AL- Mouhaqiq Al-Hilly Journal for legal and political science

Perhaps one of the reasons for the liberalization of international contracts from national laws,
if not the most important ones, is the increasing role of the international commercial arbitration court, after it became clear that the wide scale of economic exchanges taking place today in the world, The lack and appropriateness of the judicial systems and the national laws to settle disputes arising from them, is a direct cause for the rush of legal thought in order to search for a specialized means based on the separation of such disputes away from the jurisdiction of the state and its law.

Thus, the latter judiciary has now become a prominent place on the international level, as the justice of a convention and even a phenomenon of great importance in the field of international economic relations, to which the parties to international trade resort freely to resolve disputes arising or arising out of the contract The desire of these traders in the international markets to liberate as much as possible the restrictions contained in the legal systems in different countries and to remove international trade from the national laws after the latter became characterized by introversion and even bias to internal considerations, Their desire to move away from the problem of the conflict of laws and the tendency of national courts usually apply the law even in disputes relating to international trade .

Therefore, the reality confirms to us that today is not without a decade of international trade contracts from the condition under which to resort to the arbitral tribunal in the event of a dispute relating to those recent contracts, and rare, which does not contain the requirement of arbitration, we find parties agree when a dispute arises to resort to spend Arbitration is a method of arbitration. In light of this, it can be assumed that arbitration has become the usual way to deal with international commercial disputes. This has led to the argument that the ability of the international commercial arbitration court to create and apply the rules of substantive law for international trade. And I heard optimal elimination of disputes that the latter, he does not prevent the creation of an international special law to solve the day as an alternative to private international law, which has become unable to take the problems raised by international trade contracts .
Accordingly, the international trade arbitrator the authority of both types of either arbitration law, or whether it is arbitration with the authorization state conciliation, can accommodate output international contracts from the scope of national laws, taking into account the content of the latter of jus cogens, and subjecting them instead more responsive to the rules which are defined rules The substantive law of international trade will also be illustrated in our later research .



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If the parent, according to the first principle (absolute disclosure of information), which is one of the legal principles adopted Article Organization (19), an international non-governmental organization of the United Nations, which represents the essence of the right to access to information, to be full disclosure of information so that he can people have access to information, however, originally provided for by exceptions and these exceptions referred to by the fourth principle (the scope of the limited exceptions), according to this principle should be on public bodies to meet all the requests of people to get the information, but if it appears to those governmental bodies and institutions to such information within the specified rule of exceptions, as the need for these bodies to show exceptions are clear and precise, so that classified information whether confidential or be disclosed, and will be based on the multiple substrates.

The legal protection of state secrets scale is determined in view of what it is to choose what works for them to give legislative protection by order to achieve certain interests envisaged by the legislature, prompting him to face the disclosure of such secrets through the drafting of legal provisions to protect these secrets and lack of exposure to the violation, and on the basis of it can be divided silently under legal protection into two, the first plenary secrets second range silently own, and be given the nature of the interests of their own assault, they are either related to the interests of the general legal community or private legal interests relating singling .

This research aims to study the issue of the electronic clearing of cheque/instrument that is one of the new services released by the banking sector in order to reduce the time and effort in collection of cheques. This electronic system has already been started in Iraq in the fourth quarter of 2010 as it has become a trend among Iraqi banks to apply electronic clearing instruments.

As such, collection of cheques has been achieved in the same business day, especially, after releasing the first list of instructions, which organizes the dealing with the electronic clearing cheques/instruments in Iraq, by the Iraqi Central Bank, and this regulation is issued in Order No. 59,323 on 08/19/2010, as well as the issuance of the Iraqi Council of Ministers resolution No. 186 in 2014, that issued the electronic payment system of funds No. 3 in 2014. As such, Iraq has become among the countries that have adopted the electronic clearing instruments as a technique developed for clearing cheques/instruments process.

Has the administrative investigation are particularly important because of the development of political and economic life in Iraq and the impact on the legislative and judicial reality including Offersh of the prevalence of certain crimes, most notably the financial and administrative corruption and waste of public money crimes, which are often the perpetrators of employees, which became necessary to activate the means of investigation mechanisms such crimes, which starts from the administrative investigation of the department concerned, in addition, the different views of jurisprudence and judicial applications and official directives of the courts concerned about the role of the administrative investigation into the criminal and its impact on the conduct of the investigation neighbor field Of the investigation by the courts and the courts of competent subject.
We will deal with these data in two sections. In the first, we will discuss the concept of administrative investigation and three demands. We will discuss the first definition of administrative investigation, the second is its importance and the third is the legal basis. In the first demand, and the impact of the administrative investigation in the role of the primary investigation in the second demand, and we will discuss in the third, the impact of administrative investigation on the role of the trial, and we will conclude with a conclusion that will include our findings and the following proposals.

The need arose for the establishment of an international criminal justice system capable of prosecuting the perpetrators of international crimes, and of ending the impunity that had prevailed over the past centuries.

