IRAQI JOURNAL OF DESERT STUDIES

122 Samples of four fish species Carb, Hummri, Shaboot and Shilig were gathered and dissected reaching their digestives canals and body colem . Parasites found were classified and found to be related to five different species which were:
Contra caecum sp. , Aspidogasterlimacoides,Proteocephalusosculatus, Spiroxys sp. , Bothriecephalusopsariichthydis.
The total infestation percent with parasites was 67.2 % , the highest infestation precent 70.9 % by Contracaecumsp.and the lowest was 22.5 % by Spiroxys sp. in Shilig type of fish. The most critical infestation degree was (8.07) byProteocephalusosculatus. in Shilig and the lowest degree of infestation was (0.5) by Bothriecephalusopsariichthydis. in Carb fish.
Seasonal fluctuations had an effect on the infestation percent It was recorded that the highest infestation percent was 73.8 % during autumn.

The present study aims to determine the degree of tolerance of Sesbania grown in salts affected soil which considered one of the major problems that hinder cultivation in arid and semi-arid soils in Iraq. The research has included two studies; the first contains field study for the Sesbania cultivated regions in Saqlawia, Kaldia, Heet and Haditha. This study has shown that Sesbania grown in soils of high salinity ranging from 26.3 dS.m-1 to 36.7 dS.m-1 with good yield of green fodder of 55.3, 83.3, 50.0 and 41.7 gm dry matter/plant and plant height of 160, 190, 130 and 120 cm as a mean for Saqlawia, Khaldia, Heet and Haditha respectively which used as a forage for livestock and also in reclamation of saline soils. The average of salinity for these cultivated soils decreased to 5.42, 5.60, 3.74, and 3.96 dS.m-1 respectively.
The second stuy has included carrying out the experiment of plastic pots to study the effect of five salt levels on the growth and some nutrient contents of Sesbania . The salt levels used were 4.50 , 6.63 , 8.60 , 10.46 , and 12.34 dS . m-1. The experiment was carried out according to the complete random design with four replicates in each treatment.

The study includes field and laboratory studies of sand dunes in Baiji area and the possibility of fixing the dunes by using industrial waste water and ground water available in the area. It is found that the sand dunes are different types such as Burchan, sief, transverse and sand sheets.
The movement direction of the sand dunes have identified for the purpose of constructing green belt to fix the sand dunes and decrease the desertification in the area.

Since there are great amounts of solid wastes in different places in cities and housing areas, and because of the overwhelming danger these wastes cause to the human health as well as nasty smell they give and their uncivilized outlook in addition to the great shortage of electricity in the country in general, a study on the possibility to utilize these wastes to generate thermal energy then electrical energy has been carried out in Anbar province cities. First of all, components of solid wastes have been classified to find out the percentage of each component as a dry matter. Then the mass of each component has been calculated annually. After that heat amounts and electrical power producedfrom burning wastes in each city have been calculated. Due to the splendid area Anbar province occupies, it has been divided into 5 regions to facilitate the wastes collection process and estimate the amounts of thermal energy and electric power available in each of these five regions. The results have shown that the amount of wastes rejected in some regions is enough to operate small electrical plants. For example, in Ramadi city alone there is an amount of solid wastes enough to produce more than 250x106kW.h/year.

Soil spectral reflectance was studied for eight location selected to south Fulljua city reflect the difference of soil units status and geomorphologic location. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of soil physical and chemical properties on soil spectral reflectance .Spectral indices such as Brightness index , Vegetation index , Ratio index , Shadow index , Biological crust index ,and Modified soil Adjusted Vegetation index were studied .The results showd spectral pands variant and B3,B5,B7 take high coefficient variation from (29.31-36.73) .
Results will establish spectral signatures for each unit which helps to identify soil units using remote sensing data. Land sat 7(ETM+) reflectance values for each site differ at the several bands and also between sites at each band.Brightness index ,shadow index ,and Modified soil Adjusted vegetation index were the best spectral indices to reflect soil units differences.

