Adab AL Rafidayn

L’intrigue de ce roman, Chanson Douce, se déroule autour d’une nounou expérimentée, Louise, qui réussit à se créer un nid au sein du petit appartement des Massé : un jeune couple, Paul et Myriam avec leurs deux enfants en bas âge. Au fil des jours, cette
nounou occupe une place prédominante dans la vie de ce couple qui
tombe, à cause de leurs professions, dans le piège de la dépendance
d’une Louise de plus en plus disponible et prête à les présenter un
confort inhabituel. Ce couple sans expérience dans la vie, ferme les
yeux devant les comportements et les caractères énigmatiques et
parfois contradictoires de cette nounou. Afin d’assurer sa place dans
cette famille, cette dernière tient toujours à présenter un soutien
moral à ses patrons : elle déculpabilise toujours ces deux jeunes
submergés dans leur travail au détriment de leur devoir familial.
Mais cela n’empêche pas de voir souvent surgir entre ces patrons et
la nounou, quelques désaccords, voire quelques malaises dus à la
hiérarchie traditionnelle patron-employé. Tout au long de ce roman,
la tension ne fait que croître malgré toutes les tentatives de la part
des patrons d’en trouver une solution. La différence des classes de
l’une des autres, rend très difficile toute communication. Chaque
pas fait par les Massé envers leur nounou finit par échec : à cause de
leur incompréhension à une personne appartenant à une strate
inférieure, ils se comportent souvent avec une maladresse qui
produit des conséquences négatives. Ce conflit de classe est alors au
cœur de ce roman et son intrigue principale.

This paper examines the concept of Martyrdom as a global issue.
Poetry is used to transmit and vend stories of very early Christian martyrs
from 2nd and 4th Centuries. Also, it expects to reveal similarities and
differences beside incarnating two various poetical traditions. This work
is divided into four sections .
The first section is an endeavor to clarify the concept of martyrdom
as well as conceding a short historical introduction for the two poets’
background. The second part underscores an exhaustive investigation for
the two poems which are: "Habib the Edessan Martyr" of Jacob of Sargu
and John Dryden’s poem "A Song for St. Cecilia's Day" respectively.
While, the third one tackles the techniques utilized by the two poets in
their poems in order to immortalize and canonize the two martyrs who
paid their lives as a ransom for their belief and faith. Finally, the last part
deals with the findings of this study, determining if there are any
similarity or difference in these two poems of this current study.

This research deals with the relationship of grammatical
guidance with its well-known mechanisms of interpretation,
estimation and graduation by the rhetorical witness in the rhetorical
lesson; the Qur\'an was a modern mother or a poet or a natria. In
reading a number of these rhetorical evidence, we learned that
grammatical guidance has an effect in the statement of truthfulness,
The mechanisms and methods of grammar to determine the cause of
the inference, vitality and acceptance, and reveal the weakness of
the weakness of the reasoning and the possibility of response
according to those mechanisms and grammatical methods adopted
in reading these rhetorical evidence. This research requires stopping
at the general witness and the rhetorical witness in particular, and
the concept of the term (guidance) in the grammar and its
mechanisms of interpretation, graduation and estimation; we can
show the effect of these processes from the correct written witness
to a rule concerning the disclosure of the speaker and its
observance. The rhetorical lesson is distinguished from other
linguistic and linguistic sciences. In order not to exaggerate the
research and to come out of its content and purpose, we will limit
ourselves to the samples of the rhetorical evidence contained in the
semantics exclusively because the general provision is described
and arrived at from the particles representing its broad broad base.
And selected. We have chosen to divide the research into a muhad
(rhetorical witness) and (grammatical orientation) with its
mechanisms in a condensed and concise manner, and two sections
based on the division of samples into grammatical and related terms.
To conclude, the most important findings of the research,
Grammatical evidence of these rhetorical evidence.

