Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

A mutual prodrug is the association in a unique molecule of two,
usually synergetic drugs attached to each other. Mutual prodrug of aspirin
with paracetamol as a model oral prodrug was prepared and identified
and many pharmaceutical steps were applied including: solubility studies,
hydrolysis of the prodrug in different pH from 1 to 9 to simulate the pH
of the GIT and hydrolysis of the prodrug by human plasma. The results
showed that the stability of the compound in the GIT should be more than
its transient time in the GIT in order to be absorbed before it is
hydrolyzed, and the compound should be hydrolyzed after it is absorbed
from the GIT with in suitable time in comparison to its elimination half
life. These studies can be considered as quick pharmaceutical studies for
preliminary evaluation of any suggested prodrug, if the compound passes
these steps successfully then further pharmaceutical studies is suggested
for the final recommendation.

Isosorbide dinitrate is prepared as a solid dosage forms, and found in the
market as a sublingual tablet or conventional tablet of 10mg for oral
administration which is subjected to the dissolution study.
In this present work, different commercial products of Isosorbide dinitrate
tablets were subjected to dissolution test according to USP method which
includes an HPLC determination. The dissolution profiles of three commercial
products of isosorbide dintrate tablets and preformulated product were evaluated
by comparing with that of reference standard (European product. Actavis Co.) .
Due to low bioequivalenceis of all the commercial products relative to
the reference standard, attempts were made to improve the formula of the
experimental batch of isosorbide dinitrate tablet by enhancing the dissolution
rate and increase the stability of the active substances via the Using of a direct
compression method in manufacturing of isosorbide dinitrate tablet which on
testing showed a high dissolution rate with optimal physical properties of tables

Zizyphus spina-christi is a scientific name of a plant where its common
name is Nabaq in Iraq. All parts of this plant are used by local Arab people to
help maintain a healthy lifestyle. In this report, it was found that the aqueous and
methanolic extracts of leaves and seeds of Zizyphus spina-christi has inhibitory
effects at various concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml) against five
bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , E. coli ,
Acinetobacter spp. ,and Enterococcus spp. isolated from skin lesions. The 25
mg/ml concentration had no effects at all on all bacterial species tested. The
highest activity (17.67 mm) recorded was for leaves aqueous extract against
Staphylococcus aureus, while the lowest activity ( 7.33 mm ) was obtained for
leaves aqueous extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The leaves aqueous
and methanolic extracts had better antimicrobial activities than seed equeous and
methanolic extracts. Our results support, at least in part, the use of all parts of Zizyphus spina-christi plant as a natural antimicrobial agent in developing new
drugs for treating infectious diseases in human.

Ten isolates of Kebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from urine samples
collected from patient suffering from UTI obtained from Education Labs / medical
city, and Re identification according to the biochemical tests and confirmatory by
Api 20 E test. Sensitivity of isolates was tested against 23 Antibiotics, results
revealed that isolates showed multi resistance to antibiotics ranging between (7-19)
antibiotics, and all isolates of K.pneumoniae were resistant 100% to Ampicillin,
Cephalexin, Amoxicillin, ,Penicillin ,Tetracyclin, Gentamycin and Amikacin, in
addition the isolates showed high resistance to third generation of cephalosporines
included (60)% resistance to ceftazidime and (80)% resistance to cefotaxime, and
ceftriaxone . Imipenem and azteronem was found to be the most effective agents
against the isolates.
Detection of Beta–Lactamase by using rapid standard Iodometric assay and
capillary tubes method, showed that 50% (5 isolates) of K.pneumoniae were B-
lactamase producing
All β- lactamase- producing K.pneumoniae isolates were also tested for their
ability to produce Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs), screening and
confirmatory tests recommended by NCCLS it considered the most accurate
method for detection of ESBL- producing isolates.
Determination the MICs of ESBL-producer isolates against some β-lactam
antibiotics showed that five ESBL-producing K.pneumoniae isolates was highly
resistant for both ampicillin and amoxicillin. They was also resistant to ceftazidime,
cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone high MIC results from (32to >128) (32to>256)
(32to>128) μg/ml respectively.
Results of detection of klebocin production by klebsiella isolates showed that
20 % of them were klebocin-producers against some indicator isolates of G- and
G+ bacteria.
Patterns of plasmid was studies of selected isolate K. pneumoniae 6, showed
its harbor two plasmid bands different in size and position.
Attempts to cure plasmids was unsuccessful from the selected ESBLs and
klebsin producer isolate ( K.pneumoniase 6 ), in concentration ranged from (10-
100) μg/ml when we used mitomycin – C.
Results of conjugation experiment revealed that genes encoding for the
production of BLs, and resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime,
ceftraxione and ceftazidime, were located on plasmids.

