journal of Language Studies

Postmodernism is considered a break with 19th-century realism and before that, the project of Enlightenment dealt with the issue of transformation of outer phenomenal reality to an internal consciousness of the human mind. As a result, the using postmodernism subconsciously reveals and manifests their inner consciousness through what they do. It rejects the concept of absolute reality. Mostly, postmodernist writers support the premise that ‘irrational is real’. Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot (1948) is considered to be the leading playwright amongst many others. This play derives its inspiration from European existentialism which was one of the foremost philosophical schools within continental tradition. In Waiting for Godot, there are no pre-determined rules or any unity in time, place or action. The ending of it can be interpreted in many different ways. The author of this paper has tried to put the play in the European context and highlighted the features which are considered to be the hallmark of postmodernism

Legislative language is a specialised language and must be precise, clear, and comprehensive. It is famous for its odd or unique meanings. Because of the oddness of these meanings, this kind of language is difficult to understand by laymen and even by educated people. The present paper provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of directive and commissive speech acts that are employed by the Iraqi Constitution (2005). It aims at identifying their use, contribution and function. The analysis of data is based on Searle\\\'s classification of speech acts (1979). The conclusions show that commissive speech acts are more frequent than directives ones because in commissives the speaker, the Constitution, commits itself for future actions, gives guarantees and promises, whereas in directives, the Constitution itself gives orders and pledges to become laws.

Investigating differentiated instruction in classrooms with learners who have multiple intelligence levels often leads teachers to face many challenges. When it comes to teaching and learning process, learners all are not the same. Though all learners learn, they still differ in their levels of prior experience, abilities of learning, learning style, learning profile, motivation level, interest, language skills, and even proficiency of language. But this does not mean that learners do not share some similarities in terms of size of classes they attend, personalities, hobbies, and their common expectations in learning. Thus, differentiated instruction seems mostly to meet the learner’s need to address variances among learners by utilizing various techniques and methods in the classroom through content, process, and product. Therefore, the predominant goal of differentiated instruction is for teachers to maximize the potential of all learners by proactively designing learning experiences in response to the needs of diverse learners. Hence, this study aims at exploring the challenges that EFL teachers face while practicing differentiated instruction in the multiple intelligence classes as well as examining the attitude of teachers towards the practice of differentiated instruction. It also aims at observing teachers’ differentiated instruction performance in their teaching classes and investigating the strategies teachers use in order to overcome those challenges. Interestingly, the investigation acknowledged that teachers have a desirable performance and potential attitude to implement differentiated instruction in the college classrooms. This might become distracted if teachers face problems such as time constraints, heavy workloads, and large classes that would impede teachers’ objectives in maintaining differentiated instruction for tailoring every learner’s interest and achieve higher level of academic success in teaching multiple intelligence classes.
To achieve the research aims, two tools were used. The first one was a questionnaire which was used to examine the challenges faced by EFL teachers while practicing differentiated instruction in the multiple intelligence classes. The second tool was an observation tool to know if EFL teachers have willingness, awareness, readiness, and attitude to practice differentiated instruction in their classes or not and which strategy do they use in practicing differentiated instruction as well.
This study tries to answer the following research questions:
1- What are the challenges encountered by teachers while practicing differentiated instruction in multiple intelligence classrooms?
2- To what extent are teachers aware of differentiated instruction in the multiple intelligence classes?
3- How do teachers practice differentiated instruction strategies to meet the needs of all learners?

Fallacies are incorrect reasoning that make an argument seem less logically credible and easier to be identified as unsound. They are widespread; individuals commit them while engaging in various activities, including at work, at home, while creating advertisements, and in the media. This study aims to investigate the rhetorical strategies accompanied with producing the fallacious arguments selected from the American Film “12 Angry Men (1957)”. The study adopts Damer’s (2009) model for the identification of fallacy. As for rhetorical analysis, the study adopts Aristotle’s triangle of rhetoric and McGuigan’s (2007) taxonomy of rhetorical devices. The results uncover that the most violated criteria are relevance, acceptability and sufficiency. Besides, the arguers try their best to achieve persuasion by employing their own personalities, by depending on logic or manipulation of other’s emotion. The most frequently used rhetorical device is rhetorical question.

The present research aims at investigating the role of the CoRT (Cognitive Research Trust) program for the development of thinking skills on the achievement of Iraqi English language learners (ELLs). The researcher adopted the experimental design and used a sample of(60) female students at Al-Maysaloon school/ in Salah Al-deen Governorate during the academic year(2019-2020).The sample is divided into a control group with(30)students and experimental group with(30)students. The two groups are equalized according to certain variables. The students in the experimental group are taught by using CoRT program , whereas, those in the control group are taught by using conventional method. The researcher uses CoRT program post-test which is conducted on the sample at the end of the experimental which is(12)weeks. The obtained results have shown that there are significant differences between experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group.

The Birthday Party (1957) by Harold Pinter vividly depicts the reality of the modern woman, with a straightforward breakdown in communication among some of the characters. Pinter makes every effort to portray this truth throughout this piece. He speaks with many pauses and silences, implying that language isn't as crucial to modern women as it once was. The power of silence, according to Pinter, is greater than that of speech. As a result, Pinter's plays have long and brief pauses. The drama is about the degeneration of human beings and the dying process. The paper follows feminism as a critical theory. It hypothesizes that Pinter is a feminist playwright who criticizes society for the improper portrayal f woman.

