level of (p≤0.05), the paired t-test, independent t-test and student t-test were utilized for the comparison.
Results: There were no significant differences between the right and left quadrants of the studied study sample related to the tooth mesiodistal angulation results for the adult population of Iraq. The Iraqi mesiodistal angulation data were merged because there was generally no significant variation between the male and female samples. However, there were significant differences between the combined Iraqi data and the published data when they were compared.
Conclusion: Comparing the crown mesiodistal angulations data of Iraqi population to North American, Italian, African, Japanese, Indian, and Saudi data revealed statistically significant differences. We concluded that however offering bracket recommendations, ethnic differences should be taken in consideration.

Aim: This study measured the surface hardness and compressive strength of dental stone after adding oyster shell powder. Materials and methods: Forty-eight specimens of dental stone were prepared for four groups (12 specimens for each group). The dental stone specimens, without addition, were the control group, the powder of oyster shell was added to the dental stones in the three experimental groups at various weight ratios of 3%, 5%, and 7%. For each group, compressive strength and surface hardness measurements were performed. Results: the results show that an increased ratio of oyster shell powder led to a significant increase in surface hardness. There was no significant difference in compressive strength value between the control group and the two experimental groups (incorporation of 3% and 5% oyster shell powder), while the addition of 7% oyster shell powder to dental stone caused a significant decrease in compressive strength (P< 0.05). Conclusion: - increase in surface hardness by increasing the weight ratio of oyster shell powder to dental stone. However, increasing the load of oyster shell powder by more than 5% decreased the compressive strength of dental stones.

Background: Endodontic failure can be caused by the teeth's lack of strength after endodontic treatment, which leads to post-endodontic vertical root fracture. The intra-orifice barrier is a trustworthy reinforcement method for endodontically treated teeth as a result. Aim: To determine how three distinct restorative materials (Ever X Flow, Cention forte, and Bio-C sealer ION) assist in resisting fracture endodontically treated teeth using a universal testing machine. Materials and Method: This study used fifty human mandibular premolars to investigate the effect of different intraorifice barrier cavity fillings on fracture resistance. The roots were prepared and obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. The coronal 3-mm of gutta-percha was removed to receive the intraorifice materials, except for Group I which had a fully obturated root canal without intraorifice barrier cavity preparation. The roots were then divided into different groups based on the type of intraorifice barrier cavity filling used. All groups underwent thermo-cycling aging before fracture resistance analysis was performed. Results: Generally, Fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth was significantly affected by the type of intraorifice barrier at(p<0.05); the results indicated that Group II showed the least fracture strength among all groups, While Group III (Ever X Flow) showed maximum fracture resistance followed by Group IV (Cention forte), Group I (positive control) and finally Group V (Bio-C sealer ION). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current investigation, using Ever X Flow, Cention forte, and Bio-C sealer ION as an intra-orifice barrier may help strengthen teeth that have undergone endodontic treatment. When compared to the positive control group ((Fully obturated root canal without intraorifice barrier cavity preparation), the Bio-C sealer ION did not significantly increase the fracture resistance of endodontically treated roots.

Objective: The primary objective was to examine how different preparation techniques and zirconia materials affected fracture strength. Materials and methods: 48 sound human maxillary first premolars of similar shape and size were used, categorized into two main groups of 24 teeth, as per the preparation technique:
Group A: chamfer preparation design. Group B: vertical preparation design. Then, based on the type of material, each main group was subcategorized into three subgroups of eight teeth: IPS emax Zircad LT, IPS emax MT and IPS emax Prime (IvoclarVivadent). All the samples, prepared by the same operator, with the assistance of a dental surveyor. Intra-oral scanning was performed on the prepared teeth. The SironaInLab CAD 20.0 software was used to design crowns and were subsequently generated using a 5-axis milling machine. Self-adhesive resin cement was used to bond crowns to their respective teeth. To assess the crown's fracture strength, a computer-controlled universal testing system was used, which records the fracture strength automatically in each sample in Newton (N) during a single load-to-failure test. Burke's classification was employed to assess the fracture mode by analyzing each sample under a 40x digital microscope. The collected data were evaluated using statistical analysis using the independent t-test and ANOVA, with a 0.05 significance level. Results: Vertical preparation technique had higher fracture strength than the chamfer preparation technique with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). While comparable fracture resistance was identified across various monolithic zirconia crowns. All samples demonstrated a severe fracture of the crown and/or tooth (Code V). Conclusion: The vertical preparation design illustrated significantly better fracture strength than the chamfer preparation design, Materials comparisons showed comparable fracture resistance.

