Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research

This paper aims to produce a complex shape with eight vertices in a deep-drawing process. Two methods were used to perform this study. The first method is called the direct method (drawing process), in which a complex shape was produced directly from drawing metal sheets. The second method called the indirect method (redrawing process) involves producing a complex shape from the re-drawing process of the cylindrical shape previously drawn from sheet metal. The two methods were also compared in terms of drawing force, thickness distribution, stress, and strain distribution. The sheet metal used in this work is made of low carbon steel (1008-AISI) with dimensions of 0.7 mm in thickness and 80 mm in diameter. In the present study, ANSYS 18.0 software was used for simulating the drawing and redrawing process. The results indicate the maximum drawing force with a drawing process (41 KN EXP, 30 KN FES). The effective stress and the effective strain increase until the cup’s end and reach the maximum values of the effective stress (835.23 MPa FES) and the effective strain (0. 442 FES, 0.345 EXP) in the area of the minor axis curvature with the process of re-drawing. The maximum thinning at the corner area with the redrawing process (7. 143% FES, 5.722% EXP) at the zone of the minor axis curvature. Also, the best distribution of thickness, stresses, and strains along the wall of the complex shape with the first method (drawing process).

Clock gating is an effective way to decrease dissipated power in synchronous design. The most effective way to do this is by masking the clock that turns toward the unused part of design. In this paper, a comparative evaluation of power consumption in existing clock gating techniques in Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) design was achieved. an innovative signal clock gating method offers extra immunity in the direction of the present issue in an accessible mechanism. A Gated Clock Generation designs using a tri-state connection and logic gate, generated by the set of bubbled input with NAND gate, is used for the latest suggested clock gating. This design saves power even when the clock is at applying to the target module. Complete power analysis reveals that the proposed technique has an effect on the dynamic power that decreases total power consumption up to 24.90% relative to traditional power. All experiments are done in arithmetic logic unit design. 130 nm standard logic libraries have been used for implementation in order to achieve ALU frameworks. The ALU design architecture was developed using the Verilog HDL, and the simulations are performed utilizing ModelSim-Altera 10.0c (Quartus II 11.1) Starter Version.

Traffic jam is becoming a headache in the big cities all over the world, which causes a significant delay for drivers and passengers. A smart on/off traffic signal optimization based on a motion IR Sensor (Infrared) is now a necessity to overcome this problem. This work is a design and implementation of a smart traffic signal (STS) that controls the time of the traffic signals (Red–Yellow–Green) according to the traffic congestion on the road. The STS is designed to imitate a side road (with a low traffic move) with a highway road (with a high traffic move). A motion IR sensor along with an Arduino PIC were installed to automatically control the traffic signals on/off delay times based on the existence of the vehicles on the side road. When the side road is empty, the highway traffic signal is always green (highway–always–on mode). However, when a vehicle reaches the traffic signal in the side road, the motion IR sensor sends a signal to the Arduino card, so that the highway traffic signal turns red, while the side road traffic signal turns green letting the vehicle to pass the intersection. The system will then automatically set back to the highway–always–on mode. The entire system is designed and simulated using Proteus workbench.

Friction stir brazing (FSB) is a new technology developed for its ability to join similar and dissimilar metals and alloys resulting in a joint with considerable characteristics through the use of interlayer (braze) material under the action of a pinless rotating tool and other FSB parameters. The frictional heat during FSB is responsible for the melting of the braze material between the two workpieces, while the shoulder action must be satisfactory for the extrusion of the excess braze liquid phase depending on the FSB parameters used. The parameters of FSB also have a considerable impact on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of friction stir brazed (FSBed) joints. Sound interfacial bonding can be observed in the central zone of FSBed joints, where intermetallic compounds (IMCs) can be formed by direct diffusion among the dissimilar workpieces after extrusion of liquid phase rather than by mechanical mixing or solidification of braze material. Increasing the transverse speed at a constant rotational speed has an influence on the peak temperature, but it remarkably reduces the holding time owing to the increased cooling rate. The use of vibration in the FSB increments the fluidity of the molten braze material among the joining workpieces resulting in a more homogeneous distribution of IMCs particles. In this review article, FSB parameters, bonding mechanisms, as well as the microstructure, and mechanical properties of FSBed joints are reviewed.