Toothpaste products are permanently used by consumers of different age
groups for preventive, curative and aesthetic aspects to ensure the health and
safety of the teeth. This encouraged valuable diversity in their production and
commodity supply. The investigation results of DEG through laboratory tests of
22 brands showed that three samples, coded D3, D10 and D11, lacked using the
gas chromatography GC technology, whereas other trademarks showed that they
contain this toxic contaminants with concentration range between 101 - 839 ppm
and were distributed on different origin, of which the German brand Crest2
topped the list and the unknown origin Colgate2 came at the bottom. Six
Chinese-made sample pastes contain high concentrations of this toxic substance,
despite doubts about the credibility of the origins included in the cards, which
requires attention from competent control bodies to examine samples, especially
with the current wave of fraud and the inclusion of the Chinese-made toothpaste
with the DEG substance.

Breast cancer became the commonest type of cancers among Iraqi women
since the last two decades. The main underlying cause is thought to be DNA
damage; much of which is oxidative in nature. CAF protocol (Cyclophosphamide +
Adriamycin + 5-FU) associated with toxic effects in several body organs (like
liver), mainly through production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species.
Silymarin, the dried extract of a ripe seeds of the plant silybium marianum, was
found to be a powerful antioxidant agent against toxin -induced tissue damage.
Aim of the study is to evaluate the possible time and dose-dependent protective
effect of the orally administered silymarin as antioxidant agent against oxidative
stress-related hepatotoxicity induced by CAF protocol in breast cancer wome.
Seventy four breast cancer women randomly distributed and allocated into three
groups:
Group (A): 24 patients received CAF protocol by I.V infusion once every 21 days
and for 63 days.
Group (B): 25 patients received 210mg/day of silymarin along with the same CAF
protocol of group (A).
Group (C): 25 patients received 420mg/day of silymarin along with the same CAF
protocol of group (A).
Indices of liver function (AST, ALT,TSB) were measured at baseline, after
21, 42, and 63 days of treatment.
The levels of AST and ALT, which were significantly elevated due to CAF
protocol therapy, showed significant reduction when silymarin used with CAF
protocol, in a time and dose-dependent manner. Mean while, TSB levels
significantly reduced by CAF protocol but dose not show any significant change
after treatment with silymarin.
Use of antioxidant agent (silymarin) in this study can ameliorate, in a time
and dose-dependant manner, liver damage that induced by oxidative stress.
Keywords: Breast cancer, CAF protocol (cyclophosphamide+Adriamycin+5
fluorouracil), hepatotoxicity, silymarin.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many
cells and cellular elements play a role. The treatment guidelines recommend the
use of a second controller drug in addition to medium doses of inhaled
corticosteroids (ICSs) rather than the use of high doses ICS alone in the
treatment of moderate-severe persistent asthma. This study was conducted to
compare the clinical efficacy and safety of three treatment regimens in Iraqi
patients with moderate-severe persistent asthma.
The study included three groups; each group included 15 patients. Patients
were administered beclomethasone inhaler alone 1500-2000 µg/day,
beclomethasone inhaler 750-1000 µg/day plus oral controlled release
aminophylline tablets 450 mg/day or beclomethasone inhaler 750-1000 µg/day
plus oral montelukast tablets 10 mg/day for 4-5 weeks. Patients were followed 2
weeks and 4-5 weeks after the baseline visit. In all of the three groups,
significant improvements were noticed in pulmonary function test parameters
(FEV1, FVC, FEF50%) and the asthma symptom records (day-time symptoms,
night-time symptoms, number of salbutamol puffs per 24 hours), while there
were no significant differences among the groups. Regarding side effects, only
the group of inhaled steroid plus aminophylline tablets showed discontinuation
of drug therapy in some patients which could be attributed to the development of
serious side effects.
It was concluded that the administration of a second controller agent was
important to use lower doses of inhaled beclomethasone. It was concluded also
that montelukast was associated with a lower incidence of serious side effects
than aminophylline which could make aminophylline an alternative to
montelukast as combination therapy with medium doses ICS in the treatment of
moderate-severe persistent asthma.