The mid-20th century saw many American playwrights explore the realities of city life to powerful effect. Plays that emerged during this time paint an interesting picture of urban America as a paradoxical place of endless opportunity and limited resources. The characters of this setting have the dramatic potential to be uniquely tragic, often attracted to cities by promises of economic freedom only to be destroyed by the tough and competitive nature of urban life. The study aims at constructing a contextual reference framework within which Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, Arthur Laurents’ West Side Story, and Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun are analyzed to explore how the stressful environments of the city shaped life for different groups of urban residents. This study employs a textual analysis method to investigate how these three iconic plays of the mid-20th century create the tragic and tumultuous setting of the American city. By analyzing selections of dialogue from each play, the influence of city life on the words and actions of characters in each play will be shown to be instrumental in conjuring the hectic and often desperate realities of urban life in mid-20th century America.

One of the outcomes of the non-stop race in the field of technology and especially the military technology, was the invention, or more accurately progression, that was achieved in the military industry in the modern age. The horror of the large range of losses in the battlefields through the military combats especially in the 20 years Vietnam War pushed the decision-makers in the US towards ways of reducing human losses in their abroad wars and this resulted in a great expansion of what the English called ‘unmanned aerial vehicle’. The American university lecturer and poet Andrea Brady (b.1974), is one of the people of letters who reacted to this development that caused an international horror and global aerial control over almost all the aerial spaces in the world by the grand powers, through a 59 poems volume titled The Blue Split Compartments (2021). The present study is an attempt to analyze and evaluate the range of her assessment of the human, physical, and psychological damages that this new technology produces. It also seeks to navigate in the different poetic techniques and styles used in composing the poems where sad and catastrophic scenes and scenarios are disclosed in order to show the possible effects that those poems create in their readers and listeners. Such poetic techniques aim to stress the poetic quality of the military language especially the language used around drone warfare.

In some legal provisions, a great majority of obligation is used implicitly in Arabic particularly within legal texts. Most translators try to convey the explicit meaning neglecting the implicit one when translating. Moreover, for the urgent need to configure the legal text and grasp the surrounding meaning through employing the obligatory terms. We focus, in this research, on the possibility of using these phrases, which are implicitly existed in the Arabic language texts through avoiding the mistakes that give rise to mistranslation which may change the text status from mandatory to optional.

The study aims to show the importance of idiomatic expressions since they are regarded as significant linguistic units for learners of English as a foreign language (LEF).Idiomatic expressions are expressions each of which consists of two or more words whose meaning differ from the literal meaning of the individual word .These expressions are really a problem for the student majoring in English that they do not understand them .The study also aims at exploring the rule of idiomatic expressions in improving communicative competence and whether these expressions have effective role in improving the student's performance in language. The Study follows the descriptive analytical methods. The tools used for collecting the data are the interview and two tests. The interviews are conducted with university lectures who teach English language .A pre-test and post-test are conducted for the student majoring in English who are students from the department of English . statistical social sciences (SPSS) programme is used for data analysis . The most important result are there is a significant difference between the student's performance in the pre-test and their performance in the post-test. There is a consensus about the necessity of the inclusion of idiomatic expressions in university syllabuses (95.2% of the lecturers).The study recommends that idiomatic expressions should be focused on and included within the syllabuses of universities in Iraq, besides adopting effective methods and techniques in teaching such linguistic elements .

This paper sheds light on the challenges faced by the student translators when they translate certain affixations in medical texts. It is difficult to understand the medical words without knowing the meaning of affixations attached to them because they have their own meanings and give a scientific reference to the words attach to. The study hypothesizes that student translators have limited knowledge and awareness of such affixations in the medical context especially the leaflets which are widely used in medicines. This paper also investigates the challenges those translators face when they manage the translation of the affixations into Arabic. The data are taken from different medical leaflets and translated into Arabic due to certain strategies used by the translators from English into Arabic. This paper shows to what extent the translation is clear for the TT readers and convey the meaning adequately. In this paper, Vinay and Darbelnet strategies have been adopted in this study to see how the meaning of affixations in the ST is conveyed in TT.

The present study examines the choices of semiotic in social media from a multimodal critical discourse analysis perspective. The study of signs and their meaning in society is known as semiotics. A sign is anything that can be used to represent something else – in other words, anything that has the ability to convey meaning. As a result, words, drawings, and photographs can all be used as signs. The aims of the study are to analyze, firstly; the process of word choices and the hidden ideologies behind such choices. Secondly, analyze the dimensions of images and the way of representing the image. Tools of analysis found in Kress & van Leeuwen (2006), and Fairclough (1989) are used to analyze the linguistic elements specially ‘quoted verbs” and the extra linguistic elements (semiotics) in the selected images that the accompany of news items. Using quoted verbs is a way to express the hidden means and unseen ideologies of the speaker. Visuals, like color, font, shot, distance and others are used relatively different to convey a particular discourse that is completely paradoxical to the social norms.