Iraqi Journal Of Political Science

The Ukrainian war broke out, after a crisis that has continued since 2013, linked to the shift that Russia is beginning to feel in Ukraine's orientations. And that war ended in a crisis, with international dimensions, because the indirect parties to it are: Western countries, and that war resulted in a major crisis in US-Russian relations.
The research discusses what the US-Russian relations can settle on, and what the impact of those relations may have on the future of the global system, that system that is moving in conflicting directions. interests of the major powers. The research confirms that the future of US-Russian relations will affect the world order.

The Popular Party (Partido Popular) is a conservative, liberal Spanish political party. It is one of the two largest parties in Spain, combining the liberal current and the Christian democracy trend. It came to power for the first time in the 1996 elections, and it is the owner of the second longest term in Spain after the end of the dictatorship era. In its infancy, the party belonged to the conservative right-wing movement, but it developed over time, especially under the presidency of Jose Maria Aznar, to transform into a conservative party that also embraces the principles of the Christian Democratic current and the neoliberal current, especially with regard to its economic policies.
The research will deal with the establishment of the Popular Party (PP), its political role, the party's structure, its political ideology, the most important values and principles it believes in, the party's foreign policy, as well as its position on Iraq.

The research analyzes the most important intangible regional challenges in the strategic depth of Iraq, and deals with the multiplicity of risks in the current period as a result of the crippling wars in the Middle East, especially after the events of the so-called Arab Spring revolutions in 2011, and the subsequent repercussions of the phenomenon of international terrorism and violent extremism. Iraq has become a pivotal center within global cross-border strategies, especially after 2003, as it witnessed various intangible challenges aimed at enabling different mechanisms to confront insecurity and instability in the strategic depth of the supranational side of Iraq's neighboring countries. Therefore, the recent period requires diagnosing and analyzing the chaos of conflicts in the Middle East in general as long as Iraq is part of those challenges and repercussions that affected the security levels and post-management of social and political stability.
The countries of the strategic depth of Iraq in the Middle East have witnessed significant weakness, due to the wars and conflicts that have been disrupted within them, specifically with the escalation of the repercussions of civil conflicts and refugee crises, as well as the phenomenon of corruption and poverty and what has befallen health services as a result of the Corona pandemic.
The Arab regional system and its interdependence still faces many challenges related to rearranging its conditions in order to assess the intangible challenges at the level of internal and external crises that erupted near the neighboring countries of Iraq, in order to develop a regional alternative that prevails over the previous arrangements to solve all outstanding problems. Therefore, the neighboring countries of Iraq tried to reach a real understanding of the new equation due to the supra-regional variables that occurred immediately throughout the region without waiting for Iraq to be within the circle of the affected and ineffective, which the great powers and the great powers aim at. To make Iraq a weak and ineffective state within the depth of its regional strategic side, while exploiting opportunities is available for the current period that is passing as a qualitative shift at the level of progress in enabling mechanisms to confront the upcoming challenges, and to ensure security and stability throughout the region.

Turkish foreign policy is characterized by the fact that it witnessed, after 2002 AD, great changes that can be described as radical. After Turkey was self-absorbed and closed towards the Western camp, applying the principles of Western secularism, and raising the slogan of being hostile to everything that is Islamic and rejecting the Ottoman history and accusing it of representing backwardness, we find After the Justice and Development Party came to power in 2002 AD, it became interested in its Islamic regional environment and opened up towards it strongly, as it emerged as a rising regional power with multiple goals relying on its political, economic, military, historical and cultural capabilities, investing in many motives, and ready to face various challenges. Considering its foreign policy towards its neighbors, it even went far towards the Horn of Africa, And it entered it despite all the challenges, and despite the international competition there, taking into account the ideas of Ahmet Davutoglu in his book The Strategic Depth, which represents a comprehensive strategic plan for Turkish foreign policy after 2002. It succeeded in restoring Turkey's lost identity, and its role emerged in all fields at the regional and international levels.

The research was concerned with studying the American threat to Russia, as it showed the extent of the American approach to the Russian geopolitical belt and focused on the direct approach represented by military alliances, and the indirect approach through cyberspace, as the United States of America granted itself legitimacy in neighboring countries close to Russia, to extend its influence on an arena International, while the Russian Federation sees these policies as a threat to its national security, so the research problem lies in how the American approach in the geopolitical belt made a threat to the Russian strategic depth, whose solution starts from the supposition the more increased American approach to the near neighborhood or Russian geopolitical belt , the more Russia's motive to confront.
that approach in order to preserve its security and strategic depth, based on the descriptive analysis method. The research dealt with formally by the direct and indirect American approach, and objectively by the American threat to the Russian strategic depth and the means to confront it. The research treated the direct American approach to the Russian strategic depth. by NATO and European Union, and the indirect cyber-American approach by launching cyber attacks on Russia and its allies.

