Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal

Thirty specimens of kidney (15 left and 15 right) from healthy adult goat were used in this study to show the morphology, the vascular architecture and histological structure of the kidney in the goat. The kidneys of goat were fixed in sub lumber region by large amount of peri renal fat as a cushion surrounding the kidneys. The right kidney placed slightly anterior to the left kidney both are bean shape, there is no significant difference in weight of two kidneys. Corrosive resin cast technique was used to investigate the blood supply and collecting system of the urine, the collecting system in the kidneys of goat was formed from several collecting tubules. Each collecting tubule opening into a larger ducts, a papillary duct, close to the apex. The papillary ducts drain into the about 10-12 renal recesses, there was no calyces. The microscopical examination revealed a thin capsule surrounded kidney, the parietal layer of bowman capsule was simple squamous epithelium, resting on well-developed basement membrane. Well-developed juxtaglomerular apparatus. The luminal surface of the cells of proximal convoluted tubules have brush border which were positive with PAS stain. The henel loop was long. That mean the kidney of goats is maintaining to the water and need for more reabsorption of water.

This study was conducted to investigate the development of olfactory bulb (OB) in indigenous rabbit. A total of 40 healthy rabbits were divided into two groups according to their ages, the first group involved the prenatal stages, while the second group involved the post natal ages. All specimens for this study processed by the routine paraffin method and stained with H and E stain. The light microscopy examination revealed that, At 20 day old fetuses the olfactory bulb consisted of two layers. The marginal zone formed of axons of the olfactory sensory neurons and the ensheathing progenitors cells surrounded amass of cells. At 28 day of gestation and one day postnatal, the olfactory bulb consisted of three layers, olfactory nerve layer, mitral cell layer, and granule cell layer and at (7-14) day old pups glomeruli appeared as spherical structure surrounded by periglomerular cells and the glomerular layer was clearly distinguished. The mitral cell layer appeared as cellular zone. 21 days old pups. The six layers of olfactory bulb was clearly appeared (olfactory nerve layer, glomerular layer, external plexiform layer, mitral cell layer, internal plexiform layer, and granule cell layer). At 30 day age pups the histological structure of the olfactory bulb was completely developed.

This study was done to make a histological comparison between the epidermis of skin in buffaloes and cows. The samples were taken from six body areas (muzzle, neck, thorax, dorsum, abdomen and perineum). The present results revealed that, the skin in buffaloes was thicker and stronger than that of the cow in all regions of the body. Generally, the skin of buffalo and cow consist of two main layers, epidermis and dermis. The epidermis of the skin in both animals consists of four clear and prominent layers except the stratum lucidum which was not present. In buffalo, all layers of the epidermis presented high number of melanocytes in comparison with that of cow which showed few numbers in all studied regions except the muzzle region in which the number increased. The epidermis of the buffalo contained more number of epidermal ridges in comparison with that of the cow. The dermis of the skin in both animals subdivided into indistincted layers, the upper papillary and the inner reticular layers. There is no sharp demarcation between the two layers of the dermis.

The present study was designed in order to identify the effects of vinblastine on ovary and testes and then on fertilization capacity and pregnancy outcome in white mice, fifty mixed mice were used, 10 treated male were mated with 10 untreated female, 10 untreated male were mated with 10 treated female, and (10) mixed mice as control. Results of male test showed decline in sperm count with spermatocytes' morphological deformity. The results of molecular technique applied on testicular section and ovarian section, showed that green signals, indicating the damage on TK (11qE2)/XY gene on chromosome of sperm and ova, red signal indicate intact gene yellowish signals indicated translocation on the same gene (mutation). Pathological findings showed marked loss of spermatogenesis (Azoospermia) with damage in testes' tissues; fibrosis of ovarian stroma with degenerative changes on ovary and evidence of early embryonic death with absence or low fertility.

This study investigated the features of this important histological papilla structure. The frequent renewal of the hoof wall occurs at the coronary dermal papillae. The importance of hoof material synthesis from the papillae, in the pathology of laminitis has been underlined in different species. Sixteen equine hooves were collected and tissue samples were harvested from the coronary region. The results revealed that the average number of dermal papillae was found to be 21±0.67 mm2 across 15 horses which is more than reported in cattle. There was a strong correlation between the ratio of collagen fibres in dermal papillae and deep dermal tissue. In addition, this study indicates that the significant difference of papillae epithelial thickness at the heel region in comparison to dorsal and quarter, suggested that these difference may be have an influence on the production and reduction of horny material.

