Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

This study aimed to identify prevalent pathogens of a caused moldy core of postharvest apple fruits and the efficiency of essential oils (EO) of clove (Syzygium aromaticum), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), sage (Salvia officinalis), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and Trichoderma harzianum filtrate to inhibit pathogens growth of Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium griseofulvum. The examined pathogens are recognized dependent on morphological and also molecular identification. In vivo, clove EO and T. harzianum filtrate were strongly restricted decay area on fruits with 82.36% and 81.69%, respectively when applied as direct inhibition. Growth of all examined pathogens was entirely stopped on fruits treated with both clove and thyme oils at 10%. The results also illustrated that T. harzianum filtrate and EOs exhibited considerable growth inhibition of B. cinerea and ranged between 86.53% and 100%. The lowest inhibitory potential of EOs 47.95% and 75.9% were observed with P. griseofulvum. T. harzianum filtrate was the most effective biocontrol that inhibited fruit decay by 64.5% followed by 45.9%, 38.6%, 37.5%, and 35.9% when utilized EOs of thyme, sage, eucalyptus, and clove, respectively. The growth of both pathogens A. alternata and B. cinerea depressed with up to 90% using T. harzianum filtrate followed by EOs of eucalyptus and thyme. Whereas fruits inoculated with P. griseofulvum were not frustrated when applied to each EOs or T. harzianum. Their systemic induction was restricted between 3.16% and 23.82%.

Abstract: Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microalgae and fungi, in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other environments. The experiment was designed to evaluate the efficiency of microorganisms to remove heavy metals by using, two fungi (Aspegillus niger and Candida albicans) with two microalgae (Scenedesmus quadricauda and Tetradesmus nygaardi), in removing heavy metals from liquid media during study period (20 days). For this study, cadmium and lead were selected by different concentrations (5, 15, 35, and 50ppm) of such heavy metals. The results indicate that fungi and microalgae effectively removed a significant amount of heavy metals. With respect to Pb and Cd, the maximum removal of lead for all concentrations (5-50ppm) were, (94, 90, 86.28 and 81.6%) respectively, and maximum cadmium removal were (88, 86.66, 84.57 and 79%) recorded by consortium culture of Scenedesmus quadricauda and Tetradesmus nygaardi on day 20th of the experiment. Statistically there were significant difference (p≤0.05) between control and all treatments for both tested heavy metals.

Abstract: The current study examines the effects of different levels of marjoram Origanum majorana extract (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 %) on growth performance and haematological parameters in diets of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Four units of the Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) were used. Each unit had three plastic tanks (30×30×60 cm), representing four treatments with three replicates, each tank containing ten fish with an average weight of 16.31 + 0.02g - 16.48 + 0.10. Fingerlings were fed at a rate of 3% of the total fish weight. All diets contained an average of 33.89 ± 0.067 % crude protein and about 20.32±0.16 (kJ/g) of gross energy .Fish are fed twice daily, six days a week. The study lasted eight weeks (56 days) during November and December 2021. According to our findings, a group of fish fed 1.5% marjoram extract had the highest rate of final body weight, daily weight increase, relative growth rate, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio, and feed conversion efficiency. The 1.5 % marjoram extract treatment had the highest rate of total protein 5.68+ 0.84 g/dl, albumin 4.48+ 0.48 g/dl, globulin 1.17+ 0.54g/dl and 3.82 + 0.51%
albumin/ globulin. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the use of 1.5 % O. majorana
extract was best for growth, and blood profile. The results suggest that the inclusion of O.
majorana can improve the nutrient efficiency, growth performance, and haematological
parameter of C. carpio fingerlings without negative effects on the fish.