After the deviations that marred the implementation of the responsibility to protect in Libya in 2011, Brazil called for following the sequence in implementing the three pillars of the responsibility to protect when dealing with humanitarian crises related to war crimes, crimes against humanity, the crime of genocide and the crime of ethnic cleansing, while the Secretary-General of the United Nations called in Many of his annual reports on the responsibility to protect said that one should not adhere to the sequence and considered that the three pillars are parallel and equal in importance, and it is not necessary to follow the sequence approach because this may not achieve the goals on which the concept of the responsibility to protect is based.
This research concluded that the logic of the Secretary-General is more likely due to practical and realistic considerations, but it opens the way for misuse of the responsibility to protect.

The Iraqi parliamentary system remained facing various political, economic and social challenges and even cultural, so this study has taken a field study on the future of the parliamentary system and is possible to establish the presidential regime in the future and through a sample questionnaire After completion of the study and analyzing its findings, it was found that the largest public and both sample categories had not been desirable to the parliamentary system and added the transformation towards the presidential regime.

The research problem posed by the research in this topic is related to the fact that the global system is moving towards several possibilities, including chaos, including pluralism, or perhaps the polarity will be reformulated so that China emerges at the top of the pyramid if it succeeds in achieving leadership in the competition race with Western powers, and achieving a head start in organizing The regional system in which it was located, which raises the need to research the reasons that could lead to this transformation.
The objectives that the research wants to reach are related to researching the elements of China's strength, how the global system can be formed, and China's ability to form the system, or help in its formation. The importance of research on this subject comes from China's global position, and from the importance of studying the future of the global system.
The important result of the research is that the world is on the verge of major transformations, in which China's position can be shaped, to be the most prominent pole in the next world order.

The transitional phase is not only a connecting phase between two phases, or a business process phase. Rather, the transitional phase is a start to a new construction, an effort to form a new political and societal contract within the framework of a clear strategy, and within the framework of transition and gradual accumulated steps that can have an impact on the reform process. Therefore, the transitional phases must be planned and orchestrated phases and based on the link between the strategic and the interim. The success of the transitional phase depends on the positive roles played by the political elites, by opening a comprehensive dialogue with all political and social actors and agreeing on a roadmap for moving the state out of the phase. Transition to the stage of democratic consolidation.

The social structure in the Sultanate of Oman are characterized by the presence of linguistic pluralism, ethnic nationalism, and all religious and sectarian pluralism. Sultan Qaboos bin Said was able to spread the language of tolerance and peaceful coexistence among all Islamic sects. The Ibadhi sect, which is embraced by most of the inhabitants of the Sultanate of OmaK is on of the most prominent characteristics of the Omani personality that is unique to him from The rest of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries are the Ibadi sect, which is the official sect of the ruling family. Despite the ethnic diversity that the Sultanate of Oman enjoys, thanks to the wise leadership of the late Sultan Qaboos bin Said, he was able to win tribal loyalty to him as he was able to achieve peaceful coexistence within the framework of an Omani national identity. The Sultanate of Oman still suffers from a weak national identity as a result of the multiple loyalties of the citizen in the Sultanate, as the tribal affiliation to the Sultan and the ruling family is the focus of the individual’s affiliation in Oman.

The Iraqi non-Islamic political forces, regardless of their intellectual and ideological diversity, whose roots extend back to long historical periods with a prominent role in the political arena, seek to adopt innovative values and ideas through which they seek to keep pace with the transformations that Iraq is witnessing after the year 2003 and try to present a new vision that moves away from the previous ideas that it adopted, and which cannot be adopted at the present time by the public, in addition to its attempt to win over an audience that believes in the ideas put forward by these forces, especially among young people who seek ideas that adopt their opinions and ideas, which enhances the role of these forces in the Iraqi political arena through their position in the ballot boxes.

The International Labor Organization is among the specialized agencies, which are international organizations that carry out specialized functions determined by their charters and founding agreement . The International Labor Organization was established in 1946 , and it currently includes in its membership (187) member states . Iraq has been a member of the International Labor Organization since 1932 and has ratified (68 ) An agreement for the organization, including the eight basic conventions. The International Labor Organization pledged to work with the responsible authorities in Iraq and in cooperation with the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs to develop solutions to some of the problems it faces , including the increasing poverty rates, especially in rural areas , following the displacement of millions of displaced people, which negatively affected employment and expanded the informal economy , The events of 2014 and with the entry of ISIS led to a decline in job opportunities about (800,000) or more, meaning that Iraq has the lowest rates of employment to the total population in the region .

The strategic balance of power is one of the most important pillars of realistic theory in international relations, which is essentially a reflection of the power relations between the actors of the international system. And with the end of the Cold War with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and its eastern bloc, Western civilization dominated the world with the uniqueness of the United States of America in the international system. International, which must be controlled by two or more actors, so that diplomatic flexibility in forming alliances becomes possible. Based on the fact that the major countries are the owners of military and economic superiority, the future foretells a new era for this change, as these countries are the ones that possess the means of development and progress in the world of technology and technology, because they are the ones who can, with their experience in this field, with an escalation in creating new generations in The world of the information revolution to change the strategic balance in the world.

