AL- Mouhaqiq Al-Hilly Journal for legal and political science

When states adopted of universal or universal suffrage, they have thus granted the right to vote to the largest number of citizens. There is no state that grants this right to all of its citizens by virtue of being citizens. Rather , we find that the legislation of states regarding elections prohibits some groups of people from exercising the right to vote, and this is a natural matter because voting The general concept, in absolute terms, carries a contradiction and irrationality in itself, because it will grant the right to vote, for example, to minors and insane. Therefore, the intervention of the legislator was necessary to soften the concept of universal suffrage. General voting means giving the choice of representatives of the people to all citizens of both sexes and adults. A certain age is not excluded from the exercise of this right by any individual due to his education, birth or economic status, except that this general suffrage depends on the position of legislators so that it can be subject to several condition, including objectivity, which is a condition of age, nationality, and eligibility, including formality (procedural), which is the condition of registration in the voter register and residency condition

Electricity is one of the most important sources that contribute to the development process of the country. For individuals and the management of public utilities, including electricity facility, However, poor performance and management, and the spread of corruption and poor privatization introduced the state budget in most countries of the world to multiple pressures resulted in the lack of interest of the state in improving the electricity facility, which led countries, especially developing countries to enter into a partnership with the private sector to finance infrastructure projects and public utilities, including service Electricity is the necessary solution to address the growing demand for electricity services, reduce costs and improve quality.

The term "unilateral sanctions" is a relatively recent term, so we find that opinions differ on the appropriate definition of the term, but we can define unilateral sanctions as (sanctions imposed by a state, group of states or a regional international organization on their own will. Independently of the United Nations or in violation of its resolutions, it targets a specific state, entity or persons in order to pressure them to change their policies in accordance with their policies and wishes).
In this way, we can move on to the legal basis and types of unilateral sanctions, where the basis on which states and regional international organizations to impose unilateral sanctions lies in their domestic legislation, which extends their application to other states and entities and the controversy that this causes. Internationally.

The judicial procedure consists of formal and substantive requirements necessary for its existence، and as soon as any required of them fails، the procedure is null and void، which destroys the procedure itself and also the subsequent procedures related to it، and its effect may reach the substantive rights to be protected by the procedure، for judicial notification requires the law to have a specific form represented in Notice sheet data، one of which fails to report، is null and void، and it follows that all other subsequent measures leading to a judicial ruling are null and void.

The authority to impose disciplinary punishment on members of state councils is, in fact, an instrument in the hands of the administration whose purpose is to ensure that members perform their duties and the proper functioning of work within the state council , It is the only body competent to apply the penalties stipulated in the law , Therefore, the authority to impose disciplinary punishment is one of the foundations upon which the disciplinary system to which members of the State Council are subject and to which the legislator gives great importance at the enactment of legislation regulating the affairs of members of the State Council It contains provisions for disciplinary accountability for them that differ from the general rules followed in the discipline of public officials, because this category performs multiple functions, including those related to legalization, Including what relates to opinion and fatwa for the state’s departments, and some that relate to administrative and personnel judiciary, through allocate of a disciplinary system for this given category that is consistent with the nature of the jobs they perform , For deliberately distributing the competence to impose disciplinary punishment on members of state councils between the presidential authority that specializes in the discipline of minor disciplinary sanctions and disciplinary councils entrusted with the greater competence to sign disciplinary sanctions as it is in France, In Egypt, he assigned the task of imposing disciplinary punishment to a disciplinary council entrusted to the legislator with limited jurisdiction, but in Iraq, the legislator did not provide members of the Council of State with a system of their own, and thus he subjected them to the provisions of the Law on Discipline of State and Public Sector Employees No. 14 of 1991 amended, including That disciplinary authority, despite the fact that the Iraqi legislator has singled out for their peers judges and public prosecutors delegated within the Council of State their disciplinary systems consistent with the nature of their actions they perform

The crime of establishing a mock bank is achieved by following the legal methods regulating the establishment of private banks, including what it requires from submitting an application to the central bank, and the approval of the latter on the application submitted to him and then issuing it to authorize the establishment of that bank, except that the latter does not perform a banking activity such as the activities that banks are used to doing, such as doing With the operations of banking, brokerage, and buying and selling currency, it is rather used as an interface that hides money laundering operations and conceals its illicit source, And because the pictorial bank represents a danger that threatens the security of the banking system, the anti-money laundering and terrorist financing legislation has criminalized the mere fact that the perpetrator created the pictorial bank, even if that bank did not undertake any of the money laundering operations and conceal its illicit source, and this crime is achieved once the perpetrator executes The material act constituting it, even if that behavior did not result in a material criminal offense, this crime does not require that the fictitious bank undertake its illegal activity represented in money laundering operations, but this crime is realized as soon as the offender completes the construction act even if it does not result in a material criminal result.
Since the legislator did not require that this crime be a result of a material crime, it is considered a formal crime, in addition to that it is accomplished by just committing the material act that constitutes it, which makes it a temporary crime that does not require that the perpetrator continues to carry out his criminal behavior, or that the photo bank performs his activities in washing operations The funds and the concealment of their illicit source for a period of time, but are realized once the establishment of that bank and requires only a limited period of time, in addition to this crime is a positive crime that requires positive activity is the establishment of a photo bank that does not have any physical presence and is not subject to effective banking supervision, as not It requires only one verb that is the act of creation, even if the perpetrator does not repeat or get used to it.

