Adab AL Rafidayn

One of the four language essential skills is pronunciation which has the least attention to investigate. In fact, teaching pronunciation occurs annually in most of the English Departments curriculum. Some previous studies such as whether pronunciation deserves teaching or it can be taught, and the significance of teaching pronunciation for adult learners have put it in a stabilized position in language teaching. Over the earlier 50 years, there were three primary tendencies to pronunciation teaching. These trends are imitating sounds, explicit performance and highly concentrated practice with certain sounds, and empirical tendency. 

La forme verbale est une forme particulière du verbe ayant une valeur spécifique pour le mode, le temps, l\'aspect, la personne, le nombre, et éventuellement le genre. Cela signifie tout simplement que le verbe prend une forme différente et particulière selon le mode, le temps, la personne, etc. alors, c\'est le verbe qui prend de nombreuses formes pour exprimer les différences de personne, de nombre, de mode et de temps. Cet ensemble concerne la morphologie flexionnelle de cette catégorie.

Sarcasm is characterized as one of the significant rhetorical devices used in literary and religious texts for criticism and to show the contrary of every thing belonging to society by mocking.
Since sarcasm is an element of social interaction among people, it has gained much ground in Arabic culture. Many of the most prominent Arab scholars dealt with sarcasm within their studies about different sciences of the Qurãn and rhetoric. Al-Jurjãni (n.d) in “Asrar Al-balãgha” referred to sarcasm through his display of various types of rhetorical devices with relevance to the sciences of the Qurãn. Al-Jurjãni (n.d.: 62) defines sarcasm as two contrary attributes where one of them is used to reduce the value of the opposite one. Al-Zamakhshari (1948: 398) touches on it indirectly through interpreting some verses of the Qurãn with reference to its signifying of opposite meaning to its literal meaning. For instance, in the following verse:

In general, teachers of  ESP suffer from their students noticeable weakness in acquiring new vocabulary because of vocabulary learning necessitates that the learners develop the ability of face up to an intentional associative learning task, in which connections must be formed between new, unfamiliar terms and their definitions. So they need to learn not only the meaning of the word, but also have to be make the association between form and meaning. This encourages the researchers to study the efficiency of using the keyword method in developing student’s English vocabulary in marketing management subject.
To achieve the objectives of the study, the current study attempts to test the following hypothesis: "There is no statistically significant difference in the mean scores between the pre-test (before teaching students according to the keyword method) and the post-test (after teaching students according to the keyword method) achievement in English vocabulary by students specialized in marketing management".
The objective of the current study is to explore the efficiency of the keyword method on the development of first year students’ English vocabulary in marketing management subject.

In this section of the research we translated the author's translation and wide we can demonstrate the health of his name and his nickname, surname and lineage that incline them, and we have proved the year of his birth, as well as the year of his death, which differed in the identified scientists precisely, we were able to prove the years passed b (1316 AH) unequivocal evidence reader will find in this research, then Arzina trodden on his approach, which authored his book: (the contract is essential to open the solution in the neighborhood Gayoom explain Azhari on the front of son Agrom)The second section Fajssnah to achieve (Basmallah) thereof.

The study examined the Luminaries mentioned by Ibn Khamis Al-Malaqi (D 639 AH)  in his book “Matl’a Al-Anwar wa Nuzhatul Basayer wal Absar”
The study firstly considered the native Malaqis as the author stated that they are native people of Malaga. Secondly, The study dealt with those luminaries who immigrated to Malaga from other cities, town and villages of Andalusia to be there place of residence later on.  
Thirdly, the study highlighted the cities, towns and villages of Andalusia from which the immigrants came showing their numbers in each city, town and village of Andalusia.
Fourthly, the study went into the large number of luminaries who were not mentioned by the author whether they are originally from Malaga or from other cities of Andalusia.
Finally, the study talked about the posts taken up by the luminaries, whether they are native or immigrants, in the political, cultural and the social life of Andalusia.   

          Rhetorical forms which include paradox are working together to render functions in their unfamiliar contexts making an indicative enrichment and a symbolization of meaning which the poet heads for depending on deceiving the receiver, and taking him by surprise in opposition to the expected, and this lead to create paradox; because it shows the encounter between the two semantic parts, and the amount of difference between them, while agreements come deeply, and this is can be seen by the receiver through the context, rhetorical paradox in his poetry with all its kinds (simile, metaphor and metonymy) semantic comprehension, emotional flow and beautiful turning make the reader fascinated, dazzled and surprised, while other parts show mockery, mutiny or criticism made by the poet.So, the poetics in Al-Haydary\'s poems moves from the view philosophy of things to view of inside, in other words, this poetics must discover things and gives them an existence, and tries to express new relations to find connections among things, and this is give them freedom of unfamiliar and unnatural restrictions to be connected with the internal soul horizon and its wide pivot. 