This study was carried out to find the effect of propylene glycol (PG),
poly ethylene glycol 400(PEG 400) and pH on the release and diffusion of
Ibuprofen from different topical bases. 5% Ibuprofen was incorporated in the
following bases and the release rate from these bases as in the following order:
NaCMC formula-4> methyl cellulose formula -3 > carbomer gel formula-1 >
emulsion base formula-2.
The effect of propylene glycol concentrations 10%, 30% and 40% applied
as in formulas 5, 6 and 7 which 40% gave the highest release, in the same time
40% of propylene glycol added as in formulas 8, 9 and 10 and only formula 10
gave significant effect and in addition to formula 7 while others had no change
in Ibuprofen release. In addition to that, poly ethylene glycol 400 has been
added as in formulas 11 and 12 and this combination increased the Ibuprofen
release. Formula -1 has been chosen to study the effect of pH change ( 6.5 and
8) on the release process, since pH 8 gave the highest release leading to select
the formulas 11, 12 and formula with pH 8 and applied them to the diffusion test
by using excised mouse skin. On the other hand, preliminary clinical study was
carriedgood positive response. out with 20 patients and the result revealed 65% of the patients gave

The liver subjected to a number of disorders caused by chemicals namely
as hepatotoxicity. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) the most wildly used in induction
of liver injury as a hepatotoxic model for scientific researches. The role of plants
in treatment and prevention of chemical-induced liver damage, was extensively
studied. Accordingly, this study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective
effect of the aqueous solution of the ethanolic extract of Fenugreek seeds (FGS)
against CCl4 induced liver damage in rats. From analysis of results, the extract
of FGS showed highly hepatoprotective effect against CCl4 induced-necrosis
with less effect against fatty changes, this could be due to the antioxidant action
of the active constituents in the extract that counteract and scavenge the
intermediates free radicals of CCl4 that generating during lipid peroxidation,
which is the main cause of necrotic damage, while limitations of these
constituents to inhibit the intermediates involved during fatty changes which is
unrelated to the oxidative stress. These results make the FGS as a good
candidate to be used against drug induced hepatotoxicity.

Stool samples from people which were suffering from acute diarrhea had
been chosen At Al-Hammar Marsh and from reviewers of a clinic in the city of
Al-Nasiriyah Chibaach during the month of June 2009 .Stool examination
results showed that the proportion of total parasite infection was 49%
Entamoeba histolytica Infections were higher in Males ,reaching 54,8 %
compared with 54,2 % for females .To investigate the possibility of parasitic
Amoeba growth Semi Solid Medium was very successful as a good media for that purpose .Using the oily extract of the black seed had an a good effect on
amoebic Parasite killing for a short period in compare with Metronidazole drug
,especially with the dose of (0.04) ml ,results from using a mixture of a black
seed oil and the enzyme of Cystein proteinase, Metronidazole and Tinodazole
showed a great inhibition for the parasite enzymic activity to (34,48,50)ml,
respectively.
.
As a conclusion the results showed that black seed oil extract and these three
drugs were very effective factors on the trophozoits phases of Entamoeba
histolytica Parasite and the most effectiveness can be gaine from the black seed oil extract.
Key: Black seed oil .Metronidazole .Tinodazole .Cysteine proteinase