The present study was designed to determine the potential analgesic effects of both Vanadyl sulfate and Methylene blue simultaneously and in combination using isobolographic analysis, to determine the sort of interaction of Vanadyl sulfate and Methylene blue by up and down method and investigate the analgesic activity of Vanadyl sulfate and Methylene blue in mice. The calculated median lethal dose (LD50) was (456.08 mg Kg-1 B.W) of vanadyl sulfate and (1878 mg Kg-1 B.W) of methylene blue. The analgesic activity of Vanadyl sulfate at the dose (152 mg kg-1 ) and Methylene blue at the dose (626 mg kg-1 ) by using acetic acid induces writhing and hot plate methods to induced pain in albino male mice. The test and standard drugs (Ibuprofen 100 mg kg-1 ) significantly (p<0.05) reduced the number of abdominal constriction and stretching of hind limb induced by acetic acid injection. The analgesic activity results by acetic acid showed a significant decrease in the numbers of writhing in (30) minutes of test-1 (Vanadyl Sulfate) and test-2 (Methylene blue) at a level of (P<0.05) in comparison with control group while analgesic activity results by hot plate method that showed a significant increase in reaction time at (30, 60,120 and 180) minutes of: Test -1 (Vanadyl Sulfate) and: Test -2 (Methylene blue) at a level of (P<0.05) in comparison with control group.

The study was conducted in Diyala governorate to show the prevalence of hydatid cyst among slaughtered animals during the period from 11/10/2016 to 30/4/2017. The slaughtered animals were local breeds, of both sexes (males and females), different ages and from different regions in Diyala Province. The hepatic cysts were severely examined with the naked eye and the body. The study was conducted on 10 heads of cattle and 10 head of sheep. The study was compared with hepatitis in sheep and cattle lungs and found in sheep and cattle liver. The total pathological changes of the liver showed varied agree of necrosis represented in enlargement, discoloration to the dark and red regions surrounding the cysts hydeidate as a reaction to inflammation. Cysts protruding mostly from the surface of the organ and sometimes embedded. A white wall covered cysts has been observed. Histological changes of the liver and lung are represented by infiltration of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, monocytes.

Although avian thymus gland has been studied in several types of birds, but regarding Iraqi Alchata "Pterocles alchata caudarus", it is yet not to be done. Thus, the present study has been approved to recognize the histomorphological architecture of it. For this purpose six healthy local Alchata birds of both sexes and different ages were used and divided into two groups anatomical and histological, birds were sacrificed by slaughter with legitimate way. Morphologically thymus gland situated on both sides along the neck, it was a paired gland contain two chains of lobes each of them composed of multi lobes have irregular or flattened shape and pallid-yellowish to pinkish color; while the histological study shows that the thymus gland of alchata was totally covered with a capsule of connective tissue extend from it a number of septa split the gland into several lobules that are partially separated from one another, each of them consist of two areas, inner medulla and outer cortex. Cortex observed dark in color due to its high content of small lymphocytes that was tightly packed in the cortex than the medulla, which was composed of large amount of reticuloepithelial cells of central nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasm with large number lymphocytes of acidophilic cytoplasm, thus, the medulla appear paler.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sweet basil seeds supplementation of a commercial broiler diet on the performance, meat composition and immune response. Three dietary treatments (50 birds treatment-1 ) with two replicates (25 birds replicate-1 ) one day old straight run broilers chicks (Ross 308). G1 (as control group) birds fed basal diet without any additive, while G2 and G3 fed diet supplemented daily with 0.3 and 0.6% sweet basil seeds respectively to the end of the experiment (42 days) to investigate the antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis (IB) and broiler performance as well as meat composition included amino acids in meat. Results showed that the two levels of sweet basil seeds supplementation (0.3 and 0.6%) had a beneficial effect on the antibody titer against (NDV) and (IB) and the high level (0.6%) was more significant against (NDV) while the low level (0.3%) was more significant against (IB). The high levels of antibodies titers were considered as the indicative of antiviral activity of Ocimum basilicum seeds. In addition, the results revealed less feed intake with significant (p≤0.05) improvement of feed conversion ratio in treatment groups compared with control group. Meat amino acids Isoleucine, Leucine, Lycine and Theronine were increased significantly (p≤0.05) in treatment groups compared with control group attributed to add of sweet basil seeds in diets. In conclusion, Ocimum basilicum seeds supplementation in commercial broiler diets was beneficial to broiler performance and enhance immune traits and change in meat composition.