  The ease and simplicity of the language of the Zajal, which is represented in the vernacular language - far from the rules of expression - was a reason for its emergence in a society inclined to its nature of singing, so it became an art that distinguishes Andalusian identity, despite the ease of its meanings and methods, but it did not abandon the employment of the most beautiful and imaginative images that demobilize hearts and delight the hearts, as well as This is because this ease showed the significance of luxury in all its meanings.

There are many and varied written technologies that the poet resort to and do in the crystallization of his poetry literary producer, and the course of this research technology (definition), which resorted to the poet Aboud al-Jabri and relied on it strikingly in his collection of poems (leaning against his blind) As the poet in a wide area of this collection of poems to pick up the word, and then a poetic definition, As the poet in a wide area of this office to pick up the word, and then definition of a poetic definition, giving it richness invested by the mechanism of the poet's work, The same translucency potential is generated in the generation of a wide variety of threading mesh in meanings ,  By making the word a theme of the focus of growing images and varied variant visions of different parts, which are visions to support the formation of the general vision of the text as a whole, his collection of poems came in a large part of it; a collection of poems  definitions of poetic poetry are based on the emphasis on language and strength in the idea, The crystallization of a poetic work commensurate with the mood of the prose poem that relies heavily on the power of the idea, And create new relationships between things. In this research, we will examine the most important techniques of the work of the collection of poems (leaning against his blind), to analyze carefully the manifestations of the technology of definition, on which the poetry of al-Jabri was base

The Arabic language is characterized by the characterization of the words in the motions among the other languages, and a single of  (Al Harka Al erabia)  has a  value of the grammar in the completion of grammatical functions as it can show more than one grammatical function in the same word, as in the ( Mansubat ) of names, it can change the meaning  in the grammatical loads, including some elements of the composition of the carrier of more than one function ,  and we can call this phenomenon the term (Duality of Function), and the Prophet's Hadith in this research field to apply, analyzing the nominal elements installed in its structures, including names that have more than one function in order to obtain more than one load of a single component according to the functional diversity of this element through this grammatical use, and  the duplication includes  between (AL Haal and object , Al Haal and  tammez , Al Haal and Maful Al Mutlaqq , object and Al Tammez , object and Al mafuul Al Mutlaqq, object and tempetation between Badl and Tawkeed ).)

This research highlights the phenomenon of variant interference in prophecy  praise, taking Ahmad Shawki's verse (Nahj Al Burda) as application field for this phenomenon. They made a stop by it, studied and analyzed it carefully, showing up the value and beauty of literary variant interference in form and content. This occurred through breaking rules and strict standards of variations to reach mixture and combination, which reflexed on prophecy praise verse, researching the task of Prophet (Gpu).
The research contents of his numerous characteristics, great achievements, mixing them which poet's sufferings and era's expectations. All these had been included in verse by the poet, but they contain standards of life account, verse, speech, dialogue and message for achieving (New production) through free flexibility (rewriting) and through simulation, which is called (poem objections).

It is observed that the argument communication towards the female blamer as a creative achievement related to a special communication trajectory in which the poet the sender reacts with its various effects and forms that ensure the communicative dimension for the poetical text, and make the mutual dialogue towards his female blamer/ the receptor a deliberative sound of the poet in a definite communicative and cultural context.

The research addresses the issue of the democracy crisis in Egypt and the impact on the political conflict over power. The political crises occurred because of the absence of the collective leadership and the attempt of the liquidation of the political opponents on an undemocratic basis ,in addition to Jamal Abdul Nasser's unilateral decision that were made without consultation or comprehension of the heavy consequences on.one of those crises was that of march 1954 which was described as a conflict over democracy .this conflict divided the Egyptian revolutionary command council into two groups .the first group was calling for the establishment of the democratic governance and the return of the army to military units .the second group was calling for the existence of the army in power .when the crisis ended in favor of the second group ,Egypt witnessed an era of the unilateral political decision and the absence of the democratic life.at the long term ,this issue led to many negative results in addition to the political and military mistakes that divided the Egyptian  command and intensified the conflict over power between the political leadership which was presided by Jamal Abdul Nasser and the military command which was presided by Abdul hakim Amer (commander of the armed forces).the conflict was ended in favor of Jamal in 1967.after the death of Jamal in 1970,anwar al-Sadat took the rein of the government and the conflict over power erupted again between Anwar al-Sadat and the leadership of the Arab socialist union . both sides claimed to be the defenders of democracy .al-Sadat resolved the conflict in his favor when gained the support of the armed forces.                                                      