The industry produces a large amount of solid waste that has very bad effects on the environment. The application of waste material adsorbents for waste materials treatment has become of greater interest. Heavy oil fly ash (HOFA) is hazardous industrial solid waste which produces from the combustion of heavy fuel oil in power plants. The work aims to investigate using waste material heavy oil fly ash (HOFA) after modification to activated carbon (AC) as an adsorbent of methylene blue (MB) in an aqueous solution. Chemical and physical analyses were conducted to characterize the HOFA produced as a by-product of an electrical power station. BET analysis showed the surface area was 1.6 m2/g and the surface area was enhanced by the activation process to 63.7 m2/g and the pore width to 553.5A. SEM showed a change in the nature of the surface of the martial by increasing the porosity. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process parameters. The removal percentage increased with the increase of the adsorbent to 1.5g, the amount was selected as the optimum dosage. The removal percentage decreased with an increase the entail dye concentration and limited difference in pH variables. The experimental adsorption data was represented with Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin isotherms. The data fitted well to the Freundlich model as multilayer adsorption.

Laser surface heat treatment has been accepted as an effective technique of surface hardening of steels because of the converging of the laser beam by the lens on a tiny spot with a diameter near the value of the laser wavelength, laser surface heat treatment has been an effective way to improve the surface properties of. There are many applications in the industrial of the laser technique. This concentrated a lot of energy into a tiny area, resulting in a lot of heat compared to traditional heating methods. Wear resistance is a surface phenomenon, although it is influenced by elements such as surface hardening, surface condition, and microstructure. In this research, the aNd-YAG laser was used to treat the surface of alloy steel in order to investigate the effects of irradiation on the microstructure, metal surface hardening, and wear resistance. Low surface roughness and increased surface microhardness have been achieved due to the laser pulse indicated (900 Hv). The wear resistance was discovered to be higher due to laser treatment with the selected conditions.

In this paper, a new efficient extraction tool of bioactives from plant parts was designed, applied, and compared with Soxhlet apparatus. This tool was a Quickfit®- Pyrex® glass tube perforated easily inserted in round flask containing solvent. Clove buds in both non-grinded and grinded form were analyzed by GC-Mass. Our observations were gotten from designing and using perforated tube compared to Soxhlet apparatus for Clove buds’ extraction. It is a simplest tool in designing and handling than Soxhlet apparatus that ensured more contact between Clove buds in their bag and used solvent than Soxhlet. Employing bag sewed from face mask is low cost than high quality Soxhlet - cellulose thimble. Furthermore, this sewed bag can be discharged from its content, cleaned, and reused but expensive cellulose thimble is made for one use. Perforated tube presents a good choice for efficient-short extraction time, minimum sample weight and solvent volume resulting higher quantity of Clove bioactives compared to Soxhlet. By analytical foundations, using grinded Clove gave different qualitative-quantitative analysis of the tested bioactives in the extracted solution compared to non- grinded buds. Eugenol was the major constituent in non- grinded buds while grinded powder gave 2-methoxy-3-(2-propenyl)-phenol as a maximal bioactive. This new tool may be used with less solvent quantity for better continuous extraction series however Soxhlet must be used with more than half flask volume to get fast-efficient extraction. Also, Soxhlet needs direct heating source however perforated tube may be applied in both direct heating and water bath. These notes are important in using low boiling solvent (volatile) for better extraction. Because extraction is not limited to plant parts, this new tool may be used as a general extraction tool. So to guarantee getting higher quantities of volatile constituents with easier steps, perforated tube is an excellent choice.

In this work, different zinc phosphating solutions were prepared using sodium phosphate (Na3PO4), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), and nickel carbonate (NiCO3) as accelerators. NaNO3 concentration was ranged from 20 to 80 g/L. While the NiCO3 concentration ranged from 1 to 15 g/L. To identify the interactions between the NaNO3and NiCO3, mixed accelerators were also investigated. Corrosion inspection of the metal surface was tested using potentiostatic experiments. Portable camera microscope was used to capture the surface images of coated samples. The experimental investigations revealed that the immersion time of 10 min significantly enhanced the corrosion tendency of all accelerators. It was noticed that the corrosion resistance was enhanced with more concentration of NaNO3in the phosphate solution and reached their maximum protection at 80 g/L. While 1 g/L of NiCO3 in solution (which represents the lower value), exhibited higher protection against corrosion. Mixed accelerators resulted in smaller grain size with lower corrosion current (1.83 mA) at 80 g/L and 5 g/L of NaNO3 and NiCO3, respectively. It was also found that chromic acid concentration significantly affected the corrosion resistance.