This study include two experiments: the first experiment was designed to determine the effects of aniseed oil administration during the last trimester of gestation on mammary gland development and milk synthesis during lactation period. Twenty pregnant rats, at the 15th day of pregnancy, were randomly divided into two equal groups as: control group (10 animals) received tap water orally and treated (10 animals) group received aniseed oil orally (0.043 gm kg-1 B.w) during the last week of gestation, at parturition, five animals from each group were scarified and their mammary gland weight (MGwW%) was recorded. The remaining animals (5 animals group-1 ) were allowed to suckle their litters for the first eleventh days of lactation period. At eleventh day of lactation the litters weight gains (LWGs%) and litters stomach weight (LSwW%) was calculated. The result revealed significantly increased of the three parameters (MGwW%; LWGs%; LSwW%) in treated group as compared to control. The second experiment was designed to investigate the mechanism of action of aniseed oil. Fifteen female rats, at five weeks of age, were randomly divided into three equal groups, treated for two weeks as follow: group I ovariectomized (OA) rats received aniseed oil (0.043 gm kg-1 B.w.); group II intact (IA) rats received aniseed oil (0.043 gm kg-1 B.w.); group III sham operated (S) control rats received tap water. Four parameters; mammary gland weight%, uterine weight%, follicular stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone (MGwW%, UwW%, FSH and LH levels) were employed. This investigation showed that MGwW% and UwW% were highest in IA, while the OA
rats showed the highest levels of FSH and LH. In conclusion, aniseed oil it induces mammogenesis, lactogenesis and galactopoieses, most probably by its indirect action on the mammary glands.

Mercury is the third most dangerous heavy metal and its toxicity causes serious risks to health through unfavorable pathological and biochemical effects of oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the possible protective role of protoxine, a probiotic, on mercuric chloride-induced oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the kidneys of the experimented rats. Adult male Wistar albino rats were daily exposed to mercuric chloride (0.25 mg kg-1 ) in the diet and water together for 20 days. Treatment with mercuric chloride led to oxidative stress by elevating malondialdehyde (MDA) level and also decreasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. Furthermore, mercuric chloride exposure induced histopathological changes characterized by tubulonecrosis in the renal tissue of intoxicated rats. MDA level, SOD, GSH-Px activities and histopathological changes were modulated in concomitantly daily supplementation of protoxine (12 mg rat-1 ) to mercuric chloride-treated groups. Results from current study suggested mercuric chloride treatment resulted lipid peroxidation, alterations of enzymatic antioxidant defense system and histolopathological changes in the kidneys of male rats. The administration of protoxine proved to be beneficial in ameliorating the mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxicity.

This study was designed to determine the effects of aniseed oil administration during the last trimester of gestation on some plasma biochemical constituents changes at the first and eleventh days of lactation in rats including: Total proteins, triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose and some ions calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium. Twenty pregnant rats, at the 15th day of pregnancy, were randomly divided into two equal groups: control group (10 rats) received tap water and treated group (10 rats) received aniseed oil (0.043 g kg-1 B.w) orally daily during the last week of gestation. After parturition the litters were set (6 pups mother-1 ) the mother were anesthetized and the blood samples were collected for estimation of some biochemical constituents in the plasma then the mothers allowed to lactated their litters for eleventh day of lactation and blood samples were collected also for estimation of some plasma parameters which mentioned above, The results of biochemical study revealed that aniseed oil lead to a significant reduction at the first day of lactation in all parameters with exception of plasma, Na ion concentration increased in the treated group at the first and eleventh day of lactation. In conclusion, aniseed oil enhanced extraction of milk constituents from plasma which lead to increase milk quality.

In order to determine the effect of the removal of ovary on the anatomical properties of the oviduct and uterus in adult Iraqi black does (Caprus hircus), a total of fifteen young female Iraqi goats (age 2-3 months) were used in this study. The goats were allotted into three equal groups; group A includes young goats that left normal, while the group B comprised young goats underwent to right laparoscopic unilateral ovariectomy and the group C includes young goats subjected to bilateral ovariectomy. All animals in these groups were left to reach the adult stage (age 7 months), in which they underwent to removal the oviduct and uterus laparoscopically by using of harmonic scalpel. A total findings of the study revealed significant increase in mean of the length and width of oviduct in adult normal and unilateral ovariectomized does than those recorded in the does underwent to bilateral ovariectomy. In addition, the length and width of the uterine horns and uterine body showed significant decrease in the does subjected to bilateral ovariectomy from those detected in both normal and unilateral ovariectomized does. It concluded that the development of female genital organs depend on the level of the ovarian steroid hormones in does.