The political empowerment of Arab women is one of the topics that preoccupy the minds of many political activists and political modernization projects in contemporary Arab society. The Lebanese model is one of the most modern models.
      On the other hand, the political leadership represented one of the most prominent forms of political action in Lebanon. In this research, an attempt was made to highlight an important political experience that Arab women in the first half of the twentieth century, represented by the six-party Nizira Jumblatt (1890-1951), ran for an important political trend in Lebanon. And its role in the various political developments in Lebanon and the region, especially in the first half of the twentieth century, and for more than a quarter of a century.

   It is inferred from the research that Yusuf bin Ahmed Al-Yaghmuri, the Damascene-born, lived with the Ayyubids and Mamluks who influenced his life directly or indirectly, and it was found from the research that this family was searching for what is appropriate for it from knowledge and living, so his father was born in Mosul and grew up in it and left for Sham and was born That is, the Yagmuri in Damascus, where he grew up and left for Egypt, and this indicates that people can move easily to any place they want without any hindrance limiting their movement, as they are all Muslim lands.

The end of the Cold War resulted in new challenges to the U.S. national security that influenced the formulation of the military strategies of the U.S. governments which were contemporary with this event or after. The American military strategy during the era of President Bill Clinton witnessed noteworthy changes in the planning, implementation and evaluation of the vital interests. The administration of President Bill Clinton went seriously on binding the U.S. national security considerations with the position of the United States in the global economy as well as concentrating on a new approach in the use of American military power by using attacks of long-range missiles and aircrafts equipped with precision-guided weapons against opponents to affirm the determination of the United States.

The Historical study of Arab constitutions is considered as very important at the present time, As the Arab homeland witnesses political evolutions in its regimes and administrative establishments, This study is seeking for sheding lights on an essential historical period of Egyptian political history. After Egyptian independence in 1922 the educated and intellectual and politicians of Egypt started to set up a new constitution in which they limit the powers of the three authorities: legislative, executive and judicial. Although the Royal palace tried hardly to rule the Egyptian kingdom by autocracy, but the political parties and Egyptian masses prevented in it to do so.
King Fauad the first, together with his followers and supporters in the Committee of constitution formulation could get executive and legislative authorities to rule the Egyptian kingdom, which represented in the Constitution of 1923. The Royal palace started to get the suitable chances to abolish some constitutional articles that limit their powers by exploiting the up normal political citations in Egypt at that time. In 1930, the Royal palace found the chance to invalidate the constitution of 1923 and set a new constitution for Egypt, by which a wide authorities and powers were donated to the Royal palace besides the ones a squired by the former Constitution.

The history of ancient Egypt, is full of many states that succeeded each other in ruling Egypt, and among these states  by which the  ancient, middle and modern Egyptian history are proud of. The Mamluks have a special status( both two parts the Bahri and Burji) that makes their  Sultan era an age worthy of further study, research and scrutiny. Moreover, the external and internal events associated with this era reflect not only the importance of the history of Egypt and Levant, but also the history of the Islamic state  in the Middle Ages in general.
Since the administrative aspect is an important part of the five aspects on which the civilization of any nation or state is based, and even the basis of any state administrative systems, so  it must receive special attention particularly from the sultans and kings.