This study aims to prepare cadmium sulfide nanoparticles in two methods, which are the chemical method and the biological method using two types of extracts, green tea, and starch. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The synthesis of crystalline CdS nanoparticles was confirmed by various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the pattern reveals cubic and hexagonal structures. The average crystal size for the methods respectively is 11.5, 15.9, and 5.67 nm, which have a spherical shape for nanoparticles CdS by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The peaks of cadmium and sulfur emerged in the assay (EDX). The energy gap of the CdS has increased than the energy gap of the bulk CdS, the results were 2.63, 2.88, and 3.06 eV, respectively. This is an evidence of obtaining a nano-material for CDS by these two methods.

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) represents a numerical classification of any chemical to be a drug candidate with promising therapeutic efficacy with minimum toxicity or sensitivity depending on its chemical structures and its physicochemical properties. Sarin (GB) and Soman (GD) are nerve agents classified as chemical warfare agent containing phosphorous atom. Acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter esterifies by acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE) that can be irreversibly inhibited by (GB and GD) meaning termination of muscle function. Here, new in Silico predication of two nerve agents (Sarin and Soman) was done. These organophosphorous agents were hypothetically subjected to a reaction with lactic acid and various amino acids. New P-O with lactic acid and P-N linkage was between Sarin or Soman and different amino acids. Both reactions were through fluorine atom with hydroxyl group (P-O formation) and with amine (P-N). The ADMET and Druglikeness properties of the parent chemical warfare agents and their hypothetical products were subjected to MarvinSketch program and preadmet website. Sarin and Soman and their hypothetical products showed many noticeable characters such as: all 20 tested compounds were with non- inhibition character of Pgp and CYp-2D6; substrate character with CYP-3A4, negative values to skin permeability, negative to Carcino-Mouse, low risk to hERG inhibition. Other calculated predictors were varied in response between all calculated compounds.

In general, one of the most important and dangerous pathogens facing human society is the resistance of different types of bacteria to many types of antibiotics. Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most dangerous pathogens because of its prevalence in the hospital environment, being among the normal flora of bacteria inside the body also they are opportunistic bacteria due to their ability to turn into pathogenic bacteria when there is any weakness in the body’s immunity thus causes many diseases such as pneumonia, inflammation of the central nervous system and many different diseases. Because of the high ability of A. baumannii to acquire genes responsible for resistance to all antibiotics, including carbapenems, from the environment, it has become necessary to discover new methods to limit the spread of this bacteria and treat them. Among these methods is the treatment by bacteriophages then studying the physical properties, and one of the important characteristics that must be studied is the best pH that maintains the stability and effectiveness of the bacteriophage specialized in treating A. baumannii (ϕTZ), which belongs to the family Myoviridae. The pH 6.0 was found to maintain the best activity in the lysis of bacteria and stability of Bacteriophage. As well as, it was able to survive 100%.

This research aims to study the effect of chia seeds extract (Salvia hispanica L.) extracted by the method (alcohol extract with soxhelt and oil extract with a screw) in the treatment of periodontitis (gingiva), where the biological activity was tested against the most important bacteria and fungi that cause gingivitis for both extracts and compared with the control. The results of the current study showed that there is a superiority of the oil extract with a screw device over the alcoholic extract in inhibiting the most important bacteria that cause gingivitis, namely (S.mutans), in addition to other types of bacteria (S. epidermidis, E. coli, S. aureus) and the fungus (C. albicans). Some chemical components (active groups) of the oil extract of chia seeds were detected, and it has been found that they contain many active groups, including tannins, resins, flavonoids... etc. the Toxicity tests of the oily extract was carried out by both methods and it was observed that it was free from it after experimenting with several concentrations (125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) of body weight on laboratory animals (mice), where The results of the study showed at concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, and 75%) positive efficacy of both types of oil extract against oral microorganisms through the zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration higher of %75 (16mm) for bacteria (S. epidermidis, E. coli, S. aureus)of the oil extract with alcohol and 13 mm for the oil extract with a screw device for bacteria (S. epidermidis) while the highest inhibition was for the second method of extraction against the fungus (C. albicans) where it was 25mm and bacteria (S.mutans) (20mm), that was conducted in the laboratories of Ibn Al-Bitar Center/Industrial Research and Development Authority.