In its first part, the research in the methodology of the book
entitled: "Matlaa AlAnwar and Nuzhat AlBasa'ir Wal Absar" by
Ibn Khamees AlMaliqi (died after 639 A. H.) considering this book
as an Andalusian literary and historical reference and a book that
occupies a remarkable value in the Andalusian library. The book
includes biographies of one hundred seventy three distinguished
figures from Malaga and Andalusia.
The book is regarded as one of the masterpieces in terms of
the selection of poems and prose. The research investigated the
reason behind writing the book, time and place of writing it, in
addition to scrutinizing, with an eye of critic, the introduction,
chapters and the conclusion of the book.

The present work is an inductive investigation to (يذلا)
( allathi; who, that, which) relative clause in the Glorious
Quran. Grammarians are unanimously on agreement that the
relative clause is an independent linguistic construct, integral
structurally and implying a series of attributive sub functions.
Its main grammatical function, however, is to specify the
relative noun, which is connected grammatically to the
linguistic context of the whole discourse . the study aims at
specifying the patterns of the relative clause in the Glorious
Quran and the pragmatic signification and connotations derived
from each pattern depending on context. The audience cannot
but be taken by the grandeur of composition, the excellency of
word order, the influential power and good style of the Glorious
Quran . The patterns of ( يذلا ) relative clause in the Glorious
Quran are magnificent reflections loaded with various solid
significations .

Andalusia was celebrated with a lot of grammarians whose
opinions influenced the Andalusian library. These include
Ahmed ibn Muhammed, known as ibn al-Hajj, who was
famous for his objections to the grammarians, especially ibn
Asfour. He had books and explanations on the book of Sibuya
and the characteristics of ibn Jaini and Ibn Asfour, We have
relied in his research on the sources of grammarians who came
after him and conveyed his views, and was the focus of their
admiration, and contributed his personality grammatical in the
support of grammatical ideas, opinions and answers and
grammatical analyzes, and this our research came to view these
responses and the arguments and arguments of the response to
them leaving the bug of his views to other research, the effort
agreat grammar can not be counted in this area.

This search has shown the efforts of Abu-Zaid to show
semantics of odd words in AL-Hadith AL-shorif. He made too
much work on this research, so it is a chance to collect the
semantics of odd words to be the base to many loxicons and the
books of Gharib

Our Critical Reading The binaries and gaps of the narrative text
"Abona" are replaced by the use of text overlapping and to the
hidden destination and hidden under the ice bottom, which is hidden
by the narrator in the story "Abuna", and the first threshold can be
reached by the researcher is the address has been deliberately
narrated to make the title charming multiple meanings of the
semantic address is the power of words exist in the narrative but the
authority actually does not exist .
In the research, we discussed the textual narration of Abuna through
major readings:
1- Our father / the place ... If our father is lost, the place is lost
* Generated texts
* Social bookmarking
* Place (two-pet and Maadi)
Are these all the first readings to highlight the hidden to the public
we have penetrated the secret and became a text is revealed and
there are hidden objects and suppressed narrator's intentions to hide
in his narrative because the text contains spaces and gaps and cracks
is a space and holes are open spaces that make us accept many
different readings of one effect.
The summary of what we come out of our reading of this story that
"Nizar Abdul Sattar" writer and novelist novelist has a specificity is
the creative, which is divided between his hands writing spaces.

This study show a critical and valuable methodology of
sebawiah in aiming the book . The books writer and his aims depend
on explicit and clear fact . Which determines the wrong and presents
the reasoner . This study determines and show his method (
Sebawaih ) and explains his ideology .
This study leads us towords a near point of Grammatical proofs .
It is serious in clearing sebawaih\'s point of view and how to put it as
criteria . whenever makes the other is a subhect of criticism .