The protective effect of the Probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus gasseri)
against the pathogenic Bacteria (Aeromonas spp) was studied in vivo and in
vitro, the inhibitory effect of the Probiotic bacteria filtrate was tested with the
Well diffusion method, the filtrate showed a clear inhibiting efficiency toward
the pathogenic bacteria and the diameter of the inhibition zone was 16 mm.
A group of mice were injected intraperitoneally with (0.25 ml) of the filtrate for
10 days, then they were injected with (0.2 ml) of the Aeromonas spp bacteria
living cells (10~ cell\ml) intraperitoneally, while the control group were
injected with 0.25 ml of PBS.
The mice were killed after 12 hours of injection with the pathogenic
bacteria, they were injected with (5ml) of PBS intraperitoneally, the contents of
the periton, Liver and the Spleen were taken after killing the mice, then a
dilutions of the Periton contents were made and 0.1 ml was streaking on the
media to calculate the number of the growing bacterial colonies, then a part of
the Spleen was homogenized and streaking on the media, then the growing
colonies were calculated and compared with the control mice, also the
macrophage in the contents of the periton were counted, and a samples of the
organs were taken directly after the killing and were putted in the formalin
solution (10%) for study the histopathological changes.
The results shows that the mice who were injected with the probiotic
bacteria wasn't effected when they were exposed to the pathogenic bacteria
unlike the group that were only exposed to the pathogenic bacteria without
being injected with the probiotoic bacteria, and that shows the protective effect
of the (Lactobacillus gasseri) against the pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas spp),
and the pathogenic changes shows an inflammatory response and that the
tissues were appeared in their natural form.

In this work new heterocyclic pyrazolin derivatives have been synthesized
from diazonium chloride salt of 4-aminobenzoic acid: firstly, Azo compounds
were prepared from the reaction of an ethanolic solution of sodium acetate and
calculated amount of active methylene compound namely, (ethyl acetoacetate)
obtain the corresponding hydrazono derivative (1). Secondly,
Cyclocondensation reaction of compound (1) with hydrazine hydrate (2) in
boiling ethanol affording the corresponding pyrazoline-5-one. Then compound
(2) reacted with thionyl chloride to give the corresponding acid chloride
derivative(3), followed by conversion into the corresponding carboxylic acid
thiosemicarbazide (4), esters (7-9), thioesters (10), (11), and amides (12-14),
when treated hydrazine hydrate, thiosemicarbazide, alcohols, alkylthiol and
secondary amines in dry refluxing benzene; respectively. Furthermore, 1,2,4
triazole heterocyclic ring, which might result in biologically active agents, have
been prepared by refluxing thiosemicarbazide derivative (4) with sodium
hydroxide solution (4%) followed acidification of the result using (10%)HCl
solution. Moreover, 1, 3, 4, - thiadiazole heterocyclic ring (6) has been prepared
by treatment of thiosemicarbazide derivative with concentrated sulfuric acid as
cyclization agent. Finally, derivative (15) has prepared by reflux (1) with p
hydroxybenzaldehyde then the product reflux with 5-amino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2
thiol to product (16) derivative. All structures of newly synthesized compounds
have been characterized and identified via of their physical properties and
spectral data analysis (IR, UV.)