Abstract: An accurate identification of an insect is essential for the effective pest management program. However, due to the restrictions of phenotypic identification, molecular process (e.g. DNA barcoding) is used to overcome some of these limitations. The present paper was aimed to identify the Jujube fruit fly by morphological characters of the adults and molecular DNA barcoding of the larval stage in southeast Iraq. The adults was morphologically identified as Carpomyia incompleta (Becker, 1903) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Results of the molecular method revealed that the mitochondrial COI – COII marker was successfully identified immature stage of the species. The sequence analysis results identified the specimens (AHL1 and AHL2) as C. incompleta. Sequences of the specimens were recorded in The US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) under accession numbers (ON045002.1 and ON045003.1, respectively. These results were consistent with the phenotypic identification of the Jujube fruit flies.

Abstract: The experiment was undertaken to study correlation and path coefficient and relatively importance to yield and its components traits in Okra. The experimental material consisted of six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) through two crosses, which were evaluated in Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at the Agriculture Scientific Center in Latakia during the summer of 2020. The result of phenotypic correlation revealed that yield per plant had positively significant correlation with fruit diameter (0.53), positively highly significant correlation with fruit weight (0.65), and negatively highly significant correlation with days for first flowering and days to 50% flowering (-0.56, -0.63), respectively in the first hybrid (Lathkani 6× Lathkani 10). In the second hybrid (Lathkani 7× Lathkani 9), yield per plant has exhibited positively and highly significant correlation with numbers of fruit per plant, numbers of flowers per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit weight (0.95, 0.96, 0.76, 0.65, 0.64), respectively. The high positively direct effect on yield per plant was contributed by fruit weight followed by days to 50% flowering in the first hybrid. Numbers of fruits per plant had desirably direct effect on yield per plant in the second hybrid. Hence, direct selection based on these traits would result in simultaneous improvement of previously mentioned traits and yield in Okra.

Abstract: The research was done in the vegetables research farm at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at University of Dohuk, Kurdistan region of Iraq, during the growing season in (2021-2022). The reason behind the study was to investigate the response of two cultivars of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica.) Ajjasi and Wisdom cv. to different types of mulching (without, black plastic and straw) and also the different concentrations levels of licorice root extract (0, 6, 12 and18g.L-1) on productivity and some nutrients content of Broccoli curd. The results showed that Wisdom cultivar performed better than Ajjassi in terms of early yield and nutrients content. Throughout the research season, both cultivars were considerably improved in all examined attributes. Additionally, it was shown that all features in both cultivars were noticeably enhanced in plastic mulch. There was an observed increase in the majority of features of the interactions between licorice root extract and straw. Early yield in Wisdom cultivar was meaningfully different from Ajjasi (27.814 and 24.138) ton. ha-1 respectively. Most of the measurements were greatly influenced by black plastic mulch, while the best overall outcome was achieved in black plastic mulch and 18g.L-1 concentration of licorice root extract in Ajjassi cultivar. In both cultivars, there were noticeable changes in the nutrient’s contents of (Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium %). In general, the combination among treatments was significantly enhanced in the all studied traits.

Abstract: This study aimed to isolate and identify the Bacillus licheniformis bacteria that produces the enzyme collagenase. Due to the selective nature of this enzyme in breaking down and degrading collagen, it was used to tenderize aged buffalo meat. The bacterial isolates were screened using a selective medium and then grown on collagen-agar medium to identify enzyme-producing isolates. Thirteen enzyme-producing isolates were obtained based on the formation of a transparent corona around the colony. Biochemical assessments of the bacterial isolates were carried out using the ABIS online program. The isolates BL1–BL9, BL12 and BL13 were found to be related to B. licheniformis with a percentage match of 98%, while BL10 and BL11 were related to Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis with a percentage match of 95% and 95.3%, respectively. The enzyme activity of the isolates varied, with the highest activity reaching 200.71 units.ml-1 for isolate BL12. The enzyme of this isolate was chosen to complete the other tests. The optimal time required to obtain the highest enzymatic activity was found to be 20 h, which amounted to 210.25 units.ml-1, with a specific activity of 135.64 units.ml-1. The enzyme was partially purified using ammonium sulphate at a saturation rate of 20–70% as it showed an enzymatic activity and specificity of 355.81 units.ml-1 and a specific activity of 423.58 units.ml-1. Partially purified collagenase was used to tenderize aged buffalo meat. The results showed that treating aged buffalo meat with the enzyme solution for different immersion durations improved the pH, water-holding capacity (WHC) and cooking yield, with an increase in the concentration of hydroxyproline and a significant percentage of soluble collagen; the treated samples showed the best properties with a 60-min immersion duration.