A 5- year old male German shepherd police dog was presented to the clinic with good general condition and few circumscribed itchy skin lesions. Blood parameters were within normal range and the case was diagnosed as ringworm and antifungal treatment was prescribed. After few months the dog was brought again to the clinic, he has been subjected to complete body hair shaving and generalized small skin pustules was found scattered over the whole body. The case was diagnosed as atopic dermatitis; local and general corticosteroids and antihistamine were given to the animal. The condition get worse, the dog showed loss of condition and skin lesion continued with signs of dehydration, loss of appetite, emaciation, paleness of mucous membranes, There was no response to treatment with systemic and local antibiotics, multivitamin supplement, external and internal parasite treatment. At that time, blood examination revealed a decrease in hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) values with a slight increase in total leukocyte count. Giemsa-stained impression smears prepared from various skin lesions revealed the presence of amastigotes of Leishmania spp.; free or inside macrophages; and the case was finally diagnosed as cutaneous canine leishmaiasis. As treatment for Leishmaniasis was not attempted, the animal condition gradually deteriorated and ended with its death.

This study aims to evaluate the humeral immune response to a slime producing Staphylococcus aureus mastitis vaccine through the preparing two vaccines (Live attenuated and killed vaccines) from a slime producing Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from Awassi ewes with mastitis. The first part of study was carried out to isolate the slime producing Staphylococcus aureus bacteria from many lactating Awassi ewes located around Baghdad. The second part included preparation of live attenuated and killed vaccines from isolated S.aureus. Safety and sterility testes were done on vaccines preparation. In the immunization study, fifteen Awassi ewes were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group-A:- Ewes were inoculated with one ml of a live attenuated vaccine (containing 1x10¹º CFU) S/C near supra mammary lymph node, twice at 2 weeks intervals. at first month of lactation. Group-B:- Ewes were inoculated with killed vaccine twice, two weeks interval, at the same dose, route and time as previously described in group-A. Group-C:- Served as control. Clinical examination had been carried out in all animals pre and post vaccination. Moreover Serum and milk whey was obtained for measuring antibody by Elisa test, Animals show normal clinical signs pre vaccination. Nevertheless, moderate increase in body temperature, respiration, pulse rates in vaccinated groups, however the control group show normal systemic reaction pre and post vaccination. The vaccines induced humoral immunity, group-A revealed higher significant (P≤0.05) antibody titers in serum (0.136± 4.74) and milk whey (2.55±0.15( as compared with group-B which exhibited antibody titers (3.68± 0.153) in serum and whey attained at day 42 post- vaccination and thereafter, a decline in titers was observed towards the termination of the study. While control group showed low titers of antibody.

Current study designed for Isolation of aspergillus spp. from feed and evaluation of their pathological effects on kidney function. Fifty commercial poultry feed samples contain pellets, soybean and yellow grain were collected. Fifty grains from each sample were sterilized by 2% sodium hypochlorite solution. Dried grains were placed on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium to obtain pure culture. Four groups of broilers were exposed to aspergillus positive feed for 15, 30 and 45 days. Then blood samples were collected from wing vein to Blood urea and creatinine and kidney was taken for histopathology. Pellets were contaminated with A. flavus (20%), A. niger (14%), A. fumigatus (4%), A. ochraceus (2%), A. terreus (8%). soybeans were contaminated with A. fumigatus (4%), A. flavus (2%), Reduction in blood urea level (BUN), in treated group after 15 day of exposure to contaminated feed compared with control group with significant difference (p value<0.05). After 30 days of exposure, BUN was increased without significant difference (p value>0.05) compared with zero time. After 45 days of exposure, BUN continue in elevated level without significant difference (p value>0.05) compared with zero time. There is slight increase in serum creatinine level among exposed group after 15 day of exposure to contaminated feed compared with control group with significant difference (p value<0.05). After 30 days of exposure, serum creatinine level among exposed group come closely to its level in zero time without significant difference (p value>0.05) compared with zero time. After 45 days of exposure, serum creatinine level continue in elevated level without significant difference (p value>0.05) compared with zero time. Kidney tissue showed severe damage characterized by hemorrhage with interstitial nephritis and edema especially in and around glomeruli with damage in the ascending and descending tubules. The tubular epithelium showed vacuoles in the cytoplasm with pyknotic nuclei. In conclusion, exposure to aspergillus spp. contaminated feed consider as important problem that required monitoring of proper poultry production. A. flavus, A. niger were, the most frequent contaminants, the least one was A. ochraceus. A. flavus, A. terreus were detected mainly in pellets. Soybean was contaminated mainly with A. fumigatus and A. terreus. Kidney tissue appear to be affected by exposure to aspergillus and mycotoxins, creatinine and blood urea affected mainly in prolong exposure.

