Journal of Al_Anbar University for Language and Literature

This research explains the morphological interpretations of Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari, (died in 761 H.), who was famous for his writings in syntax, but his fame is in morphology hardly has any effect except in his book: (Nuzhat Al-Tarf fi Fan AsSarf). Besides, we can hardly find any of his morphological sayings mentioned in the books of contemporaries. So, this research tries to find out his morphological efforts and his scope of knowledge in this science via studying the origins of the word, and explaining cases of word causation, substitution, deletion, and addition. It also shows word derivation and weights. The reader will be acquainted with a group of words that Ibn Hisham mentioned in his books, and the morphological interpretations in them that mostly agree with the Al-Basri school of thought, while rarely agree with the Kufi school of thought. The study also reviews the controversial morphological issues that Ibn Hisham mentioned and his preferences and responses, which demonstrate his scope of knowledge and mastery of morphology. The importance of the research lies in demonstrating the knowledge of an eighth-century scholar, who was known for his scientific method, sound opinions and fair interpretations, especially his knowledge in morphological issues, in addition to his extensive knowledge in grammatical issues and declarative judgments. The research consists of an introduction, a preface, and two sections. The introduction includes: the title, its definition and significance. The first section includes: Ibn Hisham’s interpretation of Al Ealal (morphological change) and divided it into three topics: the first: change by metathesis, the second: change by deletion, and the third: change by transfer. The second section includes Al Ealal and its interpretation in derivation. The conclusion sums up the findings of the research.

This study aims to explore the effect of the ruling of invalidity and its manifestations in the structure of the Arabic word, by inspecting the morphological structures used for the invalidity, and analyzing their effect on the controlled construction of verbal forms of words in the Arabic language, in addition to its impact on its origins in terms of conception, achievement and formation.
For this reason, the study is divided, after the Introduction and Preface, into four main sections: The First Section studies the ruling of invalidity in linguistic thought. The Second Section deals with the ruling of invalidity and the addition. As for the Third Section, it examines the ruling of invalidity and the inversion. Given the importance of deletion in determining the origins of morphological structures, it is necessary that the Fourth Section analyzes the ruling of invalidity and deletion.
These issues are studied using a descriptive and analytical approach in light of the morphological function of the structures of Arabic words and the influence of the ruling of invalidity in forming their structures, determining their origins, and explaining their controlled construction of verbal forms. The study is finalized with a conclusion in which it demonstrates the most important results reached in the study.

Comparative study of dialects invariably reveals interesting similarities and differences in the dialects of a language. In this regard, so much differences have been reported in the grammatical structure of the dialects of different languages that include Yorùbá. Such reports with respect to Yorùbá have not only enriched our understanding of the grammar of the language, they have also helped in clarifying controversial and/or obscure issues in the language. The present paper investigates the nature of focus constructions in two dialects of Yorùbá language: Mọ̀bà and Mọ́yẹ̀ẹ with particular attention to the coding of focusing. The study investigates constituents that can be moved to effect focus construction, the focus markers, the overt and covert nature of the markers, and some phonological issues arising from the coding. The paper is descriptive in orientation. Data were collected from native speakers of the two dialects and relevant existing literatures. It is established in this paper that Mọ̀bà and Mọ́yẹ̀ẹ manifest constituent and sentence focusing. Mọ̀bà has two focus markers while Mọ́yẹ̀ẹ has one. The paper contributes to existing literature in the field of Yorùbá dialectology.

The persecution of women has been a recurrent theme in literary works throughout history. Women’s behavior, in particular, has always been the reflection of societal norms, expectations, and power dynamics of different periods. The current study entitled “A feminist Study of Elif Shafak’s The Island of Missing Trees” examines Elif Shafak’s novel by utilizing a feminist lens. Elif Shafak is a prominent Turkish woman novelist, she is best known for portraying women's real situations in her novels. The selected female characters in The Island of Missing trees struggle the compelling nature of the patriarchal society they live in. The paper explores the situation of women under the pressure of social and cultural conflicts using Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity. Furthermore, the paper employs a textual analysis of the novel’s main female characters; Defne and Meryam who suffer from the effects of a patriarchal society. The study aims to answer crucial questions related to gender discrimination and the role of traditional beliefs and conventions in generating violence against women. Several studies have shown different aspects of this novel, except for the situation of women. Thus, this paper is an attempt to discuss the sufferings of Defne and Maryam from the patriarchy and gender stereotype of the Cypriot society in 1974. The methodology is qualitative, its primary sources are the excerpts from the novel and the character’s statements are analyzed.

Objectives:
The study aimed at showing teachers' and learners' awareness level of the complications faced in the identification and production of English diphthongs by Iraqi EFL learners. To this end, difficulties in identifying and producing English diphthongs as perceived by both Iraqi learners and teachers were compared to actual difficulties encountered by Iraqi EFL learners.
Methodology
Ninety-two undergraduates Iraqi EFL learners and forty-two English language teachers were consulted for their attitudes with regard to the identification and production of diphthongs. A randomly selected group of students participated in an actual test in which their performance in identifying and producing diphthongs was measured.
Results
Results showed that teachers and learners expected difficulties in identifying and pronouncing English diphthongs. Their expectations of the diphthongs are difficult to perceive or pronounce almost matched actual performance measured via the identification and production tests. Participants showed that centering diphthongs were the most difficult to identify and produce. Such difficulties were reported in the questionnaires as well.
Conclusions
The study concluded that Iraqi EFL learners encounter considerable difficulties in identifying and producing some of English diphthongs, while some other are either of medium or low difficulty level and this can be ascribed to L1 transfer, perceptual reasons, and lack of efficient native exposure. Iraqi learners and teachers have a good level of awareness of the difficulties encountered by learners; yet, this was not reflected in proper pronunciation. This triggers the need for more training on teachers' part and more practice on learners' part.

In this context, the research work aims to study Strategy for achieving intertextuality in political discourse and study this phrase and their interpretations in President Putin\'s speeches during crises, including with Ukraine, as a model for understanding how the political discourse of political leaders shapes international public opinion. Political discourse is considered one of the main means used by political leaders to express their opinions and positions on international issues. The purpose of our article is to show the ways of using allusive phrases and expressions in the texts of political discourse, their connotations, purposes and their intended meaning depending on the situation in which they were uttered. The main objective of the article is limited to showing the linguistic impact of allusion at the political level and its reflection on political positions between countries, especially during the crisis between Russia and Ukraine. Responsibility for speech and its consequences increases when mass communication is implemented.
The allusive strategy is based on the use of a linguistic metaphor that has an indirect meaning in directing speech to the other party with the intention of conveying meaning, idea or linguistic eloquence without affecting the level of the relationship between the two parties, regardless of whether that relationship is positive or negative.

The article is devoted to the study of color denotations in the Arabic and Russian languages within the framework of modern linguistics, the peculiarities of their structural and semantic formation, their role in expanding the vocabulary of the Arabic and Russian languages. The article examines the specifics of the use of this group from the point of view of political, social, and cultural effects. Special attention is paid to the semantic symbolism of color denotations, which is closely related to cognitive and pragmatic perception and has numerous cross-cultural differences in relation to events in the lives of peoples. The article carries out a lexical-semantic analysis of color denotations, namely color denotations associated with shades of color in Arabic, which in some cases act as unique additional meanings that convey information about the stability and intensity of color, the appearance of a color attribute when it occurs by an external action. From the point of view of lexical-semantic enrichment of color denotations, a significant group is formed by the vocabulary belonging to various parts of speech. The study characterized the symbolic functioning of formed meanings expressing information about the activity and passivity of color innovations in both languages.