Abstract: An essential element of date palm production is the pollen source. The present study was conducted during two successive seasons of 2020 and 2021 to evaluate some males of Aswan date palm. Herein, morphological, physicochemical, and molecular characteristics of 23 date palm males were evaluated to determine the most superior and promising males for pollinating the female ‘Bartamoda’ cultivar. It is obvious that ‘Male No. 22’, recorded almost the highest value for morphological characteristics, pollen viability, crude protein, total amino acids, and mineral content. In contrast, ‘Male No. 5’, showed the lowest content of crude protein, total amino acids, and mineral content compared to the other males that were grown in the rest of the locations in Aswan government. All ISSR primers were highly polymorphic, with a value of 100%, highlighting the necessity of employing such primers when investigating date palm diversification. Two unique bands were among the 43 total bands that were produced. The genetic coefficients with a mean of 61.5% and the first two primary axes were able to explain roughly 52.30% of the genetic variance across the genotypes of date palms. Those results suggested that all genotypes tested are efficient for the fertilization of ‘Bartamoda’ inflorescences and can be used as pollinizer in commercial orchards of this cultivar.

Abstract: The present work aims to study the development and application of Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks for predicting auger energy consumption based on input energy. The study utilized RBF networks and explored the input energy with treatments 2 (Soil moisture content), 2 (Rotary speeds), 2 (Hole depths) and 4 (Replication) based on field operations. As indicated by the results, energy input differed between the treatments but was not significant. The highest input value in transaction soil moisture content was 14.75 %, rotary speeds of 235 rpm, and hole depths of 40 cm. In comparison, the lower input energy at transaction soil moisture content was 7.9%, rotary speeds of 235 rpm, and hole depths of 20 cm. Input energy in treatment (14.75 %, 235 rpm, and 40 cm) and treatment (7.9 %,235 rpm, and 20 cm) were 100.204 and 57.135 MJ. ha-1, respectively. The highest input energy shares were recorded for diesel fuel at all treatments. Furthermore, the RBF network with one hidden layer had good convergence. The output results showed 10 and five hidden neurons in a hidden layer with high accuracy for treatment (14.75 %, 235 rpm, and 40 cm) and treatment (7.9%, 235 rpm, and 20 cm). In the treatment (14.75 %, 235 rpm, and 40 cm), the MSE for the training and testing sets was 0.0001 % and 0.01 % for data points with Ordinary RBF (ORBF type). The performance of the 3-10-1 architecture was better than other architectures. Finally, this research concluded that the RBF network method can forecast the input energy and energy expenditures related to the types of treatments.

Abstract: Date palm is one of the most important trees for economic and social development in many countries and its fruits with high nutritional value. This aimed to determine the role of salicylic (SA) and jasmonic acids (JA) as antioxidants against salt stress. Salt stress was applied with water irrigation to two-year-old date palm offshoots by using 200 mM NaCl alone or in combination with foliar sprays of JA and SA at 1, 2 and 3 mgL-1. Results indicate that salinity at 200 mM NaCl remarkably increased the content of osmolytes (e.g., proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars) in date palm leaves. Moreover, with the combination of 2 and 3 mg.L-1 SA and 1 mg.L-1 JA with salinity, the osmolyte content was remarkably higher than in salinity treatment alone. When date palm was exposed to salinity alone, the levels of oxidative markers, Malondialdehyde as a lipid peroxidation marker and H2O2 as a ROS accumulation marker, substantially increased compared with the control. Importantly, the levels of these oxidative markers remarkably decreased when plants were subjected to combined salinity and treatment with at 2 and 3 mg.L-1 SA and 3 mg.L-1 SA compared with the salinity treatment alone. In addition, spraying 2 and 3 mg.L-1 SA and 3 mg.L-1 JA on leaves combined with salinity treatment remarkably decreased the salinity effect on membrane stability index. Moreover, when 2 or 3 mg.L-1 were sprayed, no remarkable difference was detected for any investigated characteristics, and SA had a greater effect than JA in alleviating the salinity effect.