There are many commercial broiler breeders used widely for produce hatching eggs to supply hatcheries within the broiler industry in Iraq, such as Hubbard, Cobb, Ross 308 and Arbor Acres. The aim of this study was evaluating the performance of broiler result from diallel cross among the parent lines of Ross 308 and Arbor Acres. The diallel cross combinations were made between Ross 308 male line (R) or Arbor Acres male line (A) with Ross 308 female line (r) or Arbor Acres female line (a). The chicks from the four genetic groups of crosses were reared up from hatch to 35 days of age. The process was replicated for three hatches. The results showed that the cross R×a had a significant heaviest body weight (2766 g) at five weeks of measurement compared with other crosses of Ross 308 lines R×r and Arbor Acreslines A×a, which recorded 2246 and 2453 g respectively. With respect to the cross A×r had

The aim of this study was to recognize the effect of dystocia and retained fetal membranes on the milk production of dairy cows during puerperal period. This study was conducted in alwahda station of dairy cows and milk production in southern Iraq from 2/1/2015 to 2/1/2018. The study included 223 cows which were divided into three groups according to their milk yield. The first group contains 75 cows with milk production less than (10 kgs) per cow-1 day-1 , in this group 54 cows (72%) showed normal parturition, while 21 cows (28%) had dystocia and retained fetal membranes. In the second group, there were 123 cows with milk production range (11-20 kgs) per cow-1 day-1 , 113 cows (92%) in this group had normal parturition, whereas 10 cows (7.9%) only experiencing
dystocia and 16 cows (13.2%) in the same group had retained fetal membranes, with significantly difference between first and second groups at (P<0.01). The third group contains 25 cows with milk production more than (20kgs) per cow-1 day-1 , 24 cows had normal parturition (96%), while one cow (4%) suffered from dystocia and retained fetal membranes, with significantly difference at (P<0.01) from first and second groups. It was concluded that dystocia and retained fetal membranes have noticeable effect on the cow milk yield during puerperal period

The study was conducted in the poultry house of animal production Department, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, during the period 1st Oct 2016 to 22 June 2017. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of force molting by fasting program of Ross 308 and Arbor Acres broiler breeder hens on some productive traits. Four groups (each group consist of 15 hens) were divided randomly as Ross molting (Rm), Ross control (Rc), Arbor Acres
molting (Am), and Arbor Acres control (Ac). The results were indicated that there is a significant increase in egg production of Am group compared with the two control groups, while there is a significant reduction in number of egg per hen in Ac group compared with other groups. There is a significant superiority of molting groups in egg shape index compared with Rc. While there is higher albumin weight in Am compared with Rm. There is no significant differences among groups in fertility and hatchability.

This work aimed at detecting prevalence of Brucella infection in flocks of sheep and goats with previous and recent history of abortion and decreased fertility in certain districts of Diyala Governorate. A cross sectional bacteriological study was conducted from September/2016 to June/2017. Tissue samples as placentas, fetuses and vaginal swabs were collected from aborted does and ewes; vaginal swabs were taken from females at random and from those with previous history of abortion, still birth and infertility. Using Stamp stain; acid fast, bright red coco-bacilli were detected in primary smears prepared from 27 (39.70%) out of 68 tissue samples (placentas, fetuses and vaginal swabs from sheep and goats). Meanwhile, Brucella spp. was isolated in 2 (4.54%), 1 (33.3%) of the vaginal discharge, placentas, respectively and none isolation from fetal stomach contents. Growth characteristics stain reaction and bacterial morphology indicated that the isolation was Brucella species; while results of biochemical activities and biotyping assays showed that the three isolated strains of Brucella in this study were B. melitensis biotype 1. Result obtained in this study indicated that B. melitensis biovar. 1 is prevalent in this Governorate and it
is a main cause of abortion and infertility in small ruminants; as no other known cause of abortion was detected during the bacteriological study.