After our interpretation of the texts of remorse at the pre-Islamic
Arab poets, we found a distinctive presence in the poetry of war,
especially with regard to the cause of vengeance, to adhere to the
Arabs in this habit and the absence of power in this effect, where no
government deterrent and no laws are required, but despite the
Arabs' attachment to revenge And their insistence on understanding
so we see on their faces the features of remorse and their eyes tear
tears to accelerate them and lack of thinking, and comes regret in
other positions and other remorse and loss of their presence in the
family and the family, and the money of human existence and
humanitarian service and attitude, these were not poetic texts that
relate to our research (Remorse) between sons The demolition of
poets before Islam only samples of the subject of future worthy of
research and study .

The current study aims at investigating the relationship
between declension and Meaning in Al Sajda - veres in the
Glorious Qur'aan . The study also attempts to find the sort of
relationship that holds between declension and meaning so as
to realize the intention behind the use of 'sujood' (lit. adoration)
in each particular verse where it is used. As declension and
meaning have mutual relationship, it is found that declension
guides to understand the meaning of 'sujood' in some verses
whereas meaning leads to declension , especially in verses
where there is more than one aspect of declension as far as the
term 'sujood' is concerned.
The paper comes in 3 sections. section 1 traces back the
phenomenon of declension linguistically , section 2 explaines
the relation ship holding between declension and meaning and
section 3 includes the analytical part of the verses of 'sujood' in
accordance with their occurrence in the Glorious 'Qur'aan' .
The paper concludes with some results and findings .

The writing Al-Qathi al Horwai reflects aesthetic structure
,the thesis tried to explore its far off the beaten deposits, so the
thesis seek to choose space and time aspects which are described as
two principle main areas that reflect the emotion and uncertain
feeling of author . the spatial and temporal indication transmitted the
general nature glossary in general , the temporal structure lifted
from familiar boundaries and time limits , which embodies the
overall sense and subjected to infinity spiritual time .
In general, the indicative juxtaposition the lifting and the
trend out of ordinary in Al-Qathi al Horwai letters

Each era has its own special need for a renewal in style and
in subjects and ideas, as required by the reality from the intellectual,
educational and scientific point of view. There is a wide stone who
said: "What left the first to the other" This research is a review and
treatment of the reality of linguistic heritage in the corner of its
angles, which is the exchange and the balance of morphology, and
has clarified a vision that shows the importance of reviewing and
processing the linguistic code in this area with modern methods that
reflect the essence of heritage and represent its origins and
methodology.

This research deals with the Ark of covenant of children of
Israel mentioned in Talut story in al - Baqara Sura . This study
aims at defining the Ark of covenant . what is it , its size , its matter
? What an assurance of security and relics left in side of it do mean
. Time of its presence , and was it raised or not ?
The study also tackles its origin, weight and its derivation by
Linquists as well as to how the prophets compainions contrast
while writing the Holy Quran . I seek the help of god that I make
the Scholars opinion clear Cut in this Subject on the one hand , and
something _ thoug little_ to render Islamic religion and the Holy
Quran on the other hand . The rightness is from God and I ask God
forgiveness and at the end praise be to God “ the one and only ”.

The city of Mosul is one of the Iraqi cities that are steeped in the
foot, and which include among its narrow alleys, a collection of
archaeological artifacts and architectural and artistic remnants,
dating back to the beginning of the great Islamic conquest of the
city of Mosul. Has been revealed in recent times through recent
studies and field survey in the old neighborhoods of Mosul, and
emerged many Islamic mihrabs, which are truly artistic artifacts in
Islamic architecture, where they were revealed in mosques, scenes
and pastures. Which dates back to the Ottoman era, but after study,
investigation and comparison, it was found to be the first of the first
Abbasid Abbasid period (132 - 232 AH / 750 - 847 AD), the most
important of which is the mihrab of Sheikh Qasim al - Omari and
the mausoleum of Sheikh Osman al - And the mihrab of the tomb of
Sheikh Ihsan al-Bakri, from the 5th century AD, which still has its
traces to this day. It preserves all its elements of architecture, art and
scripture, which included the features of the Islamic mihrab, Double
cylindrical columns, with crowns and contracts For a mummified
frame of engineering, all elements of the Islamic mihrab were
contained.