Abstract: Jenoubi cattle breed classified as a Bos indicus L., is one of Iraqi indigenous cattle that kept for milk production purpose, but the influence of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) on milk-related traits remain poorly understood. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FABP4 gene of Jenoubi cows. The DNA samples were extracted from the blood of 21 cows. Along 565-bp nucleotide (nt) amplicon from the intron 2- exon 3- intron 3 of FABP4 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) while forward sequencing was used to detect SNPs and results were analyzed using bioinformatics software. The findings resulted the existence of two SNPs (c.3689G>A and c.3709G>C) in the exon 3 and four SNPs (g.3494A>C, g.3531A>T, g.3743T>C and g.3765T>C) in the intron regions. Therefore, three haplotypes of FABP4 gene were obtained in this study based on three SNPs of g.3494A>C, g.3531A>T and g.3765T>C. Nonetheless, those haplotypes were not significantly influencing to the milk quality traits of Jenoubi cows. However, the SNPs examined in this study might not be used as potential DNA marker to improve milk production traits of the current breed.

Abstract: Jenoubi cattle breed classified as a Bos indicus L., is one of Iraqi indigenous cattle that kept for milk production purpose, but the influence of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) on milk-related traits remain poorly understood. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FABP4 gene of Jenoubi cows. The DNA samples were extracted from the blood of 21 cows. Along 565-bp nucleotide (nt) amplicon from the intron 2- exon 3- intron 3 of FABP4 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) while forward sequencing was used to detect SNPs and results were analyzed using bioinformatics software. The findings resulted the existence of two SNPs (c.3689G>A and c.3709G>C) in the exon 3 and four SNPs (g.3494A>C, g.3531A>T, g.3743T>C and g.3765T>C) in the intron regions. Therefore, three haplotypes of FABP4 gene were obtained in this study based on three SNPs of g.3494A>C, g.3531A>T and g.3765T>C. Nonetheless, those haplotypes were not significantly influencing to the milk quality traits of Jenoubi cows. However, the SNPs examined in this study might not be used as potential DNA marker to improve milk production traits of the current breed.

Abstract:This study was conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of eighteen Iraqi wheat varieties against the infestation of Khapra beetle Trogoderma granaruimnine Everts; nine varieties of durum wheat Triticum turgidum Desf. (Um Rabei, Aksad65, Cham3. Bakrajo-1, Semeto, Creso, Baghdad2, Zain Turk, Sardar), and nine varieties of bread wheat T. aestivum L. (Jihan99, Azza, Cham6, Tamuz2, Adnaniya, Adana, Ibaa99, Azadi, and Abu-Ghraib) were selected. Results showed that the Abu-Ghraib and Azza varieties were the most resistant to infested by the beetles; the total of insect’s population reached 4.8, and 5 insects.100 g-1 of wheat, respectively. Growth rate of 0 and 0.1 insect/month-1, loss of weight grains of 1.6 and 1.9 %, and the decreasing germination of grains (4.81, and 0.6)% were recorded for both varieties, respectively. While var. Semeto was susceptible to the infestation; the insect population attained 1238.8 insects.100 g-1 of wheat with a growth rate of 82.3 insect/month-1; also the loss of weight grains was 58.5 % and the loss of germination of grains increased to 84.3%. To conclude, this study demonstrated that the durum wheat showed higher susceptibility than bread varieties.