Aims: To assess the impact of fluoridated dental products (Toothpaste, mouth rinse, and fluoride varnish) on bleached tooth enamel's color when used before, after, or before and after the tooth bleaching process.
Method: A total of (64) bovine permanent incisors were prepared and divided into two main groups: Group (A) was treated before and after the bleaching. Group (B) was treated after bleaching only. The bleaching process used an Opalescence boost of 40% hydrogen peroxide. Each main group was divided into (4) subgroups: (A1, B1) Control, (A2, B2) treated with FluorKIN mouthrinse, (A3, B3) treated with FluorKIN toothpaste, (A4, B4) treated with Proshield Fluoride Varnish.
A spectrophotometer was used to evaluate color change ΔE.
Results: There was a statistically significant increase in ΔE after bleaching and no change after treatment, and there was no statistically significant difference between the group receiving bleaching only and the group receiving preventive protocol before bleaching.
Conclusion: According to the ΔE means results in the present study, the fluoride treatment protocols had no impact on color change when used before, after, or before and after dental bleaching.

Background: Torus palatinus and torus mandibularis are benign bony growth or exostosis, localized to the roof of the maxilla and the alveolar surface of the mandible with nodular, flat or pedunculated shape.This study aimed to assess the shape,size, site &location of torus palatinus &torus mandibularis in relation to age& gender among Iraqi sample utilizing cone beam computed tomography.
Materials &methods: retrospective study performed by examination of 2000 CBCT images searching for tori, from the archives of radiology clinic at College of Dentistry / Baghdad University and other private dental center in Baghdad city. Tori shape (lobular or nodular), size (small, medium or large), site (unilateral, bilateral or middle), and location or surface (buccle, lingual or palatal) were evaluated in both male and female with age ranged between (20- 40 and above)y.
Results: Tori were found in 20 patients only, so it regarded to be rare in Iraqi sample, and no statistically significant differences in distribution was found between male and female. Higher percentage of tori was reported in 20-29 age group, with no statistically significant differences appeared between Torus palatinus and Torus mandibularis. No differences in tori shape, and position was found.
Conclusion: Torus palatinus and mandibularis had an impact on occlusal stress, occlusal force, parafunctional habits and temporomandibular joint disorders. It’s of great importance to be detected and evaluated before any dental or surgical intervention

Рurроse: To evaluate the influence of thermocycling on the microstructural, physical, and color stability of three CAD/CAM ceramic materials.
Materials and Method: In total, 93 specimens (7×5×1.5mm) were prepared from lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS e.max CAD), Extra translucent zirconia (VITA YZ), and resin nanoceramic (Cerasmart 270). All the materials was A2 or equivalent shades. The samples were obtained as directed by the manufacturer. these were samples exposed to thermocycling at 5 to 55 C in distilled water for (10.000 cycles). Color stainability, surface roughness, microhardness and surface microstructure were measured and assessed prior and after thermocycling. The Statistical analysis were performed with a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, independent Kruskal-wallis test and Pearsons’s correlation analysis. The significant level was set at P ≤ 0.05.
Results: prior and after hydrothermal aging Cerasmart presented the lowest hardness value . VITA XT exhibited the highest hardness value . The surface roughness had the maximum level of exhibition in VITA XT group . lithium disilicate exhibited the lowest surface roughness values . Cerasmart showed the highest color changes values (∆E) after hydrothermal aging , lithium disilicate showed the lowest (∆E) values . after the hydrothermal aging the hardness of VITA XT increased significantly . surface roughness of lithium disilicate increased significantly after aging . for stain ability all the materials used in this study was within the clinically accepted threshold < 3.3 .
Conclusion: Cerasmart showed least degree of hardness before and after aging and highest stainability after aging . Before and after aging, VITA XT showed the highest levels of hardness and surface roughness. lithium disilicate presented the lowest stainability , lowest surface roughness prior and after aging .