That in the proof of the International Court of Justice for the mandatory capacity of its interim measures In 2001, It means that this court has settled the great debate on the part of international law jurists about the extent to which these temporary measures have the mandatory character, Also in this proof the role of temporary measures is being greatly enhanced The International Court of Justice has the right to prevent the aggravation and widening of international disputes during the stage of their submission to the International Court of Justice and before the final decision on them by this court.

And the following question: What is the effect of the International Court of Justice’s proof of the binding nature of the interim measures it issues in preventing the complexity and expansion of international disputes during the period of their submission to the International Court of Justice and before the issuance of the final ruling thereon? The main problematic of our research topic.
In conclusion, we reached important results in this regard, the most prominent of which are: The declaration of the International Court of Justice in 2001 on the compulsion of its interim measures strengthened the role of these measures in preventing the exacerbation of international conflicts and in maintaining international peace and security.
Among the most prominent recommendations that we made in this regard: that the role of the International Court of Justice, after confirming the binding character of the provisional measures it issues, must be a major role in the field of implementing temporary measures it issues, with the aim of perpetuating the culture of voluntary implementation of temporary measures by the countries that were issued against it. And thus eliminating instances of non-implementation of those many measures. This is done by finding other means for the International Court of Justice to play this role, including creating a new paragraph within the content of the interim measures order in which the International Court of Justice charts the safest way for the parties to implement these measures while giving the party against whom it was issued the right to choose other methods and means that it may deem most appropriate for him. In carrying out those measures.

The Constitution regulated the relationship between the category of rulers and the governed people through establishing controls and assurance in a way that prevents rulers from exercising public power against the will of people by developing a legal framework that prevents them from monopoly on power away from the will of people, because the source of all powers in the state is the people, the legal owner of sovereignty, who grants it and delegates individuals from people to exercise this sovereignty on behalf, in accordance with legal and constitutional controls and frameworks that prevent those who exercise sovereignty from exceeding the limits of these frameworks, and in the event of exceeding them, the people shall have the right to arrange the appropriate punishment to that end, which is the recovery of sovereignty from rulers, as the people is the possessor of sovereignty, but how to recover this sovereignty is through the legitimate means and methods organized by constitution and law and surrounded by the assurance necessary for protecting it
Since ancient times, the conflict between authority and freedom has passed through different and variable historical stages in which power has risen over freedom at a time and freedom has triumphed over power at other times, as freedom has left no means to follow in its struggle against the tyranny of power and its dictatorship, until it regains its stolen rights. At the forefront of these rights, is the right to recover sovereignty, because the authority that follows the means of injustice and tyranny in its rule to its people and violates its rights and public freedoms will undoubtedly receive the people's efforts to recover their freedom and rights, as these methods of injustice and tyranny represent the reasons for the restoration of sovereignty

This research was a modest attempt to reveal the creation of a logical legal basis for the details of the state’s right to impose taxes on individuals, including the characteristics of this tax such as compulsion, the final version of the amount of the tax, and the state’s concession on the debtor’s money to collect the tax debt
Through this research, we dealt with the most important theories that appeared on the intellectual scene and were in two stages the first stage in which the utility theory or what was called the financial contract theory, especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, was guided by the light of the ideas of the social contract that prevailed at the time, then the theory of sovereignty or what was called a theory Social solidarity floats to the surface of the detailed ideas of imposing the tax, and was adopted by most legal, philosophical and economic thought as it is the most compatible theory with the products of legal thought, especially in the field of constitutional legal thought and the emergence of the theory of sovereignty in this field, with an attempt to highlight the most important criticisms that were directed to both theories

The multiplicity of states in the international community is an existing universal reality, and therefore it was necessary for a standard to distinguish each country from its own citizens from the citizens of other countries. Accordingly, the word states agreed in the modern era that this criterion is the idea of nationality. Nationality, of course, falls under the influence of different laws that determine the nature of the relationship that it implies and the role of each party in it. Therefore, it is a relationship of multiple laws governing it and the parties related to it. The national legislator in each country had to take into account a set of principles that nationality falls under its influence when setting the provisions of nationality. Some of these principles are of a global nature, and this is the secret of the existence of some common provisions for nationality among countries because the legislator is subject to realistic global principles and rules and others are of an ideal national nature that improve the level of the state’s relationship with others on the one hand and its relationship with its people on the other hand. These ideal principles are the right of man. With regard to nationality and the right of a person to have one nationality, as well as the right to change or retain his nationality. As for the nationality of the state in which the individual has actually integrated into its group and lived in its confinement and used it the rights of its subordinate and it carries its obligations regarding real or actual nationality that the judge extracts from the circumstances of the situation of the multinational person and these principles Realism has implications for the acquisition, loss and restoration of nationality. Among the most important findings of the researcher is that the Iraqi Nationality Law has worked An explicit form of idealistic principles of nationality and implicitly of real sexuality.