Abstract: Agrobacterium species are responsible for the production of the polysaccharide known as curdlan. The curdlan was produced from 10 isolates that were collected from a variety of local sources, including as agricultural soils, root nodules, and plant roots. The isolates were identified by examinations using morphological, microscopic, and biochemical tests. After testing the isolates to see which ones could produce the most curdlan, the A2 isolate finally emerged with a production capacity of 29.2 g.L-1. According to the findings, the production of curdlan was increased using the modified medium that contained date juice at a concentration of 26.4 mL.100 mL-1 of the production medium. The resultant yield was 30.7 g.L-1, which was the highest possible yield. The identification of curdlan was validated by the utilization of FTIR, NMR, and HPLC techniques. The modified medium had the capability of being utilized in the production of curdlan from agricultural waste products.

Abstract: Agrobacterium species are responsible for the production of the polysaccharide known as curdlan. The curdlan was produced from 10 isolates that were collected from a variety of local sources, including as agricultural soils, root nodules, and plant roots. The isolates were identified by examinations using morphological, microscopic, and biochemical tests. After testing the isolates to see which ones could produce the most curdlan, the A2 isolate finally emerged with a production capacity of 29.2 g.L-1. According to the findings, the production of curdlan was increased using the modified medium that contained date juice at a concentration of 26.4 mL.100 mL-1 of the production medium. The resultant yield was 30.7 g.L-1, which was the highest possible yield. The identification of curdlan was validated by the utilization of FTIR, NMR, and HPLC techniques. The modified medium had the capability of being utilized in the production of curdlan from agricultural waste products.

Abstract: Agrobacterium species are responsible for the production of the polysaccharide known as curdlan. The curdlan was produced from 10 isolates that were collected from a variety of local sources, including as agricultural soils, root nodules, and plant roots. The isolates were identified by examinations using morphological, microscopic, and biochemical tests. After testing the isolates to see which ones could produce the most curdlan, the A2 isolate finally emerged with a production capacity of 29.2 g.L-1. According to the findings, the production of curdlan was increased using the modified medium that contained date juice at a concentration of 26.4 mL.100 mL-1 of the production medium. The resultant yield was 30.7 g.L-1, which was the highest possible yield. The identification of curdlan was validated by the utilization of FTIR, NMR, and HPLC techniques. The modified medium had the capability of being utilized in the production of curdlan from agricultural waste products.

Abstract: Agrobacterium species are responsible for the production of the polysaccharide known as curdlan. The curdlan was produced from 10 isolates that were collected from a variety of local sources, including as agricultural soils, root nodules, and plant roots. The isolates were identified by examinations using morphological, microscopic, and biochemical tests. After testing the isolates to see which ones could produce the most curdlan, the A2 isolate finally emerged with a production capacity of 29.2 g.L-1. According to the findings, the production of curdlan was increased using the modified medium that contained date juice at a concentration of 26.4 mL.100 mL-1 of the production medium. The resultant yield was 30.7 g.L-1, which was the highest possible yield. The identification of curdlan was validated by the utilization of FTIR, NMR, and HPLC techniques. The modified medium had the capability of being utilized in the production of curdlan from agricultural waste products.

Abstract: In this study, peat, compost and charcoal were added to reduce groundwater pollution with thiamethoxam by soil columns. Iodide has been used as a water tracer at a rate of 10 mL (0.1 M) for each soil column and that leached fast in all soil columns. The breakthrough curve of thiamethoxam was appeared from leachates of calcareous soil column and alluvial soil column with iodide. Accordingly it is considered thiamethoxam is highly mobile compound in tested soils. The addition of soil amendments reduced downward movement and significantly increased cumulative percentage of thiamethoxam from soil columns. After application; 85.21, 93.23, 98.12 and 97.84 % of applied thiamethoxam were recovered in leachates of alluvial soil, 5% peat-soil, 5% compost-soil and 5% charcoal-soil. While; 91.50, 99.30, 94.09 and 86.89 % from calcareous soil, 5% peat-soil, 5% compost-soil and 5% charcoal-soil columns. This is first study to assess, leaching of thiamethoxam and effect of soil amendments on leaching by soil columns. This information can be used to understand how alterations in agricultural practices and potential effects to groundwater