The situation of the Abbasid caliphate was occupied
after the death of Harun al-Rashid, the historians of old and
modern subsequent political and intellectual changes. In their
study, the researchers worked on causes and consequences.
However, the ambiguity and concealment of the purposes
behind the facades that were issued to confront the caliphate
made it difficult to reach the real thing. Therefore, this study is
concerned with identifying the objectives targeted by these
movements, which are not mentioned in the sources, and this is
what made the act and its response tends towards the directness
between the authority and the opposition forces. This is
supported by many of the indicators which the study described.

The French-Spanish bilateral protection in 1912 and the uprising of the Moroccan people throughout the country began. This national struggle began in the style of armed struggle, which concentrated in mountainous and rural areas. This struggle continued until the mid-1930s. Which accompanied the armed struggle, which in turn culminated in the development of the political and trade union organization strongly and intensively in the major cities in the Spanish and French influence to organize more than before and interfere with the armed struggle, especially after the Second World War, which came back once I have seen the political arena to continue the two lines in their struggle against the occupation
       The circumstances in which Moroccan workers lived in terms of their living conditions, their public relations, their values ​​and culture, and the basis of their cultural affiliation, led them to become aware of the colonial phenomenon, even if not more profoundly than it was at the beginning of the 1940s. And more, it has become a system of legislation of underdevelopment, ignorance, poverty, monopoly and exploitation, and the employer also, and therefore the confrontation is no longer based on a reaction revolving around the defense of identity and historical personality only, but is called for the abolition of colonialism and occupation together, 1956.

The present study concert the jobs (plans) of city and police in Andalus in that are of the distinguished plans of the state and the ambiguity faced some historians who considered them one job (plan).
Through some of the narrations we have, it was clear that the city mayer job (plan) was not of one direction in Andalus history in that it was unified with that of the police in chief one time and independent on the others.
The research is also dealt with the features and characteristics of the mayer and the police in chief in detail and the authorities of both given by the princer and Khaliffs of Bany Umayh in Andalus.

The present study sheds light on the Mongol tribal society with regard to its way of living which is based on wandering around the severe Mongolian steppe. This severe environment imposed upon the Mongols leading a severe life due to the shortage of economical resources which are mainly restricted to grazing fields. This drove the Mongols to depend on cattle and horses in the first place to meet the necessities of life. This is reflected in turn on their habitations, foods and drink as we shall explain later on in the course of this study.

    Imam Al-Thahaby considered one of the most important experts that deals with Al-Hadith , writing of history and biographer. His books writes about faiths Islamic groups and think and scintifcal life. He writes about Sufisim and Theirs chiefs . He shows Saints miracles and paise of their chiefs. Finally , he explained the types of Sufism, praised part of it and dispraise another.

   France is one of the European countries Who takes special interest in the study history of Crusades and its Campaigns on the Islamic orient due to many reasons first of them the great role the Frenches Played in those Wars Which Lasted for two centuries, because they considered this Period as a Part of the history of France itself the second one : The literary movement flourished since the 17th.C in France itself , the third one : the imperial trend adopted by foreign politics of France