Nasiruddin al-Tusi lived during the Mongol invasion and was an eyewitness in those events which caused the Islamic world to divide, destroy the Islamic cities during the invasions of the the Mongols.
     He lived for a while in the ismaili Shiite state and become close to them.
he became one of the great scholars of that state He served the ismaill state until he fell in the hands of the Mongols in 654AH-1256AD by the Mongol and then moved to the service of the Mongol et leur regne a pu Tusi dopten un statut eleve lorsque Hulagu lui a fait lui obeir enreferences par lui, en raison du degree lui fait secretaire Awqaf Mamelouks saisi par, et a manifeste son desir de la recherché et la lecon,et il a exploite Largent a sa disposition lamidonpar une grande bibliotheque et construit observtoire Maragheh,qui est lune plus eminents de lepoque des Mongols,dans le cadre dun grand groupe de scientifiques dans lensemble du mond  musulman pour developer cet obsevatoire.
The objective of the selection of the subject is to identify the character of nasir al-din tusi role in the scientific achievments in the era of the mongols, Thisresearch consists of two topics: the first isrelated to the life of nasir al- din al- tusi and then hisfamily and his death,the second topic was devoted to thecastles sttled by nasir al- din al- Tusi during the reign of ismaili and then the posts that heconducted during theruleof the Mongolsand finally devoted most of his scientific achievements.                                       

Our research examines an African figure who played a major role in the course of the political events of the Republic of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah, who led the national movement and contributed to shaping the political, social and economic life of Ghana. He was involved in the struggle against the British occupation since 1949Through the establishment of the Popular Congress Party, and his prominent role in leading the party to win the parliamentary elections in 1951, became the first Prime Minister of Ghana in 1952, also won the parliamentary elections of 1954 and 1956, and was able to achieve independence on 6 March 1957, His internal policy after independence was the control of his party for power and the fight against the vulnerable parties. This was Which included the increase of powers of the President of the Republic. His foreign policy was the convening of the first African Peoples' Conference in the capital Accra in 1958 and the convening of the Conference of Positive Action and Security in Africa in 1960, Was subjected to a military coup overthrown in 1966, died in Romania with cancer and was returned and buried in Ghana in 1972 .                     

The Old Babylonian period (2006-1595 B.C.) witnessed a remarkable an economic activity that led to the discovery of thousands of cuneiform inscriptions concerning economy. It also led the Babylonians to deal with a number of loans from which was the qīptum one that was of a commercial nature. It is to be noted that the contracts of such loans were so concise that do not give much information. The inscriptions showed also that the dealing with this type of loans was exclusive to the first Babylonian dynasty. The qīptum loan was used in the selling and purchasing transactions, trading travels and trading association business. It was expected that there had been an interest levied on such loans, while the inscriptions did not prove any of that. Nevertheless, when the Babylonian king Ammiṣaduqa issued the mīšarum, the government called off the prior dealings with the qīptum, whereas the references state that it was not included in the mīšarum provisions. However, the present research tries to tackle this point through a legal document which was the only one that shows a dispute happened over a quantity of cereals which was a qīptum loan.

Quran's method of changing ideas and concepts aims at gaining self-satisfacation  for human beings which is based on  argument  and proof in the context of the calm and deep dialogue, and for every single question in human's mind there is a suitable answer. Quran's spectator finds a lot of models and stances between the creator and the creature and between prophets and their hordes, but we have tackled a vivid model which we may get benefit from it in our contemporary reality which brings to light how to answer some of the hardcore concepts which are based on the surface understanding of the Quranic text through Ibn-Abbas' answers to the kharijites' thought. So that the title of our research is (Quran's Method of Changing Thoughts and Concepts Ibn-Abbas' Answer to the Kharijites' Thought Model).

This search deals with a basic idea which is knowing the role of spatial channels in facilating the culture violation for the development societies specially Arabic societies. Spatial transmission forms one of the culture invasion devices that used by imperialism states to control on the different countries in the world and to impose global culture pattern which can violate the culture of development societies and impose the pattern of western countries instead of the national culture of the development countries.
The imperialism states find that this Kind of invasion has it,s the most effects and the less cost and the faster diffusion and doesn,t  has problem like military invasion or economic pressures there for they describe the culture invasion as a clean colonialism which is demanded and not fearful especially when peoples face some fast changes in the field of the religious and manners values, when satisfy with the alienation of their culture originals with the name of developing and contemporaneous.

Iraq is one of the oil exporting countries, where oil is the main source on which the national income of the Iraqi society depends. An economic blockade has been imposed on Iraq since 1990 according to a resolution by the United Nations Security Council No. 661/16 August 1990, according to which the export of oil stopped and this affected the income level. Nationalist of Iraq, which prompted the Iraqi government to reduce the level of salaries of state employees in general. Which reflected negatively on the Iraqi society, where the bribery that the employee recieves in exchange for walking the treatment of the auditors prevailed and injustice prevailed because the person who could not pay the amount of the bribery either in the departments or in police stations and others, he was unable to walk his affairs and transactions and the scientific level of students decreased because of the low level of teachers salaries And teachers, as well, because many students were forced to drop out of school and go to work or work after the official working hours, and this affected the scientific level and decreased health level, in order to steal medicines and sell them on the black market, and so on. The American occupation of Iraq on 9/4/2003 to export large quantities of oil to the world, and thus the national income has been rising.