Fish Cyprinus carpio were exposed to magnetized water for 8 days. Magnetic intensities of 750,1500 and 3000 gauss were used to magnetize water. The activities of enzymes (alkaline phosphatase , acid phosphatase, ALT and AST) were estimated in the gills of fish . Activities of all enzymes increased in the gills of exposed animals to magnetized water

Tow environmental locations in Anbar Governorate have been chosen, both of them are on the right bank of the Euphrates. The distance between them is 90 kms. The first location is in (sufia) Arural area of Ramadi city, its soil (sandy loam). The second location is in (zakhikha) village at Hit city, its soil (loam sand) . Eight genotypes of wheat have been planted in December 8, 2010 as (main plots), seven cultivars (Abu – graib, IPA 99, Sham 6, Tamooz, Al- ezz, Iraq, lattifia) and one genotype is referred to as (wheat 17). Two seeding rates were used (120, 160) Kg\ha as (sub plots). These factors (8x2) were input with split plot design at three replicates. The aim of the experiments is to understand how these genotypes are growing and produced in this location.
Genotype (wheat 17) it gave higher significant rates of number of tillers, length of flag leaf, spike length in both locations. Iraq, Al- ezz cultivars gave higher significant means in plant height at both locations. IPA 99 cultivar gave higher means, number of kernels \spike, about (64.12) kernel. AL - ezz cultivar gave significant high rates of weight 1000 kernel about 48.57 gm. compared with all genotypes at mean location. Cultivar (Abu – graib, sham 6 .IPA 99) gave an upper significance in grain yield al both location, that resulted in high means (7.88, 7.12, 6.98) ton\ha respectively.
Seeding rate 120 kg\ha increased number of tillers significantly in both location ,but influenced significantly of spike length , , number of kernels per spike at (Ramadi – sufia) location and in the means of the two locations . While this quantity influenced significantly in the increasing weight 1000 kernels in (Hit – zakhikha) only. Seeding rate 40 kg\ha resulted in significant high rate of plant height. The variation in the seeding rate did not affect significantly on, flag leaf length, grain yield at this locations and their means.
This result is the best and most remarkable. Consequently, increasing seeding rates are not necessary for the growth and production of these genotypes which grew naturally and gave an acceptable economic yield.

AL-Anbar Governorate considered as agricultural area in spite of desert area expansion , the governorate was dominated by the desert , these deserted areas has areas of agricultural land , and agood supply of groundwater , these areas are promising for the future .
The farming activities and food production is concentrated in Euphrates river valley in the flood plain in the north and the sedimentation plain in the south . these two plains are the main activity symptoms of man and natural habitat which are the irrigated farming areas . The main problems that threat to these productive lands is desertification because of weak agricultural strategy and ignoring the needs of these lands , this lead to salinity and deteriorated productivity

In this study were employed techniques of remote sensing and geographic information systems to monitor the decline of the lakes, where it was noted that the methods of traditional studies of large areas are costly and time-consuming and is not in line with scientific and technical progress now. In this research was the follow-up change area covered by lakes, through satellite images taken in different time periods of Lake Habbania , Qadisia reservoir , Razaza ,and Thrthar Lake , has been monitoring the change areas covered by water. This study concluded that there is a threat to the environment of those water bodies and land surrounding and associated with it by the great depression, which reached maximum in the Razaz lake which declined by 68% in 2010 than they were to cover the 2005 and the volume of water has declined by 88% and in the Qadisia reservoir receded water for 33% of the area submerged so the reservoir between 2000 and 2005, and the volume of water has declined by 44%. Which indicates the presence of significant environmental risk threatening the Euphrates basin from Haditha Dam to the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab

The Hammar Marsh natural reservoir to control water in the lower part of Euphrates river, and the water floods the Tigris river that comes to him through the marshes of Qurna through holes pipes and bridges built on the road Chabaish .It Represents the largest low-surface water, and has important economic in fodder supplying ,raw materials and fisheries. It has an effect in softening the climate of the region, in addition to historical significance as the most important civilizations such asthe Sumerian civilization (275-3000BC).Hammar has been changed in the natural environment by impact of natural factors .which is heat which is combined with the lack of rain and human factors for example establishment of dams and reservoirs, and irrigation projects on the Tigris and Euphrates, and effect drying operation is: drying the West Qurna oil fields and the central road that runs through the marsh from the north to the south,and drying area Shafi based on military requirements and the preparation of the theater of operations and the closure of Shafi and Ghamaj river ,and identification of the western and southern edge of the marsh broach path general river mouth Tigris - Euphrates.
Satellite images were used (Raw Images) and classified in the program Erdas and production of maps by use geographic information systems(GIS)by the Arc Map program v.9.3 for comparison of the Hammar for the period between the years (1973-2006),was to rely on satellite images of the type of land sat -MSS as the available images covering the period between the years (1972-1986) and the ability of discrimination low 80 m, and satellite images of the type of land sat-TM and the ability of discrimination 30mforthe period between (1986-1990) critical represents the stage beginning of operations drying, and satellite images of the type of land sat ETM+ and the ability of discrimination 30m for the period between(2000-2002). The phase after drying ,while the animation phase has been to rely on Japanese seneors (unep modis sunser) for lack of space imagery satellite land sat ,for the period(2006-2010)and ability of discrimination 250 m ,have been classified through the ecocnaction program.Changed have been observed in the Marsh by the affect of human factors and natural calculates the area of vegetation and open display water with expose total area of Marsh using Erdas program, showed the results of the study was significantly reduced in the area of Marsh for the period between (1990-2000) dramatically, and the change after this period was not balanced because of Marshland affection crisis of water, and did not refresh fully whereof foreshadow environmental disaster and humanitarian emergence of signs of desertification change climate of the region, and the disappearance of many of the water biology and the migration of population and loss of economic wealth, most important fisheries, as well as the population of Marsh depend on reeds and papyrus as fodder and raw materials within the industries, and their inability to grow certain crops which fit the marshland environment, for example, barley, oats, rice, and others.

A field experiment in Ramadi town (110 Km west of Baghdad) was achieved to study the effect of fuel oil level on the some soil physical properties and yield of pea. Four levels of fuel oil were applied to soil, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and control treatment with 0%. The dimensions of experimental units and designed with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three replicates.
Mean weight diameter (MWD), available water, penetration, bulk density and hydraulic conductivity were measured. Also the yield of pods of pea and dry matter were measured.
The result can be summarized as follows:
1-All levels increased MWD, by 261%, 234%, 777% and 1136% for the first, second, third and fourth level respectively as compared with control. A significant decrease in bulk density was observed, to third level with percent of decrease 16%. In the seam time. The first, second and third level no change was observed. The penetration decreased to all application levels by 18%, 16%, 28% and 28% to the first, second, third and fourth levels respectively.
2-There was an increasing in seed emergence by 21% for the first level as compared with control. There was an increasing in yield pods and dry matter of pea by the second and third level application with soil, the percent of increasing to yield pods was 79%and 22% respectively. When decreasing to yield pods with first and forth level by 9% and 21% respectively compared with control. The dry matter increasing with

percent 29% and 20% to second and third level respectively as compared with control. A significant decreasing with dry matter observed with percent 24% and 30% to semi level compared with control. Also, a significant increase in yield biomass with percent of increase 67% and 24% to second and third levels respectively, and decreasing by 12% and 23% observed for first and forth level respectively, compared with control. Quantity of rain was 67 mm with break rain period content two month in planting season.