The economic systems brought by Islam have had a
significant impact on the lives of the nations that entered the
era of Islam, As the financial position of any country represents
as chart that accurately reflects the strength or weakness of the
state.
The politics of any country is its financial system with
its resources and banks, and if the fiscal policy of each country
is based on balancing its resources and expenses, the Islamic
Caliphate maintained a financial balance, one day it did not
resort to the right to bargain against the rights of the Islamic
nation in exchange for a financial cover, however, the money
was available at the money house, and the guardian of the
house of money was only the faithful, the money came to Beit
al-Mal (money house) from various sources, mainly zakat
(Alms).
When talking about the economic heritage of the Arab
Islamic Caliphate, we find ourselves in front of a coherent and
tightly knit heritage system, which has illuminated the Arab
Islamic civilization and achieved the happiness of humanity.
The economic system in the Arab Islamic Caliphate is part of
the Islamic system that has remained and is still a great
monument that will not be able to destroy the scars of fraud
and malicious distortion, and it will not be able to distort the
corrupt pens (even if some of them are back). And the systems
established by the Muslims were unable to do so.
555
ىفطصم عفانلادبع دممح.د.م و
دوحم يوازع يرون .د.م.أ
)ةاكزلا(
ةيملاسلإا ةيبرعلا ةفلالخا في لالما تيب تادراو نم
The most prominent Islamic financial systems in Islam
are fairly independent of all financial systems in the world. The
most important principles of these systems are the rules of the
College approved by the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the
Prophetic Sunnah. Subdivided branches are measured
according to the evolution of conditions and unless the Salma
nation is made up of events.
The House of Money in Islam General Resources The
researchers differed in their classification according to the
criteria on which they measure, However, they are limited to us
in two sections: the first is the annual or periodic revenues.
This means the resources that are collected in a certain period.
The abscess and the urethra, plus the five on the front.
The second part is the non-annual or periodic revenues.
It means the resources collected at the appropriate time,
regardless of the criteria of time, such as the tenth of the trade,
the wine, the five spoils, the five metals, the ore and the legacy
of the deceased, and the money of the shot and all that is not
known to him.
The Arab Islamic Caliphate has followed this policy
since its inception, where it established the House of Money,
which is based on maintaining the Muslims' money and
preserving it and not to dispose of it except as required by the
benefit of Jemaah Islamiyah. Is really like the Ministry of
Finance, and its owner is acting as Minister of Finance at
present.
it is known that the most important imports of the House
of Money in the Islamic Caliphate are: Zakat, Al-Ghanimah,
Al-Faya, Al-Faya includes (Al-Kharaj, Al-Jaziya and Al
Ashoor). These are all in the sense of tax, but some are tax on
the land or on heads and some on other things.

The ethnic interpretation of history played a large part in the
mental field of historical studies, especially from the mid-nineteenth
century until the early twentieth century. Many philosophers and
thinkers who had a great influence in this field, including Professor
Gustav Le Bon, Intellectual and philosophical importance of this
school of interpretation of the historical movement and movement,
by relying on the origin of the races of peoples and nations, as well
as the psychological and civilized grades of these nations and
peoples, as well as reference to the different stages experienced by
the peoples for their spiritual composition And civilization, which
he called the formation of historic nations.

Our research deals with an African figure who played a major
role in the political process of the Democratic Republic of the
Congo. He was Patrice Lumumba, who resisted Belgian colonialism
and founded the national movement in 1958 as the Congolese
Patriotic Movement. He played an important role in the 1960
Brussels Round Table Conference. The Belgian decolonization of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the proclamation of the
independence of the DRC, the first elected Prime Minister of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo after its independence in 1960
from Belgian colonialism, ensured that Lumumba\'s government
enjoyed independence only a few days The President of the
Republic, Kazavobo, called for the dismissal of Lumumba. Mobutu,
the chief of staff of the Congolese army, who took part in a military
coup against the Government of Lumumba in 1961 and transferred
him to a prison in the separatist province of Katanga and was
executed by Supporters of Tushmbe and with the support of the
Belgian government.

The family is the basic pillar of any society and the basis of its
good. Therefore, the attention of the family is an interest in the
community. Therefore, our research is aimed at understanding the
nature of the social relations prevailing in the nucleus family. Is it in
fact identical to the Islamic religion because the Islamic religion is
the most important organizer of family relations? Confirms that
some relations on the ground are within the framework of the
teachings of the Islamic religion and others do not fall within the
framework of the teachings of religion.