Poetry reflects the reality of social and human life and what it contains of intellectual contents, human feeling, social natures, religious beliefs, and moral values ​​that reveal how to interact between a person, his environment and his society, as well as the results of these trends, and his ideological, political and economic consequences, and highlighting the social values, norms and beliefs that exist in any society from Societies, documenting them and working to communicate them to future generations, so it was a true image of society. Imam Al-Shafi’i, may God have mercy on him, was truly better than working to build a Muslim generation that has the ethics and principles of the Islamic religion based on the book of God and the Sunnah of His Messenger, not only By being a scholar, a jurist, and a doctrine owner, but also through his richness in the literary aspect, whether it is prose, poetry or language, his poetry included how to build an Islamic society, based on religious and moral principles.

 School management is extremely important for the pupil, the teacher other people who work at school and even to the pupils' guardians and the local environment. School is also in need for management to perform its educational duties. The good and efficient management has become a Characteristic of modern school unlace the conventional one, therefore the school management bears the greatest burden in implementing the educational process in all its aspects whether they are technical or administrative Due to the importance if the school management in the society, the evaluation the definition the importance, the duties and the characteristics of the successful school management were involved in this research in addition to the factors, patterns of school management and the skills and duties of headmaster.

The body is not a reality, or a reality among the other realities of the universe, but our personal reality and our objective truth, which we are called to live every day, every hour, every moment. We may dispense with any other reality, apart from this fact that we are, because it is one of the most important symbols on which all civilizations are based, many of which have been associated with the strong presence of the dual spirit and body. If the spirit has been approached by virtue of morality, the spiritual world and the gospels, the body can hardly escape its place in the material world.

The study aims at defining the collection building and development policy at University of Mosul Central Library through studying this policy and its steps depending on the field study achieved in the acquisition department to define its system and suggest a policy to develop the electronic collection through a systematic planning.
The theoretical part discussed the concept of collection building policy including studying user's community, building policy, selection, acquisition, weeding and lastly evaluating these collections.
 

        The research aims at reviewing the most important and famous integrated automated systems for managing libraries and information centers and the motives for their usage. The research concentrates on the most recent and qualified one which is a symphony system for acquisition, cataloging, bibliographic control, circulation, statistics management, serials control and other library functions and the systems capabilities to support and apply new standards and technologies. The research used the survey descriptive method and tried to review literature of periodical articles and books, but nothing was written on this topic except what was released by the company which designed this system and the libraries and other information institutions which adopted and applied it as well as contacting some web sites to acquire the necessary data for completing this research .The research ends with some results and deductions.

The research aims to identify the types of Arabic and foreign dictionaries available on the internet in their electronic versions , how to access and use then  , and the possibility of accessing all the vocabularies sought .
   The study covered a stratified random sample composed of seven foreign and Arabic dictionaries .
   The study follows the descriptive method and concluded the ease of browsing the electronic versions and looking for vocabularies sought which save time and efforts of the researcher who look for vocabularies in print version . The study recommends to guid researchers to use the electronic references in general and the electronic dictionaries in particular which save time and efforts spent in using the print versions . 

The research aim to identify the effect of the Differentiated Instruction to teach Math subject on the acquisition of Math. Concepts for sixth scientific Biological class students. The sample of the research consisted of ( 46 ) students of the sixth scientific Biological class students, the researchers chose them intentionally from Al Hlmaat secondary school for boys divided in to two groups, one of them to represent the experimental group which contains ( 24 ) students and other group is traditional which contains ( 22 ) students.
To achieve the research objectives, atest for mathematical concept is required. After analyzing mathematical material and extracting concepts the test included. three axes the first axis included the definition, the second for example and the third for application. The final version of the test consistent of (27) items characterized by validity, discrimination and reliability.
The researchers apply the experiment in the second semester After statistical data collection and statically analyzed the result show. there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group which was studied according to differentiated instruction and students of the traditional group, who was studied according to the traditional method in acquiring the mathematical concepts for the benefit of experimental group as a whole.