Industrial waste water is discharged from various processes in factories
using water. Further, the contaminants and Pollutants separated from the water,
must be treated and disposed of so that they cannot cause environmental
pollution of other obstructions.
The flow diagram of waste water treatment of babil Battries factory is shown.
This was the most suitable treatment methods involving equipments and
chemicals. Physical and chemical. Treatment (included PH adjustment) were the
methods used, to remove the Pollutants present in the waste water of Bettries
factory in Baghdad Determination of chemical properties of final disposal water
has been done, estimation tests show good results for many years.

objective The of this study includes surveying for two types of intestinal
parasite that causes humans disease (Entamoebahistolytica and Giardia lamblia)
which spread among Baghdad governorate people from AL-Karama hospital
patients during the period from January 2002 till December 2005 using the method
of direct test to 6239) stool sample. The average of the infection registered for both
parasites is 14.71% and, most of them wasEntamoebahistolytica 12.71%. while
Giardia lamblia was 2.55% and approximate the percentage of the male and female
infection 14.84% and 14.57% respectively and higher percentage of infection was objective The of this study includes surveying for two types of intestinal
parasite that causes humans disease (Entamoebahistolytica and Giardia lamblia)
which spread among Baghdad governorate people from AL-Karama hospital
patients during the period from January 2002 till December 2005 using the method
of direct test to 6239) stool sample. The average of the infection registered for both
parasites is 14.71% and, most of them wasEntamoebahistolytica 12.71%. while
Giardia lamblia was 2.55% and approximate the percentage of the male and female
infection 14.84% and 14.57% respectively and higher percentage of infection was registered at 2003 24.35% and less percentage at 2004 70.77%.

The present study was designed to investigate the suspected bacterial
and/or fungal contamination in intravenous (IV) fluids due to malpractice of
administration in Baghdad hospitals. The study was conducted during the period
from May to August 2010. One hundred and thirteen intravenous fluid samples
were collected from different wards in Baghdad teaching hospital, Ibn Al
Nafees teaching hospital and AL Khadhemia teaching hospital in district of
Baghdad. These samples were classified into 2 main groups: Group 1 (test
group), include I.V. fluids with inappropriate position puncture in the bag; and
group 2 (control), include I.V. fluids free from inappropriate puncture in the bag.
Then group 1 samples were sub-classified into 2 groups; Group 1A: includes 73
I.V fluid bags with needle puncture by staff nurses in which the needle was left
during the use to ease flow; group 1B: includes 12 I.V fluid bags in which a
puncture was made in the bag during inappropriate I.V admixture and the needle
was removed; and group 2: 28 I.V fluid bags (control) free from any
inappropriate puncture. Samples from all I.V fluid bags (113) were cultured
immediately after collection in a proper media for bacteriological examination.
Results of cultures showed that a 79.45% contamination was present in I.V fluid
bags samples from group 1A (n =73), while 100% contamination was reported
in I.V fluid bags samples from group 1B (n=12) and 28.57% contamination in
the group 2 (n=28). In the our study, the most common three microbes
contribute for contamination of infusate are Candida albicans , Stapylococcus
epidermidis and Escherichia coli.
In conclusion, the widely followed improper practice for preparing and
administration of I.V. fluids in some of Baghdad hospitals may predispose to fatal bacterial contamination.
Key word: I.V. fluids, microbial contamination

The objective of this study is to employee information technology to
enhance learning in college of pharmacy using e-learning, in recent years,
information technology has played an important role in the business field. E
learning has gained a significant popularity and it is expected to continue in the
future. E-learning is a multi-dimensional activity where each dimension should
be adequately supported by an E-learning system to provide a fruitful learning
experience to its users. This research introduces an E-Learning Process Network
(EPN) prototype by providing College of pharmacy/university of Mustansiriya
students with the necessary information and helps them reduce and manage the
time by using Analysis Design Development Implementation Evaluation
(ADDIE) model, after the system has been developed; it was tested by running
the system. The user evaluation of the prototype was conducted on seventeen
respondents (11 male, 6 female); each of them was given brief explanation
regarding the usage and the user interface of the prototype. The questionnaire
was adapted, covers two dimensions: usefulness and ease to use prototype,
question in the dimension has a rate from 1 to 5, the Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) version 1.3 is used to perform descriptive statistics
analysis for the collected data ,the result for every dimension is higher than 4.00.