The current study is considered one of the theoretical analytical studies adopting analytical approach so as to come up with conclusion regarding the effectiveness of the internal displacement in the period of the US occupation of Iraq on the increased rates of the foreign migration. The current study aimed at reviewing the increased range of the increased internal displacement as far as its range ,expanding system, the influential factors on the individual's decision in transforming from internal displacement to foreign displacement, and the way the internal displaced is changed to be a foreigner immigrant are concerned. The present study concludes that there is a high rate of internal displacement and its expansion; after being limited to some particular areas as Kurdistan Region (in the north) and some governorates (in the south), the internal displacement covers other parts of Iraq in the period of the US occupation of Iraq due to the explosion of sectarian and sectarian violence. Another conclusion that comes to the forefront is the implications of the displacement and the displaced problems including lack of health and educational services, inability to adaptation , being subjected to violence, the control of the armed sectarian groups on most parts of Iraq, being treated with racism, and discrimination between the displaced and the inhabitants of the host cities. All are but influential factors which lead the internal displaced to take a decision on foreign migration. Besides, the relationship between the internal displacement and the foreign migration is dialectical; once there is an increase in the range of the internal displacement, the range of the foreign migration increases.

     The digital space has brought about a qualitative leap not only in the field of social communication, but in the results and impact of this communication on the value system for its users. This communication has impressive results in the humanitarian, social, political and cultural fields to the extent that it has caused one of the most important factors of social change locally and globally, To communicate and speed in the delivery of information so that traditional spaces no longer have the ability to make this change, but stand helpless to the direct and effective impact of the social networks, which have an impact on our values ​​and customs and traditions and traditions Thanks to the social networking network, many communication spaces have been formed, which are virtual places where people deal with these spaces as a place to feel, to exercise freedom of expression and to exchange ideas and knowledge. More precisely, it is formed by what is known as the "virtual home" ideal. Hence, the objective of the study is to introduce this society and its concepts and to identify the social relationships. Significant results have been reached, among them, the digital revolution and the communications generated profound reflections on the social structure of the youth generation and the impact on their collective awareness towards the human society as well as the disintegration of the traditional buildings and the old style. The weak link of individuals, especially that the Arab citizen in his current crises began to search for a new style, This new layout is symbolic space. The contents of this study included five topics, the first topic included the concepts of study and previous studies. The second topic is the virtual world and its society.

  Extreme thought and its effects is one of the issues that have busied the whole world; it has no limits to ration its effects or determine on who the impact of this devastating impact of this epidemic will fall upon. This epidemic entered all houses and occupied all the humanity’s thinking. It lies between supporters and objectors. The most terrible matter is those who believe in this deviant thought which does not respect the elderly,  have no mercy on the weak or the young, exclude the children, or avoid the right of women at their homes.
    Extremism does not any longer mean being extreme in doing worshipping acts, but it got much further. It began to enter religious issues which are not allowed to be argued about; it also got beyond the limits of religious issues, both in words or deeds which had fanatic effects, i.e., effects which eliminate the others’ very existence and thoughts. The extremists’ speech is right and impeccable, and it is not subject to debate, and accuses whoever is trying to express a contrary opinion of ignorance and disobedience, that they consider them (immoral disobedients). They alone represent Islam and are the official spokesman in the name of truth. For them, any opinion, even from religious scholars or righteous people, has no value.

The research aims to specify the studying subjects for the
department of information and libraries techniques in Iraqi Technical
institutes that suit the needs of work market in a private sector. The
descriptive and analytical procedure was used and the questionnaire
as a tool of collecting information that had been filled by (52) a
graduator from department of information techniques in Mosul
Technical Institute. The research has reached to many results, the
most important are :-
1- The ratio of 61.54% persons who have graduated from the
department of information and libraries techniques in Mosul
Technical Institute are unemployed, and 7.69 % of them have got a
governmental job, while a ratio of 15.54% have got a job in private
companies. While 11.54 % of them have decided to establish a
private project. The ratio of 3.84% continue their study .
2-The curricula which have been studied in these departments are
adjusted every two years .The adjustments have been done after
taking the suggestions of teachers of these curricula about adding
new expressions or deleting others or changing the curriculum
completely through the department council. Each teacher in the
department has the right to add or adjust 20% of the studying
material .