Heating of natural asphalt at high temperatures for a long time lead to oxidation of the asphalt , which starting on the surface while with continuous mixing and heating leads to oxidation to all the asphalt molecules and the texture of oxidized asphalt becomes a solid , glossy, dark black of color. The rheological properties before and after oxidation were studied , the results showed that increase of oxidation time , Lead to reduce the degree of penetration(increased stiffness) and an increment in the softening degree, also the oxidation processes load to increase in the fractional Asphaltene compared with that of maltene parts, Which have been separated and estimated by using manual column liquid –solid chromatography and extraction in parallel with a solvent and precipitant the Asphaltene index IA and Gastl index IC were also calculated, the spectra of FT-IR , U.V- visible and HNMR showed a change in the physical properties of oxidated since there was Chemo - Physical relationship between a chemical content and Rheological properties of the oxidized asphalt .

Two active ingredients of plant growth hormones like auxins have been prepared. Para-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (PCPA) and -Naphthoxyacetic acid (BNOA); via the reaction of chloroacetic acid with p-chlorophenol and beta-naphthol respectively in alkaline solution. The crude compounds were purified and characterized by their physical constants, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatographic technique (GC).These compounds were formulated as a soluble liquid mixture (SL) in a concentration of 0.13% PCPA + 0.13% BNOA, which is ready for using and easily absorbing via the vegetative parts . According to that the prepared acids were converted to a water soluble triethanolamine salts since the original materials were solids and synthetically insoluble in water. Surfactants were added to the formula to increase the activity and the wetting area. The formula was subjected to a storage test to evaluate its stability, and evaluate on a tomato grown in a greenhouse to determine the efficacy of the active ingredient by spraying the flowering system with different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40) ppm. The results which have been recorded after two weeks revealed that compound had high efficacy at concentration of 30 ppm. They enhanced the fruit setting, reduced flowers drop and improved the size and quality of fruits with a remarkable increase of the yield.

Dust storms are a significant environmental problem. The present study deals with the nature, source and composition of the dust storm particles. Based on meteorological , geological and remote sensing data the source explained . Dust deposition quantity calculated which ranges between(107.44gm/m2 – 452.44 gm/m2) and the particle size distribution containing %23.52 of fine sand , %62.6 silt and %13.88 clay, as well as organic material was about( % 2.11) and CaCo3 ( %25.9 ).
Dust storms frequency noticed which is more than a week per month during eight months in 2007 starting in March and more than a week per month in nine months in 2008.In addition to the climate elements satellite images were used to detect the sources of the dust storms which varied from surrounded boarders to local sources.

This research examined the hydrogeological conditions and the hydraulic characteristics of the water bearing horizons (according to pumping and recovery tests) within the hydrogeologic regime of Dhabaa site. Also this study shed light on the flow behavior regime due to artificial dewatering process, throughout huge exploitation and its impacts on the groundwater movement, groundwater flow velocities (hydraulic gradients) considering the regional structural and stratigraphical settings.
The traditional hydrochemical and hydraulic interpretation show same phenomenon of groundwater source and interconnection, where, the groundwater in Dhabaa site moves in different directions influenced by depletion process in a hydraulic gradient ranged between (0.00009-0.026) with groundwater flux of (0.000008-0.0023) m/day and groundwater pore velocity of (0.0008- 0.23) m/day. These variations are occurred as a normal result of pumping operations from the water wells.
Mullusiaquiferis characterized bycertain types ofaquiferswith mediumtransmissivityandpermeabilityundersemi-confined conditions, where the values of permeability, transmissivity and storage coefficients are ranged between (0.00785-0.286) m/day, between (1.063-6.057) m2/day and between (2.64 x10-4-2.73x10-2) respectively. Accordingly, pumping system and distribution of wells is designed using a battery system of four wells to solve the impact of depletion in Dhabaa site.The suggested plan is ideal for processing must be applied according to the proposal of pumping from the first group including wells (W-1,3,6,7,10,12,15 and16) operated in one shift every six hours, alternating with the wells of the second group, which includes wells (W-4,5,8,9,11,13 and 17). While the wells (W-2 and 14) can be operated in case of stop pumping from any well or be under maintenance period.