For the purpose of studying the antibacterial effect of maclura leaves as an insecticide of plant origin against whitefly, a laboratory experiment was carried out using four concentrations of alcoholic extract of maclura plant, which were 0.5, 10, 1.5 and 2.0 g/l in controlling the whitefly in adults and nymph’s phases. and through the results obtained from the experiment, which showed the concentration of 2 g/l was significantly superior to the other concentrations achieving a percentage killing rate of 91% in adult’s phase and 95% in nymph’s phase, in adult’s phase. In this experiment, the number of live insects before spraying decreased from 100 insects to 9 insects after spraying after 72 hours, with an increase in the efficiency of killing rate over the other concentrations, amounted to 16.66%, 42.18% and 65.89%, respectively in adult’s phase, while in nymphs phase the number insects decreased from 100 live insects before spraying to 5 live insects, while the lowest effects for the concentrations, it was to the concentration 0.5 g/l , which achieved the lowest rates in the relative killing efficiency rate compared to other concentrations were used in the experiment. Tests to detect the content of the plant extract from the active substances showed the presence of many compounds, including: tannins, glycosides, phenols, Resins, carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids and terpenes. This study evaluated the efficacy of maclura plant extracts against whitefly and study impact of the plant extract on phases of life this insect also tested under experimental conditions.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune illness defined by the gradual and selective destruction pancreatic beta-cells throughout childhood or adolescents. Anti-Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (anti-GAD65) is circulating autoantibodies to insulin secreting pancreatic β-cells antigens, and considered as one of the islet cell autoimmunity markers. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) is a blood glucose monitoring measurement that is used as an indication of blood glucose average measurement over a period of several months. According to the significance of prior subjects and in order to have a greater understanding, this study is planned to evaluate the anti-GAD65 and HbA1c frequency and their association among T1DM children. One hundred of new onset T1DM patients consist of males and females with ages ranging from 1-15 years. Blood samples were collected for biochemical and immunological study. The present study results show anti-GAD65 in 87% were with mean concentration (69.03 IU/ml), 14% with mean concentration (3.8 IU/ml) of total T1DM patients. While the results of estimation of HbA1c level in the present study showed a total mean average of HbA1c was (11.22 %) in newly diagnosed T1DM patients. The association between anti-GAD65 and HbA1c showed that positive anti-GAD65 were with (11.75 %) mean level of HbA1c, in compared to (7.66 %) mean level of HbA1c in negative anti-GAD65 T1DM group and that HbA1c levels were significantly higher, according to statistical analysis in positive anti-GAD65 patients than in those who had negative anti-GAD65 at (P < 0.01), suggesting that autoimmunity was found to be involved in glycemic indices reflected by HbA1c levels particularly among very young children who had been developed type 1 diabetes.

An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial can be classified according to their function, it may be a microbicidal which is an agent that kill microbes, while those that only prevent and stops their growth are named biostatic. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of antimicrobial medication that once could successfully treat the microbe by killing or stop its growth. So with the resistance to the antibiotics becoming more and more common and worldwide resulting in need for screening the antimicrobial activity. So in this study we used an evaluation method which is used in many laboratories to screen the activity of antimicrobial agents obtained from a local company and a foreign company on standard microorganism which includes the following (Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aurous, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans) and pathogenic bacteria includes (Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aurous) which obtained from renal infections and tissue burns respectively. In conclusion the results show that the antibiotic manufactured in the local company Al-Razi in Iraq gave better effectiveness than other foreign companies and the reason for this difference may due to the active chemicals used in manufacturing the antibiotic or due to the manufacturing method.