Iraqi Journal Of Political Science

Diplomacy is a method for resolving conflicts and managing international relations by peaceful means. The more people go on the path of advancement, the more they feel the importance of establishing relationships and developing contacts, and the importance of strengthening ties.
There are several reasons that led to the development and expansion of contemporary diplomacy, including: technological development, the establishment of political systems that adopt political pluralism and partisanship, the strength of public opinion, and freedom of the press.
Diplomacy has many types, including: cultural diplomacy, popular diplomacy, economic diplomacy, alliances, and others.
Diplomacy performs several functions, including: settling conflicts, solving problems, promoting friendliness, and good understanding between states. There is a great overlap between diplomacy and politics; Politicians are very concerned with the relationship of their countries with their external environment. In many cases, the exercise of the job of a diplomat is required, and then there is an overlap between the politician and the diplomat. In addition, diplomacy aims to build strong relations between states and peoples, search for common issues, and expand the area of agreement on general principles and mutual interests.

The research aims to shed light on the role of (Israel) in the looting that Iraq witnessed after the US-British occupation in 2003, as it destroyed unique collections of antiquities of Mesopotamian civilizations that were displayed by museums, such as the Iraqi National Museum, which was considered the fifth most important museum in the world and includes Many artifacts dating back thousands of years and manuscripts, the theft of the Hebrew Bible, the destruction and looting of ancient cities, as well as the (Israeli) role in violating cultural diversity by promoting and encouraging the articulation of Iraqi society along ethnic and sectarian lines.

Attempts to impose it, confront it, enter it, enter it, enter it, and enter it within the framework of international relations that are practiced within the orbit of the international system began. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a new pattern of power emerged that had integrated programs and political plans of the state, especially in the developments taking place in the international environment due to interdependence and the emergence of new issues in the field of international relations Accordingly, the study sheds light on the new pattern of smart power as one of the forces affecting the political decision-making process of the state, as well as analyzing its elements in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of those elements, and thus arrange and compare them with each other according to a number of official data and indicators to reach results that allow knowing the order of The smart power according to its elements, and from here the problematic of the study began to show the impact of the smart power as one of the tools that the state possesses in achieving its goals, objectives and interests.For this reason, the study assumes that universities and scientific research centers have a significant impact, being the operator that leads to the smart power at the present time, in addition to analyzing the resulting effects. In order to reach the desired results of the research, the researchers divided their research into an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion, and several methods were used to prove the hypothesis of the study. A summary of the content of the research with a number of conclusions and recommendations

The Corona pandemic has repercussions and has had an impact on the patterns of international relations in terms of conflict and competition between major countries, particularly between the United States of America and China. Both parties have exploited this crisis for their interests, whether through competition for leadership or vaccine-making or through aid to countries with a low economic level to gain international status as well as gain new allies, and some have therefore considered it a biological war by accusing each other of the origin of the virus, which in turn has strained relations between the two countries. The United States considered that the virus is a Chinese virus in exchange for the Chinese accusations of the United States of America that it is seeking to destroy China and reduce its rise. Therefore, there are many researchers who are likely that the Corona pandemic could turn the balance of power in the world, especially between the United States of America and China.But so far, this theory has not proved its validity.

The Turkey's GAP project as an upstream country on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is no exception to this rule, which in recent years has caused chronic problems such as declining water and environmental threats, and escalating internal tensions in its downstream neighboring countries like Iraq. The main question of the article is how the implementation of the Gap project can affect the political future of Iraq? In response to this question, the author examines the water situation of the two countries, international treaties and conventions, part of the Iraqi constitution, the destructive environmental effects of this project on the downstream country and interviews with Iraqi experts. Using the qualitative method, the article argues that the GAP project, will have devastating economic, environmental and domestic political divergence effects for Iraq. Findings show that this project not only increases the water crisis, environmental damage and domestic political divergence, but also leads to hostility and pragmatism towards Turkey, and as a result, Iraq to recieve water technology and agriculture. As a result, Iraq will move closer to Russia, China, the European Union and Iran to recieve water and agricultural technology. The method of data collection is documentary as well as the use of a questionnaire.