The purpose of the Court was therefore to achieve international criminal justice, and the Statute establishing the Court International criminal law sets out to prosecute individuals who commit international crimes without regard for the immunity, or location of officials, thus creating a glimmer of hope for criminal justice and the prosecution of offenders, but this depends on the extent of States' cooperation with the Court, Which is entitled "International cooperation and judicial assistance", and has been devoted to a number of legal articles (86-102). Hence, this topic has been chosen as part of our research project entitled "Cooperation of States with the International Criminal Court in Investigative Proceedings" Of the Rome Statute), through which we will try a comprehensive study on the subject, in order to arrive at the best legal formulations to deal with international cooperation.

Multiple offenders in all crimes, whether committed by the only actor from the perpetrator and the one and the contribution of several perpetrators of the offenses or the multi-actor crime that requires to verify the legal form of criminal activity committed by multiple perpetrators.
It is intended multiple offenders commit several people of a crime on our previous agreement or understanding and different roles played by the perpetrators, according to the organizational structure of the crime committed, as one of them is the role of the leadership of the perpetrators or the organization of the gang or criminal profile and its foundation.
And have a multiplicity of perpetrators several elements which perpetrators agreement and quorum numerical The purpose of the agreement and pluralism, as it can not talk about multiple offenders without an agreement by them to commit a crime, and that this be agreed by a number of perpetrators, as should the number of offenders defined in line under the text legal and which should not be less in all cases, for two people, and all of the perpetrators are enjoying the will of considering a law, and it should be the purpose of the agreement and pluralism is a crime.
The nature of the contribution of the perpetrators in the commission of the crime vary whether their contribution is necessary to commit the crime or contribute occasional commission, where is in the first plurality necessary any element of the crime, namely that the nature of the material element of the crime requires an activity more than an actor so that it can not be achieved single-handedly words Other that materialism sides crime requires a multiplicity efficiency activities, while in the second it is the multiplicity is not necessary any element contributing to the crime, meaning it does not contribute to the crime, but Pthakgah where assumes a multiplicity of perpetrators who committed the crime and different forms of criminal behavior committed by them depending on the role that carried out by each shareholder in the crime that he is required to be one behavior at least from these multiple activities based physical implementation process of the crime.
Multiple offenders is also an aggravating circumstance, but the legislator did not decide the general rule as an aggravating circumstance years of punishment, but selects some crimes as far as the multiplicity Jnatha in terms of seriousness own Afeedh aggravating circumstance as is the case in the crime of robbery, rape, lies the legislative wisdom of emphasizing that diversity forcing the victim to comply for fear of the use of force when necessary, leading to facilitate the commission of the crime, as it is a manifestation of criminal conspiracy as well as it shows the ex-thinking and design, so it is not an objective circumstance of being a personal relation to the commission of the crime.

There is no doubt that terrorism has become a serious phenomenon and a feature of the modern world and has become a tool to achieve the goals and aspirations that some can not achieve by normal means. This criminal phenomenon has increased in recent times in terms of quantity and quantity in a remarkable manner and has become its philosophy, tools and objectives, leaving a serious impact in the international situation because of the characteristic of the use of military methods and advanced technical means supported by extensive experience and enormous potentials of danger.

Terrorism has existed sincehumanity existed and the relationship between terrorism and man is old. However, this terrorism has colors that are woven over time by the evolution that takes place from time to time, whether in methods, methods or even In the context of the objectives and the seriousness of this phenomenon and the possible consequences and effects it was necessary for researchers and those interested in violence research in general and terrorism research in particular to dedicate their efforts to shed light on this phenomenon serious clarification of the nature and the origin of its roots and the removal of tributaries and research About Dua And its effects analysis of the reasons for standing on the dangers of seeking treatment and take what is necessary to reduce The most important of which was the establishment of an international organization to combat crime, the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol).

In this paper, we will review the role of the international police in combating terrorist crimes. In three demands, the first requirement in trying to identify the meaning of the concept of terrorism is a statement of the problematic and difficult nature of attempts to define it with a review of the position of fiqh on the definition of terrorism. Separate it from the research on the concept of terrorism if we want to clarify the image of the concept The forms and methods of terrorism, which we will address these forms and methods, and ending the confusion between them, and the international efforts to suppress and prevent each of these methods. In the third demand we will present the role of the international police in combating this criminal phenomenon, after we know about the establishment of this organization and its nature and the objectives it seeks to achieve.

The administration carries out its oversight function on all types of non-governmental organizations. While practicing its function ,the administration may encounter mistakes were made by the non-governmental organizations which are contrary to those for which the Organization has established or are contrary to established laws that regulate the organization affairs which is justified in imposing legal sanction that the legislator conferred. For achieving the objective of empowering the administrative sanctions, and so does not guarantee that the legislator not to mismanagement of the regulatory authority granted to them On non-governmental organizations, we find that the legislator has strove accurately to state the provisions of the administrative monitoring to prevent faulty application and ensure that no deviation management in sanction that detracts the independence of non-governmental organizations.