This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate the maximum deflection level of different orthodontic fixed lingual retainers at debonding failure occurrence. Four types of fixed-bonded lingual retainers: fiber-reinforced composite with spot and full techniques (SF,FF), braided chain wire (BCW), round metallic wire (RMW), and flat metallic wire (FMW) were used to be tested. A three-point bending test was done to measure the maximum deflection with an acrylic Frasaco mandibular model. These values were measured using a Universal Instron testing machine. Mean deference were statistically treated by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey\\'s test. The FF showed the highest mean values of the maximum deflection at debonding failure than the other retainer types, followed by the RMW, BCW, and SF respectively, while the FMW showed the lowest value of the maximum deflection of the retainer type at debonding failure occurrence from acrylic teeth. There were highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between FMW and RMW, BCW, and FF, and between RMW and SF, and between SF and FF types; on the other hand, there were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between SF and FMW and BCW, while there were non-significant differences (P > 0.05) between RMW and BCW, and FF groups. The FF retainer type was less flexible, while the SF retainer had a strong bending resistance. The BCW wire had higher impact strength, which gives the retainer more power to absorb forces and resist breakage. The RMW retainer type showed high rigidity. The FMW retainer had the least rigidity, which can be attributed to its dead-soft nature.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate patient’s perception of cleaning acrylic-based removable orthodontic appliances.
Method: A questionnaire was applied to patients who use the acrylic-based removable appliance with age range 7-18 that included demographic information and behavioural characteristics. Data were collected and analysed using Pearson’s Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test.
Result: Most patients used acrylic-based removable appliance aged 9-13 years (31.9%) and 42% of patients wore their appliance 8-16 hours/day. Active acrylic-based removable appliance was the most appliance wore by patients. A significance difference was found (p<0.05) in hygienic frequency with the cleaning regimes used. Cleaning with toothbrush and toothpaste was the most method used. Nevertheless, no significant difference was found between hygienic frequency and age, type of school, type of appliance and wearing time.
Conclusion: The prevalence of patients used toothbrushes and toothpaste to clean removable orthodontic appliances (ROA) twice a day. The hygienic frequency significantly was associated with the cleaning regime used.

Aim and objective: The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between periodontal disorders and body mass index (BMI) in schoolchildren living in Mosul City. Materials and methods: The present study employed a cross-sectional design to investigate a sample of schoolchildren aged 7–10 years. The clinical indicators, including the plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI), were assessed. After accounting for age, gender, height, and weight, the BMI-age percentiles were determined using the BMI Percentile Calculator for Children and Teens. Based on these calculations, children were grouped into underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese groups, taking into account their age and sex. In the statistical analysis, The Kruskal-Wallis Test was applied to examine differences among categorical variables. Results: The mean results for PI (Plaque index) and GI (Gingival index) were shown to be greater in children with obesity. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that the variances between the weight groups for both PI and GI were shown to be statistically significant with a high level of confidence (p=0.000). Conclusion: The combination of obesity and oral health issues in children is influenced by shared risk factors, demanding a thorough, mixed strategy involving both medical and dental healthcare professionals.

Background
The most common oral condition affecting people of all ages is dental caries. Smoking tobacco has a number of detrimental impacts on the oral cavity, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Additionally, many studies revealed that the prevalence of caries increase in the study group than in the control group.
Aim of study
This study was carried out in Ramadi, Iraq, among five-year-old passive smokers children to predict the association between caries and salivary pH and flow rate.
Method
In this study, 60 kindergarten children (28 girls and 32 boys) were examined. The comparison between the 30 passive smoking children and the 30 control children was done. According to the decayed, missing, and filling Surface index (dmfs index for primary teeth) criteria, caries experience was identified and reported according to (WHO, 2013). In order to measure salivary flow rate and pH, stimulated salivary samples were taken from samples.
Result
Children who are passive smokers have higher rates of dental caries, higher salivary flow rates than study groups despite statistically insignificant differences, and higher salivary pH levels than control groups despite highly statistically significant differences between these two groups.
Conclusion
This study concluded that children who are passive smokers are more prone to have dental caries. Caries experience did not significantly positively correlate with salivary flow rate or pH. Children who are passive smokers have decreased salivary flow rates and pH levels, which increases their risk of developing caries.