Feline mastitis is an uncommon inflammation of mammary gland. It is caused by bacterial infection of lactating gland, during pseudo pregnancy and galactostasis (accumulation of the milk). This study intends to describe a case of gangrenous mastitis in a queen and to isolate and identify the causative agent using PCR technique. Two-year-old, about 2.75- kg, female domestic shorthaired house cat was referred to the Veterinary Hospital, with the chief complaint of anorexia, lethargy and anxiety of 3 days duration with a noticeable decrease in body condition and a large open dark red wounds on her ventral caudal abdomen. A diagnosis of acute fulminant mastitis of the second- caudal left and right mammary gland with abscessation and gangrenous involvement swelling was made. Dark brown fluid were aseptically collected from the swollen glands and submitted to microbiological culture. Isolated
microorganisms were identified based on macro and microscopical morphology by Gram stain, culture characteristics, biochemical profile and molecular techniques. Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli were identified as the causative agents. E. coli pathogenicity was approved by confirmation of CS1 expression gene by molecular technique. The cat was successfully treated with systematic antibiotics and open wound management using surgical debridement and lavage followed by wound dressings using local antibiotic. In conclusions, this case
report highlights the gangrenous mastitis and its causative agents in feline, in addition to its respond to the medical treatment procedures. So far as we are aware, and for the authors knowledge, this is the first report regarding gangrenous mastitis in Iraq.

The aims of this study was to evaluate the effects of platelet-rich plasma gel (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin matrix (PRF) application on the induced open chronic wounds in bucks by clinical and biomechanical estimation. Twenty – four adult bucks were used in this study. Skin and subcutaneous tissues were removed to make four square full-thickness skin wounds (4×4 cm) on the dorsal sides of the back of each animal (two wounds on each side), 10 cm apart after preparation of the area in routine surgical manner one for treatment group and second as control group, by daily scratched to interrupt healing process continuation to prolong inflammatory reaction to form chronic wound. This surgical procedure was continued for eight week to ensure the chronicity state of these wounds, then they were treated by PRP gel in first group (n=12), while PRF matrix was used in second group (n=12). PRP gel and PRF matrix were prepared from whole blood at time of treatment, with leave two wounds of each animal as control for treated type. Healing process was evaluated clinically by measuring wound size of both treated and control groups, and throughout experimental time and biomechanical assessment of healing wounds in 45 day post operation. The healing process of treated wounds showed significant variation in wound’s dimensions of both treated groups in comparison to their control group without significant in between them, while the biomechanical evaluation indicated increasing in tensile strength of both treated groups in comparison to
control group. The conclusions of this work is the continuous mechanical irritation of wounds site may lead to form chronicity state for the effected wounds and the application of PRP or PRF may improve healing process and increased wound tensile strength without any adverse effect, and biomechanical assessment of wound tensile strength of PRP and PRF groups within same consequences and provided a good indication of wound healing process.

The objectives of the present study were to illustrate the effect of seasons of year in the reproductive efficiency in mares and to investigate the optimal period for early pregnancy diagnosis using real-time ultrasonography. The present study was conducted on mares (n=70) which were from Iraqi equestrian club in Al Ameria / Baghdad. The mares were from different breeds (Arabian, cross breed and thoroughbred) and with age average from (4-14) year. These mares were examined for pregnancy diagnosis which was carried out by trans-rectal ultrasonography using a 5 MHz linear-array transducer from day 10 to day 40 post-breeding (last breeding day= Day zero). The current study showed higher (P<0.01) breeding rates in spring season. The results of ultrasonographic examination revealed higher accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from (31-35) days post-breeding. Meanwhile, this study indicated that most of the conception rates were maximum in spring season, with a high significant differences (P<0.01) between pregnant, non-pregnant mares and the months of the year. Therefore, it can be concluded from this study that the season of the year have a significant effect in the incidence of heat in mares. Pregnancy diagnosis in mares can achieved accurately starting from day thirty-first of gestation onward.