All countries aspire to achieve the best relations at the external level, and the best of these relations are the cooperative and complementary relations based on mutual interests, and the worst of these relations are the superior relations based on the sovereignty of a state towards another state, or those relations based on carrots and sticks. It is noted on the Sino-Algerian relations that they are cooperative and complementary relations free of any kind of imposition or restriction, so the study of their reality and future is necessary and must be of interest to researchers and the future of these relations is mainly related to the international world system and China’s position at the global level, and is linked Also, with the Algerian desire for the necessity of strengthening this cooperation in all political, economic, security and cultural fields, and there is an Algerian desire to develop these relations, as unlike the French or American relations, which always hide about their agenda policies that try to impose on Algeria.

Ukraine has been linked to the interests of the major powers, due to its geopolitical elements that made it, in different periods of time, a region of international struggle and competition between the old empires and between the West and the Russian Federation today. The conflict between the West and Russia over the buffer zones and states had a great impact on the stability of the two sides’ strategies towards each other, despite the different behavior and policies, Russia was convinced since the beginning of the third millennium that the Russian strategic vision of the world has changed from dealing with the logic of the former Soviet Union based mainly on capabilities The military, the vast geographical area and the large population census lead to dealing with the logic of the major state that relies on the logic of economic power and competition for the major markets in the world With the beginning of the first decade of this century, Russia was able to return to the international arena through the gateway to the economy, which has become one of the most important parts of the Russian equation based on economic and military power, but after the United States moved in another way (NATO) towards the vital Russian sphere in particular. Attempt to include Ukraine in NATO. From the Russians' point of view, the United States has crossed the red lines because Russia considers it the strategic depth and vital space that brings it closer to the West on the one hand and secures the eastern European side from any Western influence on the other hand. However, the West adhered to its view of Ukraine as the eastern gateway to Europe, and did not allow a central continental state such as Russia to control this region or to exceed it further, and that the geopolitical indicators point out that the conflict between the West and Russia lies in the starting point (Ukraine), but it is not It has an end point, as Russia intends to forcefully eradicate the unipolar world that the United States has dominated for three decades.

The Security Council is one of the most important organs of the United Nations. It bears the responsibility to achieve international peace and security. The emergence of terrorist organizations after the events of Iraq in 2003 became a focus of the Security Council’s attention. Therefore, it issued a set of resolutions concerned with combating terrorism in Iraq, which had a positive impact on security. Iraq’s National security , especially as it urged and mobilized the international community to provide support and assistance to the Iraqi government and its security forces in its war against terrorist organizations, in order to eliminate terrorism and restore security and stability to the country.

The concept of peace building is one of the contemporary concepts that seeks to develop the relationship between individuals and groups through building intellectual foundations represented by intellectual dialogue, tolerance, peaceful coexistence and immunization against intellectual alienation. The various sects to achieve peace building in the Iraqi society after it suffered from many wars and various types of violence and conflicts, through the establishment of a system of ideas that help achieve the national, intellectual and cultural identity of the Iraqi society.

Undoubtedly ,opinions and analysis by specialists in the field 0f political science and law have differed in defining and defining foreign police, some of them see it as those targeted and influential auctions of the state, directed outside its porters or that it is the eternal activity of the state with international actors in the international system ,i.e. that activity directed abroad in order to achieve the objectives set for the state according to that ,the observer of Turkish foreign policy finds that it was distinguished until the seventies of the last century as a mixture of indifference policy it was distinguished until the seventies of the last sentry as a mixture of indifference to that is happening in the Arab arena under the pretext of non –interference in the affairs of Arab countries- but it changed and took hostel positions against some Arab countries and this was embodied in Iraq during the 1990 war ,as well about that water policy towards Iraq and Syria.

The system of government in Tunisia under the constitution 2014 took a new curve in the country after the fall of the political system, in which the President of the Republic held power for decades, and with the entry into force of the Constitution, influence was distributed between the President of the Republic and the Prime Minister for the purpose of achieving balance.
The agreement on the new political system included in the 2014 constitution came after sharp differences over its nature, as some suggested making the system a parliamentary system, while others preferred a presidential system, and some of them saw the establishment of a mixed system to administer the country, and the last proposal is what was agreed upon in the new constitution, as Making the system participatory to limit the dominance of the President of the Republic over the state.
The constitution established the powers of the President of the Republic and the powers of the Prime Minister, as well as delineating the powers of the legislative and judicial authority according to chapters that include constitutional chapters and articles.
However, the new regime, after ten years of the popular revolution, faced problems and obstacles that led to obstruction of the functioning of the regime's sovereign institutions, especially the parliament.