Aims: Evaluate some mechanical and physical properties of Acrylic-based soft- liner modified with two types of plasticisers by adding plasticisers Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and glycerol in two distinct weight percentages (2% and 5%).Materials and Methods: a Total of 90samples were prepared ,45 specimens for tensile strength test with a Dumbbell-shaped specimens and a central cross- sectional area of (25 × 4 × 2 mm) were produced by an acrylic-based soft liner(EZ- soft liner, Korea) divided into 5 groups according to the amount of plasticiser added, and 45 specimens were prepared for water sorption , with the a dimension of( 10 diameter x 5mm thickness) and divided into 5 group also according to the amount of plasticiser added. The anaylsis of sorption was based on the intial dry weight and on the wet and dry weight after immersion. Software for statistics was used to examine the data (SPSS).Results:In comparison to the other groups, the groups that were changed by plasticisers exhibited a considerable decrease in tensile strength for both materials. Sorption was higher in the group C and D than in the control group.

Background: Chemerin is a adipocytes, epithelial cells, endothelium, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes - derived chemotactic protein. This research was focused on possible connections between glycerin in serum, different body mass indexes (BMI), and appearance of the periodic disease. It is speculated that the findings of our work will help to deepen our comprehension of the interplay of adipokines, obesity, and periodontitis.
Objective: The purpose of this endeavor is to establish the connections between serum chemerin, the value of BMI, and periodontitis to investigate the association between the indexes associated with the increase in obesity and the onset or aggravation of this disease.
Methods: A total of 118 individuals volunteered to be a part of this research. serum obtained before the clinical investigations was the serum sample taken. participants were distributed into six groups: First group (C): 30 subjects with a normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m^2) and a healthy periodontium; second group (Ov): 30 subjects with an overweight BMI (25–29.9 kg/m^2) and a healthy periodontium; third group (Ob): 30 subjects with an obesity BMI (≥ 30) and a healthy periodontium; fourth group (P): 30 periodontitis patients with a normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m^2); fifth group (P+Ov): 30 periodontitis patients with an overweight BMI (25–29.9 kg/m^2) and sixth group (P+Ob): 30 periodontitis patients with obesity BMI (≥ 30). Evaluation of probe debut (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and bleeding upon probing (BOP) were the methods used in the periodontal test.
Results: The findings of the study point out periodontal patients, and in particular, higher body mass index-filled serum levels of chemerin. Among all the study groups, patients with combined very severe obesity and periodontitis (P+Ob) were found to have the highest chemerin levels in their serum. Chemerin (C) of the control group with a weight within the normal range and a healthy area of periodontium was lower in reach.
Conclusions: The results suggested that chemerin might be a good indicator biomolecule, which would provide information about the disease progress and deterioration, not only in the cases of overweight subjects but most probably in every person affected. may have a healing effect as its inflammatory effect could be counteracted.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical and energetic surface treatments of a titanium-abutment (Dentium/ Korea) on the tensile bond strength of a (5) Y Zirconia coping. Methods: forty implant analogs and standard titanium abutments of (5.5mm) in height and (4.5 mm) in diameter were embedded vertically in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin blocks. Zirconia crowns with a special design were fabricated using a CAD/CAM system. Samples were divided according to their surface treatment of titanium abutment into four groups (n 10 for each group); Group (1) acted as control (without any surface treatment for abutment). Group (2) bur surface treatment for an abutment. Group (3) cold atmospheric plasma surface treatment for abutment. Group (4) combine surface treatment with bur and cold atmospheric plasma. Forty crowns of (5)Y Zirconia were fabricated by CAD/CAM system, cemented with treated abutment by Allcem resin cement . After the (5000) cycles of the thermocycling process, crown retention was measured by a universal testing machine. After that each deboned surface was examined stereo-microscopically at a 20x magnification. The experimental results were statistically evaluated with a one-way analysis of variance, Duncan tests the honest significant difference. Results: Significant differences were found between groups based on the type of surface treatment (p>0.01). Conclusion: implant abutment treatment by combining bur and cold atmospheric plasma was the highest group of tensile bond strength followed by bur-only surface treatment. The lowest tensile bond strength was in control group.