This study included two experiments, in order to investigate the effect of In ovo injecting of different levels of Acetic acid solution on hatchability, chicks characteristics and production performance of broiler chickens. The first experiment: In this experiment, 720 fertilized eggs were used from breeders of the broiler (Ross 308), distributed into six treatments, 120 egg per treatment by three replicates per treatment (40 eggs rep. -1 ), at the 18th day of incubation when the eggs are transferred from the setter to the hatcher, they were injected into the amniotic sac according to the experimental treatments, T1 (Negative control) hatching eggs without injection, T2 (Positive control) hatching eggs are injected 0.2 ml egg-1 distilled water only, and T3, T4, T5, T6 hatching eggs are injected 0.2 ml egg-1 of different concentrations of Acetic acid solutions achieves 1, 2, 3, 4 μl egg-1 respectively, after injection, the eggs were returned to the hatcher. The results showed a significant improvement (P≤0.05( in the Hatching Characteristics, body weight, body length, relative weight of the yolk sac, relative weight of the small intestine, length of the small intestine and humoral immunity in chicks of Acetic acid injection treatments compared with both control treatments (T1, T2). The second experiment: In this experiment, 255 broiler chicks Ross 308 were used, their took from the chicks in the first experiment of the best two treatments in the results that’s means the fifth and sixth treatments (T5, T6) as well as the treatment of control (T1) form randomly and an equal number of 75 chicks of each treatment, they were raised in standard conditions up to the age of 35 days. The results showed an improvement in the production performance of broiler chicks from the In ovo injection of Acetic acid treatments, which improved significantly (P≥0.05) each of the live weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, production index, body fullness degree and the dressing percentage in broiler of both treatment which injected of acid (T2, T3) compared to birds of control treatment. In conclusion indicated that the process of coupling the In ovo injection technique with feeding Acetic acid solution to the chick embryos at 18th days of incubation, improve the hatchability, quality characteristics of the chicks and the production performance of broiler chickens.

Poultry in iraq especially broilers showed high percentage of mortality,
some of them reached (70%), with severe respiratory signs, depreassion and loss
of body weight. Also nephritis with urolethiasis. Infectious bronchitis virus
(IBV) was the suspected infections agent. So that, this study was conducted to
diagnose IBV in broilers through estimation of IBV antibody by Enzyme Linked
Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique through collecting blood samples
from infected farms and isolate the virus using one step real time RT-PCR and
chicken embryo fibroblast tissue culture (CEF). The isolated IB virus was used
to carry on an experimental infection in broiler chicks. Lung, trachea and kidney
samples were collected for histopathological study. ELISA results showed very
high titers of IBV antibodies after (14) day post clinical signs appearance. rRT-
PCR results were positive for the samples (trachea, lung and kidney) collected in
the beginning of the disease. Tissue culture results showed pathological tissue
changes after inoculation with the isolated virus. Twenty broiler chicks were
used for experimental infection on day (22). Clinical signs appeared (36 hr) post
infection with (32%) mortality and histopathological changes characterized by
lymphocytic infiltration and congestion in trachea, lung and kidney.

Aujeszky’s disease of swine is caused by a herpesvirus that was been classified within the subfamily Alphaherepevirinae of the family Herpesviridae. The disease characterized by causing respiratory and nervous signs in domestic swine and wild boars. The neurological signs were similar to that of rabies, accordingly it was also known as pseudorabies. The virus can be transmitted to other domestic animals causing the same neurological signs in addition to mad itch. In Iraq there was no study concerning the swine as there was no swine industry. Recently, wild boars appeared in increasing number in Iraq and along the rivers of Tigris, Euphrates, and Diyala. To point out the possibility of presence of pseudorabies virus (PrV) in wild boars and local domestic ruminants, this study was designed. Accordingly, 100 blood samples were collected from cows (51), sheep (34), and killed wild boars (15). Furthermore, tissues from cervical lymph nodes trigeminal ganglion and tonsils also were collected from wild boars. All samples were processed, DNA extracted, and subjected to PCR using specific primers for glycoprotein gene (gII). The results showed that all the tested samples were negative for PrV. The DNA of the virus was detected by PCR in the cervical lymph nodes and blood 24 to 48 hrs post experimental inoculation of mice with killed vaccine of Aujeszky’s disease virus. Further wide epidemiological study might be required to be sure that animals in Iraq are free of PrV.