Abstract: The adsorption, distribution coefficient, Langmuir and Freundlich models and the mathematical evaluation of pesticides have become more interesting from an environmental point of view. The outcomes revealed that indoxacarb, imidacloprid, and lambda-cyhalothrin are subjected to the Pseudo-first order reaction (PFO). The rate of degradation was reached, into 0.01, 0.07, and 0.04 a minute respectively. While chlorantraniliprole reached 0.00002 a minute. This indicates that these insecticides are decreasing in their concentrations depending only on the time. Hence, the time required to decrease 50% of each insecticide (DT50) was various periods. The DT50 for indoxacarb, imidacloprid, and lambda-cyhalothrin, and chlorantraniliprole 3.2, 1.9, 10.1, and 2.3 days respectively. The distribution Coefficient Kd as well scored (5.25, 1.30, 0.562, and 0.639) mL g-1 respectively. This indicated that indoxacarb, imidacloprid has a mobility behaviour, while the lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole are less mobile in the soil. In terms of Freundlich model (aF), chlorantraniliprole 2.82 and lambda-cyhalothrin 2.75 are more fit than indoxacarb 0.013 L g-1 and imidacloprid 0.249 L g-1 subjected to the Langmuir model (KL).

Abstract: The present study is the first morphological and molecular characterization of the monogenean Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Goto, 1891) parasitizing gill filaments of common carps (Cyprinus carpio) obtained from the Lesser Zab River in northeastern Iraq in the subdistrict of Altun Kopru from July to October 2022 and transported to the Laboratory of Zoology Research, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq. Most previous studies regarding the considered parasite have targeted morphological data analysis. However, DNA sequence outline is typically supportive in systematics, since it contains aspects that are absent from morphological research. The main goal was to molecularly identifying E. nipponicum by utilizing the nuclear 28S rDNA region by PCR and nucleotide sequencing approach. The sequences were obtained and compared to the accessible GenBank sequences. The results justify the validation of E. nipponicum in Iraq by using traditional (morphology-based) and modern (molecular-based) parasitological techniques. The latter one showed 99.11% (identity percentage) of E. nipponicum in comparison to the registered sequences of NCBI. Additionally, this was considered as the first wide-ranging morphological and molecular study in the studied region. The phylogenetic relationship was concluded using Maximum Likelihood (ML) method. It was concluded that besides of the morphological characterization of E. nipponicum, PCR sequencing was considered as a suitable molecular method for recognizing monogenean diplozoid species on the fishes.

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the effect of Amino acid Methionine and Lysine on the reproductive performance of male Awassi sheep. Twenty Awassi males aged range 10-12 months and average weight 32 ±0.5kg were used in this study, during the period from May to August 2022. The animals were randomly divided into four equal groups. The first group was the control group (T1). In this group, sheep were fed on standard diet without any additive. The second treated group (T2) were fed on standard diet supplemented with coated Methionine (1.5g/sheep/day). The third treated group (T3) were fed on standard diet supplemented with coated Lysine (2.5g/sheep/day). The fourth treated group (T4) were fed on standard diet supplemented with coated Methionine and Lysine at the same doses used in T2 and T3 .The results showed that there was a significant improvement (P≤0.05) in sperm characteristics of T4 as compared to other groups. T4 also showed the highest testosterone levels as compared with the other groups.T4group also showed a well development in the seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells as compared withT1.T4 showed the best histological testicular architecture especially Sertoli cells as compared with T1,T2andT3. It was concluded from this study that coated Methionine and Lysine might improve semen characteristics, testosterone levels and male reproductive performance in Awassi male.