The research includes talking about Russian intervention in the Syrian crisis for several purposes; they create a balance of the wrestling parties, and draw a new map of Syria's political process, and also to prove their existence and role in the region and lack of their role as a super-country in the region against challenges exercised by the United States in the region and as its partner. The search addresses to the most important reasons for Russian intervention and participate in the Syrian crisis by putting questions guaranteed.

The growing of the United States of America fears about the Chinese nuclear rise to achievement a strategic breach, which has become one of the greatest threats to the American geostrategic power, especially after China launched the first hypersonic spacecraft that can carry a thermonuclear warhead hundreds of times more powerful than the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima, and the American expectations that China Its arsenal will increase by four times the number of warheads in 2030, which in turn has increased the risk indicators of this shift in China's nuclear capabilities and is worrying in the United States that China will have the ability to deliver a "first strike" by 2030. It is likely that if China continues at the same momentum, it will be able to destroy the United States before it can just respond, especially with the escalation of what can be called as the second Cold War between China and the United States of America, which degraded during the first year of the administration of US President Joe Biden.

Political reform expresses the effective mechanism of the political system to control its various interactions between its various active institutions in order to manage the affairs of the state and interact with the demands of society and know how to deal with it within the framework of the surrounding environment. The success of political reform depends on the extent to which it expresses the real trends of its fused entities within it, considering it a political process whose main feature is participatory, open to all parties and forces in order to give them a place that contributes to building its institutions and activating their roles. There have been many theoretical interpretations of political reform according to their ideological orientations from one direction to the other, between a direction based on the principle of marriage between democracy and development in the presence of a political authority based on a minimum rule.

The electoral system is a technical and technical means that makes the election outcomes a source of legitimacy for the authority. Therefore, the electoral system gains great political, social and administrative importance through the important results it achieves, namely political stability, promoting democratic development in society, strengthening constitutional institutions and directing them to perform their tasks in a better service. For the public interest. As for the electoral system that is most appropriate to the political and social reality of Iraq (according to the researcher’s opinion), and (if there is a serious intention of the political decision-makers to take such a step), it is the mixed electoral system that combines the individual election (the first winner), and the proportional representation system, where the Dividing the seats in the House of Representatives into two halves. The first half: is elected through the system of the first winner and individual nomination, and the second half: is elected through the system of proportional representation and nomination by party lists.

Financial corruption is an old political and social phenomenon associated with the emergence of authorities and states, and its spread has exceeded borders and barriers between states, and the phenomenon has been associated with weak values of integrity, accountability systems, effective oversight, usually associated with the weakness or ignorance of citizens' rights, or fear of the authorities, corruption hinders the development process and prosperity of peoples, undermines the building of democracy, reduces the scope of the state of law and institutions and weakens citizens' confidence in state institutions and officials, Prevention necessarily dictates that prevention is a necessity and a comprehensive public interest.

Through our study of the objective impact of the Corona virus Covid- 19 on European political systems and the consequences that resulted from the impact of the global pandemic on European political systems and what are the repercussions, possibilities, obstacles and ways out of the crisis, despite the European political systems taking warnings and health precautions in general, but the pandemic and the repercussions of the virus were More than the capabilities allocated to the health sector and medical care, the regimes were unable to justify and justify this failure. In many European experiences in which the severity of the epidemic increased by the indicator of the number of deaths and their percentage of injuries, such as Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain and France The criticism was directed at the economic policies of those countries, as they reduced health expenditures, reassuring to what they had achieved in the past, but the crisis revealed the weakness of health systems and social protection, which made it necessary to take decisions to strengthen the relationship and trust between governments and society by taking a package of decisions of a socialist nature or similar to policies The social welfare state is to save capitalism. The goal is to reduce the impact of the pandemic and the great confusion that these regimes have led to in managing the health crisis, which will be reflected in the political and economic reality of those political systems.