Belgium is one of the countries that headed towards federalism through a peaceful transition, and over a few decades the country has witnessed deep transformations in its institutions, from a unified and central state in the early nineteenth century to a federal union, regional operations began since 1970 up and constitutionally established its diversity Linguistic and regional, the so -called "state reforms" have been implemented, which led to the emergence of political repercussions. The country has suffered about two decades ago, which caused many national governments that are considered to be among the Luxor in the modern political history of Belgium, However, institutional reforms to achieve the stability of the political system began, often the transfer of powers from the center to the regions (regions) on the basis of the ethnic basis, and this prompted the talk about the extent of this system's ability to continue and maintain the stability and unity of Belgium or its inability to withstand the differences that It appears from time to time and heading towards the disintegration of the Belgian state.

The sustainability of relations between countries according to their higher national interests contributes to a group of positive and constructive factors, which makes the multiple intertwined interests between countries intertwined, but this intertwining can be challenged, which leads to tension in relations, These challenges stem from the way of thinking of policy implementers in countries, how to implement it, and the nature of each country’s view towards the other, especially when the state has an expansionist regional imperial project. It is trying to control the direct vital areas that it considers its strategic depth, in addition to these relations that affect the mood of the people and their view of the state wishing to control, and this is what happens in the Iraqi-Iranian interest overlap.

The religious reference is one of the main pillars of the Islamic society, and in Iraq, the reference has dealt with every matter and issue related to the reality of society, and considered that this is at the core of its tasks and mission towards the nation, and thus the reference was able to be the safety valve of the Iraqi nation by spreading religious and cultural values that are consistent with the structure Society and preserving national unity. This role was not limited to the indicative and cultural aspect, but multiplied to reach several aspects, most notably the political, security and economic aspects, as the reference was able to address the challenges that Iraq faced after 2003, most notably the nature of the political system as well as the security challenge .. etc., leading to The role of the correctional guide for community behavior to preserve the social fabric.

Most countries have taken steps to adopt e-government as an innovative mechanism that provides solutions to problems that thwart the effectiveness of the administrative apparatus. For this reason, these countries adopted this technology as an innovative approach to contemporary administrative reform. However, e-government faces several challenges, including: the inability to respond to every innovator, And the failure of legislation to keep pace with the momentum of technological development, scarcity of resources, and lack of competencies, and the cyber threat is the biggest danger facing electronic government, as cyber security is one of the most important issues in our lives by virtue of its direct relationship to all areas of public life such as politics, economy, security, culture, etc., and depends on it Most of the countries of the world in their official and unofficial institutions, especially in their infrastructure, and taking care of it and avoiding weaknesses is a priority for the national security of any country.

This research represents an attempt to understand the intellectual approaches put forward by Carl Schmidt about political tyranny, and to understand what tyranny is and the concepts approaching it, because of the great importance of tyranny in political philosophy in general and political thought in particular, so the research was divided into three axes, the first axis deals with clarifying what tyranny is in Western political thought, and the second axis is related to the concepts approaching tyranny in political thought, The third axis was devoted to clarifying Carl Schmidt's intellectual propositions on tyranny, in addition to the introduction and conclusion.

The research dealt with the global system represented by (globalization) and what are the opinions and concepts that fall into the understanding and definition of (globalization), and the extent of its impact on the social system, especially women's rights. Only economically, but it has changed the behavior and values in the social system because there is a debate about the status of women in society under a comprehensive economic system, and therefore the study confirmed that women must preserve their human and social identity, especially since the world has now become a small village as it is said in the light of technologies and modern technology, which allows her to identify many ideas and currents.

The impact of the external dimension on state fragility in the developing world, a case study of Iraq after 2014
The problem from which the research is based revolves around a central question, which is: Why did Iraq show a rise in the vulnerability index after 2014?
This problem shows the importance of researching it, because the higher the rate of: the fragility of the state, the more this shows the existence of problems, political, economic and social, which calls for focusing on them and finding solutions to them, in addition to that Iraq suffered in 2014 from the results of the policies and events that appeared After 2003, the external factor was one of the factors that raised the degree of vulnerability.
The methodology used by the research is: adopting the descriptive approach, that is, providing a description of the situation in Iraq. The research wanted to reach important results related to the fact that external factors contributed to raising the vulnerability rate in Iraq.

Existentialism is one of the post-World War II philosophies. Although it had philosophical roots dating back to Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, the reality after the two wars made its thinking a break from the constraints of absolute rational philosophies, liberating the individual from absolutism, making him an existence that creates his essence according to a philosophical vision that differed even among its pioneers themselves, between the believer and the atheist. It is a moral stance that is customary, refusing to make it a principle for expressing political issues in an individual way that not all thinkers agree on, and this is what Simone de Beauvoir expressed best in her writings and her various positions.

For any foreign policy of any country is the effectives of active variables at the internal levels in official and unofficial institutions, whether their results are acceptable or unacceptable, it is a determinants of the state’s performance in foreign policy, and that the capabilities of states cannot going to an effective foreign policy, Whatever strong and capabilities of the state political, economic and military ,so it requires cultural and social capabilities enhanced by science and knowledge to bring the country to the top of the pyramid in scientific conferences in international organizations.