Abstract: Ohmic heating (OH) is an electrothermal technology used to inactivate enzyme and microbial activities. This work aimed to study the impact of Ohmic Heating Under Vacuum (OHUV) which compared to conventional heating (CH) as well as storage stability at 5°C and 25 °C on microbial safety, and nutritional quality. The evaluation parameters were pH, titratable acidity, TSS, lycopene, ascorbic acid, PME, HMF, and microbiological activity. The obtained results showed that tomato paste samples that were treated by OHUV are significantly superior to CH in terms of all physicochemical and microbiological characteristics, as well as being the least harmful during storage in both transparent and dark packages. The results showed the changes in ascorbic acid, lycopene, and HMF values that were treated by OHUV at 25 °C and filled in transparent package are most affected compared to other treated samples. On the other hand, tomato paste samples stored in dark packages at 5 °C performed significantly better than those subjected to CH under the same conditions and activated PME the most had higher ascorbic acid and lycopene and fewer changes in HMF during storage time for 90 days. OHUV found to be a good alternative treatment in the production of tomato paste.

Abstract: Numerous papers have been published on body cattle angularities subject in a few backward decades. However, the preeminent body angularities to the milk yield are unstipulated assertively. Hence, the current odyssey was to determine the transcendence body angular of dairy cattle interrelated with the milk yield for selection preferences. In total, 121 head of Holstein cows and seven reputable cattle body angularities were engaged as samples and measured variables for investigation. The software R version 4.2.1 and RStudio was operated simultaneously to facilitate statistical analysis. Later, the principal components (PCA), correlation, and regression analysis were carried out in that order. The PCA specified the thurl angle (TLA), hock side view angle (HSA), hock back views angle (HBA), and fore udder angle (FUA) as crucial factors of body cattle angularities. Then, the correlation analysis appointed HBA and TLA in series as the best trait related to milk yields. The regression analysis was merely entrusted to the HBA as a factor for prognosticating milk yield potency. Thus, the upshot of the ongoing exploration prompted the HBA as the main priority for milk yield selection preferences, followed by TLA. Both were usable on the calf, heifer, and cow selection scheme but should be enforced regularly.

Abstract: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different rates of macronutrients as a foliar spray on the growth performance, yield, and nutrient content of sweet corn grown in the Rengam soil series. The treatments consisted of five rates of macronutrients as a foliar fertilizer at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % NPK. Foliar NPK was applied 25 and 50 days after sowing to the sweet corn seedlings. The results showed that fresh cob weight, cob number, flowering, and dry matter yield of sweet corn significantly increased at the rate of 75%, and 100% of NPK foliar fertilizers. The macro and micronutrient concentrations in ear leaf, mature leaves, stem, cob, and flowers of 75 and 100% NPK treated corn were significantly increased over the control plants. The macronutrient content in the whole plant was also significantly higher at 75% and 100% NPK treatments. Fe and Mn contents in the whole plant were also the highest in 75% and 100% NPK treatments. Macronutrient concentration in ear leaf and whole corn plants significantly correlated with the fresh cob yield of corn. It is concluded that foliar application of N, P, and K macronutrients (75 to 100% NPK) enhanced the yield and quality of sweet corn.

A commercially available arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was applied to investigate the response of okra plants, particularly the yield components. Okra plants were separately treated with inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and mycorrhiza. Untreated plants were used as a control (without fertilizers and mycorrhiza). Based on the results, the fruit number per plant, fruit length, and yield were significantly affected by treatments. The high fruit number and yield were observed in plants with mycorrhiza than those plants with fertilizers. The fruit length in plants applied with mycorrhiza was higher than the organic fertilizer, but mycorrhiza and organic fertilizer showed a similarity with inorganic fertilizer and control. The increase yield of okra by application of mycorrhiza was due to the positive association of number of fruits per plant. The fruit length and yield also showed a positive correlation.