The aim was to evaluate distribution of cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum)among calves under one year with special emphasis to age and gender in Baqubaha Diyala province, Iraq. Fifty calves suffering from diarrhea were included. Stool samples were collected for diagnosis of C. parvum by Ziehl-Neelsen (hot and cold) staining techniques. A total of 66% of diarrheic calves was infected with C. parvum. Significant difference as well as correlation regarding the C. parvum oocysts scoring was reported between ZN cold technique and ZN hot staining procedure (P value=0.000). Good agreement (kappa =0.780, p value= 0.000), was reported between ZN hotstaining procedure and ZN cold technique for diagnosis of C. parvum oocysts in calves. The main affected age group of calves was (1-2) month, in which (46%), was infected with C. parvum. Female was infected more than males, (34%). Males have a risk of getting infection at (1.948) time than female. No significant correlation was reported between positivity of C. parvum, age group and gender of calves. In conclusion, the prevalence of C. parvum appear to be elevated. Although males were infected approximately twice time than females, the susceptibility of calve for C. parvum infection was independent from age and gender

Zygomycosis is an infection causes by different fungi, Rhizopus spp are one of these causative fungi that ubiquitous in nature and have worldwide distribution. To find out the immune response against Rhizopus spp in this study two antigens were prepared from pathogenic Rhizopus spp. The first one was spore antigen which extracted from spores and the second was mycelium antigen from fungal mycelium. These antigens were used in experimental animals (30 mice) which were divided to three groups. The first group was immunized by spore antigen and the second group with mycelium antigen. The third group was a control. Immunological tests were performed for all tested groups includingthe delayed type hypersensitivity test to detect the cellular immunity. The resultsshowed that the mean values of skin thickness in immunized mice with spore antigen at 24 hours post examination, in the 1st group were (1.7±0.07) while in the 2 nd group were (2.4±0.14), and these values declined at 48 hours postexamination in the 1st group (1.1±0.04) and the 2nd group (1.7±0.06). The humeral immunity detected by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), the results showed that immunized animals with mycelium antigen express high levels in the means concentration of (IgG) (270.5±29.55) in the second group when compared with the first one (132.2±11.45). In the control group, (IgG) remained with normal range in all mice serum, was (8.1±1.3).

This study aimed to detect the behavior of bacterial pathogens in raw apparently normal milk. For this purpose 85 milk samples were collected from 85 ewes in different areas in Baqubah city. Study was carried from the period 1/4/2017 to 15/8/2017. The results showed that only 73 samples showed growth of more than one species of bacteria, while 12 samples gave negative bacterial growth on different media. The isolated bacteria were identified by studying cultural properties on different media, Gram staining and biochemical tests. Bacterial isolates included Escherichia coli (64.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (45.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32.9%), Streptococcus spp. (24.7%), Klebsiella spp. (22.3%), Proteus mirabilis (18.8%), bacillus spp (11.7%), and serratia marcesences (2.3%). The S. aureua and E. coli were the most predominant bacterial isolates. The results of antibiotic sensitivity test showed variable results in different isolates (Ampicilin, tetracyclin, Amoxcilin, Gentamicin and Vancomycin).

A Total of 100 local breed of cattle from different, age, sex were examined clinically. The study conducted from 1/10/2016 to 31/3/2017 in College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala, Iraq. Results showed overall cattle’s
blood parasites and GIT parasites infection was n=97, prevalence of cattle’s blood parasites n=38 (39.2%), prevalence of cattle’s GIT parasites n=59 (60.8%); There was no significant difference 0.559 between infection of cattle’s blood parasites compared with cattle’s GIT parasites. The present study recorded three species of blood protozoan infection, Anaplasma, Babesia and Theileria as well as, two mixed types of blood protozoan infection; Results recorded two types of GIT parasite, protozo an Eimeria spp. as well as, Nematodes, Trichostrongylid eggs type mostly of Haemonchus placei and for first time in Diyala recording of Toxocara vitulorum eggs. Results shows significant difference 0.032 between age groups of cattle’s for GIT parasites in small age group and cattle’s blood parasites in favor of age groups> 2. Results shows significant difference 0.003 between sex and the percentage of cattle’s blood and GIT parasites in favor of females than males; There was significant difference 0.004 between monthly distribution of cattle’s parasites for October and march months’ time of study.

The study was conducted on the effect of plant extracts Citrullus colocynthis on hard tick engorged females of Rhipicephalus spp. the experiment showed highest effect of alcoholic plant extract on the females of Rhipicephalus
spp by use dipping method in plant extract. The highest lethal effect of Citrullus colocynthis extract was in 50% concentration which gave killing rate about 60% from the total number of parasite in vitro study while the lowest percentage of Citrullus colocynthis extract give the rate 45% in killing of Rhipicephalus spp females in concentration 100%, As for the medium effect result was obtained in 25% concentration of Citrullus colocynthis plant extract which is reached to 53.3% from the killed females hard tick.