After the Russian President \"Vladimir Putin\" took power in the year (2000 AD), he worked to follow a new strategy for the return of the Russian Federation as an influential force with its influence and position in the international arena, and its return to vital areas of the world constituted a priority of Russian foreign policy, so it followed a new strategy It depends on the military and economic side, as well as the diplomatic side, It was helped in this by its military, political, economic and energy indicators that enabled it to realize its ambitions to be a state with influence in the most vital regions of the world, especially in the Middle East, Africa and Central Asia, Through the establishment of economic and military relations at the regional and international levels to achieve stability in the areas of influence and maintain regional security within the scope of its borders, and despite the competition of the major countries in the areas of influence, especially the United States of America, it was able to prove the reality of its success and achieve its ambition as an influential force with its position in the international system.

Legitimacy is not only linked to freedom of election and choice - the political and legal meaning - but is linked to another concept, which is (achievement) or (performance strength), meaning the extent to which the political system fulfills its obligations towards its society, meaning that the decline in distributive efficiency leads to the deterioration and erosion of the legitimacy of the system because Its ineffectiveness, and therefore the plight of the legitimacy of the Iraqi political system or process is not directly related to the percentage of participation in the elections, as its results will be recognized if the participation rate reaches 10%, but what may affect the legitimacy of the political process is what it will provide from Completed and this is known as general satisfaction

This study aimed to highlight the theoretical framework of the concept of a failed state, its characteristics, and the main indicators of this concept. The state, and leads to the erosion of its capacity and the ability of the system to govern effectively and efficiently, which results in a widespread state of weakness in it that pushes it towards its downfall and collapse, and many international institutions have measured the failure of states, the most important of which is the Fund for Peace, which issues the failed states index (Fragile) since the year (2005) in conjunction with the Journal of American Foreign Policy, and this measure ranks countries according to the degree of their failure according to economic, social, political and security indicators, the value of each of which ranges between (0-10), and the higher the country scores, the higher the list Failed states rating.

Abstract; The state of South Africa witnessed a remarkable presence on the African and global arenas, which qualified it to be a supposed rising global power according to its political, economic, military and geographic components, and given the similarities in the world of the south of the globe in many political patterns and economic and social components, it has tried to extend its policy The foreign policy towards the countries of the South is part of many political, economic and security initiatives and projects, and this is what this research paper attempts to present within the outputs of South Africa's foreign policy and its presence in Latin America.

The political system in Belgium is governed by ethnic and linguistic interactions alike. The Belgian society, whose social structure is divided between Flemish, French and German speakers, remains a reflection of this diversity.
But it is noticeable that the successive Belgian governments faced ethnic differences because of this diversity between the Flemish and the Walloon, which was reinforced by the remarkable rise of the Flamenco separatist party in the legislative elections

Violence is one of the phenomena accompanying human existence.Violence is a threat to society and its various structures.It can be transformed from behavior and action into a phenomenon when it is characterized by generality and expansion.The phenomenon takes its character from the moment that violence threatens society.The coup of coexistence,integration and sharing.

The term “parallel diplomacy” appeared in the early eighties of the twentieth century within the field of comparative political analysis of federal states and the renewed theory of federalism, especially with regard to relations between federal governments and unitary states, specifically issues of managing foreign affairs. The term parallel diplomacy somewhat complements the lack of the term diplomacy from its coverage of non-traditional forms of international relations. Parallel diplomacy provides an opportunity for regions within developing countries in the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Latin American countries to benefit from foreign relations with developed Western regions and countries in various fields of development. In addition, parallel diplomacy needs to make some adjustments in the legal and administrative institutions in the countries to legalize the architecture, in addition to establishing coordination channels between the central government and local governments in a way that leads to the maximum benefit from this external activity. According to what was mentioned, it can be said that the increase in the number of failed or fragile states and the emergence of internal conflicts motivate the state to adapt to developments in the means of governance and power-sharing, and one of the manifestations of this adaptation is parallel diplomacy that can be considered an efficient tool for resolving internal disputes.