Patients with cardiovascular diseases or erectile dysfunction initially present
to primary care physicians, who have an opportunity to intervene early and
favorably affect the clinical course of either condition. Recognition and aggressive
treatment of cardiovascular disease risk factors has a major role in management of
cardiovascular disease and erectile dysfunction.
Twenty Iraqi patients with age range of 45-50 years were considered in this
study. The evaluation of erectile dysfunction was according to NIH Consensus
Development Panel on Impotence Procedure. The NIH provided complete
information about severity of erectile dysfunction by using its questionnaire. The
lipid profile was performed individually. The obtained results predicted elevation of all lipid profile parameters. The results were as follow: Cholesterol 6.65±0.27
mmol/L, triacylglyceral 5.93±0.22 mmol/L, LDL-cholesterol 4.424 ± 0.28 mmol/L,
VLDL 1.19 ±0.18 mmol/L and HDL 1.04 mmol/L.
All collected results showed strong evidence between increased on serum
lipids and erectile dysfunction and laboratory evaluation of lipid showed performed
to patients with erectile dysfunction.
Key words
Lipid profile markers, erectile dysfunction, cardiovascular disease.

This research was concerned with the biochemical changes that might
occur in patients with β-thalassemia major, multiple determinations were
obtained 20 subjects: - 13 children with β-thalassemia major and 7 normal
children (as normal healthy control).
The parameters deduced from this study includes:- serum total sialic acid (TSA),
erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) and seromucoid total protein (TP).
From the data obtained for these parameters investigate the decrease in
serum TSA and TP of thalassemic patients compared to normal individuals
while the ESR levels increase for patients as compared to other individuals

Aim of the study to assess oral complications under chemotherapy
treatment (still from protocol therapy till end it)
125 patients (80 males and 45 females) admitted to blood diseases and
oncology unit in Baghdad teaching hospital and bone marrow transplantation
center from 25th April 2010 to the 25th June 2010. Age from 18 years and above
to start protocol therapy all patients were diagnosed by physician as oncology's
patients, questionnaires use in the study are consist of 3 part (1st part:
demographic characteristics, 2nd part clinical characteristics, 3rd part main oral
complications. Data analyzed were by use frequency, percentage and mean of
score. Study show the younger stage, malesand student, secondary school
graduate, diagnosed by Dr, as leukemia, short time duration of disease and also
duration in hospitalization, oral complications were present in pain and
mucosits, redness, thick stringer saliva, mouth bleeding, change in taste, dry mouth and burning sensation

The purpose of this paper is to study the antimicrobial susceptibility of
twenty two different antimicrobial agents on three different isolates of
Lactobacilli isolated from the vagina of healthy female by using disc diffusion
method on Muller-Hinton agar and De Mann-Rogosa-Sharp (MRS) agar to
determine the appropriate medium for susceptibility test and the pattern of
resistant and sensitivity of Lactobacilli to different antimicrobial agents used for
treatment of different infections. Lactobacilli were found resistant to
Ceftazidime, Ciprofloxacin, Kanamycin, Nalidixic acid, Pipemidic acid,
Streptomycin and Metronidazole, while they were sensitive to the rest of
antibiotics used in this paper and this indicates that some antibiotics had effect
on the presence of Lactobacilli (normal flora) inside the body.

Bruxism with myofacial pain and clicking of T.M.J is a condition which
includes grinding or clenching of teeth and its one of the oldest dental problem
in human beings.
Studying the condition on 35 Iraqi patients (21 males and 14 females)
through the year (2007-2008) showed that males are more affected and the most
affected group is the (30-40 year) age, and also the Tempromandibular joint
dysfunction showed highest results in male, while traumatic occlusion in
females is more obvious.
Treatment with muscle relaxant and using night guards with the aid of
physiotherapy improve the condition through three months dramatically.