The objective was to examine the effect of various finishing line designs and modified cement space settings on the marginal fit of monolithic zirconia crown restorations. Material and methods: - Extracted sound upper first premolar tooth was prepared sequentially with two different finishing lines, a shoulderless and a chamfer. Each preparation was scanned with an intra-oral scanner. The scan data was used to create 45 milled Chrome-Cobalt (Cr-Co) alloy copies and to design crowns with two cement space settings using CAD software (Exocad version 3.1). Three groups were designed (n=15). (1) group A: shoulderless finishing line and crowns with (0 µm marginal and 35 µm occlusal-axial) cement space setting; (2) group B: shoulderless finishing line and crowns with modified cement space setting (0 µm occlusal to the 2.4 mm axial and 35 µm marginal); (3) group C: chamfer finishing line and crowns with (0 µm marginal and 35 µm occlusal-axial) cement space setting. The marginal gap was measured in microns (µm) with the impression replica technique. Data were statistically analyzed using the Student’s T-test, one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni tests at a significance level of 0.05. Results: - The lowest mean values were recorded by group A, followed by group B, and the highest mean values were recorded by group C. The result revealed highly significant differences between groups. Conclusion: - Within this in-vitro study limits, all groups\' marginal gap variables were clinically acceptable. Modifying the crown cement space setting for shoulderless preparation resulted in a larger marginal gap.

Background: This review aims to assess the enamel surface roughness change following brackets debonding and adhesive cleaning using two types of adhesive removal burs with and without wearing dental loupes. Material and Methods: Eighty human premolars were extracted before starting orthodontic treatment and used as the samples for the current study. All samples were attached with metal brackets and then divided at random into four groups (n=20) by wearing Loupes and using tungsten carbide bur (LT), wearing Loupes and using stainbuster bur (LS), using tungsten carbide bur without wearing loupes (WLT) and using stainbuster bur without wearing loupes (WLS). All groups were subjected to these methods by using low-speed handpiece. Enamel surface roughness (ESR) measurements were done using Stylus Profilometry (Surface roughness tester Time®3200) as (R1) before the bonding time point and (R2) after the adhesive cleaning time point.
Results: The outcomes were statistically analyzed via the Independent T-test (P ≤ 0.05). The results displayed statistically considerable differences between the resin cleaning methods related to enamel surface roughness by wearing loupes or not and using tungsten carbide or stainbuster burs. Conclusion: Wearing dental loupes during the debonding procedure could improve the quality of the adhesive removal technique. In addition, a stainbuster burs system showed a better adhesive removal method than tungsten carbide bur.

Denture fracture is a prevalent issue in prosthodontic practice that affects patients and prosthodontists. This study aims to investigate the influnce of MgO nano fillers on flexural and impact strengthof repaired heat–cured acrylic resin denture base. Materials and methods: Sixty heat-cured acrylic resin specimens have been created according to the ISO standard 1567:1999/2003(E) for denture base polymers. Thirty specimens were created for flexural strength test with dimension of ( 65mm x10mm x2.5 mm ±0.1mm) and the other thirty specimens for impact strength test with dimension of (50mm x 6mm x 4mm ).Curing was done in a water bath machine,andcompleted the finishing and polishing. Then, the specimens separation were done by a separating disc . Each group was subdivided as follows: Group (A): control repaired done with self-curing resin without MgO nanoparticles, Group (B) and (C): the repaire wasdone with self-curing resin with the addition of MgO nanoparticles at concentrations of 2wt.%and 4wt.% (n=10). Curing repaired specimens in Ivomat device. Data were analyzed using Tukey HSD test andaP-value ≤ 0.05 was considered- a statistically significant.Results: TheTukey HSD test indicated significant difference P-value ≤ 0.05 in theflexural strength between control group and group 4wt. % MgO, whereas no significant differencewas identified between 2wt.%MgOwith4wt.%MgO. However,there was no significant difference in the impact strength (P ˃ 0.05) for all groups.Conclusions: The incorporation of 2wt.% of MgO nano fillers into repaired PMMA resin had no effect on flexural or impact strength.

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is common amongst patients with musculoskeletal pain problems. MPS is a pain state originating from muscle and neighboring fascia. Patients typically present with localized pain in a constrained area or referred pain of numerous patterns. Dental students experience substantial amounts of stress during their clinical study, since this type of training (genuine treatment of patients), are by far the most stressed-out when compared to other medical students.
The present study aimed to investigate the relation between stress and myofascial pain syndrome in dental students.
The Study was conducted at the Al-Farabi University College in Baghdad, A 15 males and 15 female students were examined, and their ages ranging from 22 to 25 years, all patients’ muscles were examined according to diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders 2014.
Two clinical examinations were performed one after spring vacation and another one four months later near final examination period, result of second clinical examination showed marked increase in number of students with involved muscles especially for the temporalis and submandibular muscles .
Increase psychological stress in final stage of dental college due to intensive course of study and clinics cause some student to clench their teeth repeatedly which increase the prevalence of myofascial pain syndrome.