AL- Mouhaqiq Al-Hilly Journal for legal and political science

The contract of marine insurance is one of the important international contracts, at the present time. However, this contract has problems arising from the laws that govern the contract and are different between the law of will and the other modern support controls, and it has been shown in this research that the first occurrence of the contract of marine insurance, International is the issue of determining the law governing the contract, and there are factors that affect this law, the most important characteristic of the compliance of this decade as a contract in which the imbalance occurs between the contract between the parties insured (strong party) and insured (weak party).
Which necessitates that the legislator be provided with provisions that provide a degree of protection for the weak party of the arbitrary conditions imposed by the insured often on the insured, which in general constitute a protective public order in addition to the role of the judiciary to address the imbalance through the direct intervention in the exclusion of applicable foreign law and rules solutions The necessary application necessary to protect the entity of the state society judge.

The purpose of the legislator is to criminalize exploiting or exploiting the minor's need to protect the minor from moneylenders and others who exploit the weakness of the minor and his need and lack of experience to obtain from him money or a bond or a concession or to cancel this bond or amend it, and the crime of taking the need of a minor special legal nature distinct from others Of the crimes are intentional crimes where the offender must know that his action constitutes an exploitation or exploitation of the minor's need. However, his will tends to do so, and it is considered a positive crime that can not be perceived as a negative act such as leaving or abstaining.
In addition, it requires the availability of special personnel alongside the General Staff. The special forces in this crime are that the victim is a minor and that the victim or other person is harmed, and that the crime is the place of the crime. Money or bond or cancellation or revocation of this bond or modification, and in relation to the penalty of this crime, they differ if the crime was committed in its normal form or accompanied by a tight circumstance.
Therefore, we decided to highlight the crime of exploiting a minor need in the legislation of Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and France and comparing it with the Iraqi legislation by dividing the research into three sections devoted to the first topic to study the concept of crime to seize the need of a minor through two demands. The second question dealt with the necessity of the crime of taking the need of a minor. The second topic dealt with the elements of crime, taking advantage of a minor. In two cases, we devoted the first request to the General Staff of the crime to seize the need of a minor and we assigned the second request to the special elements of the crime to exploit the need of a minor, Rdhana in the third section penalty offense to seize the need for a minor through two demands we have dedicated the first demand of punishment for seizing the need of a minor is associated with aggravated and left second requirement for the penalty offense to seize a need minor associated with aggravated as we finished the research conclusion we previously set aside what our findings and proposals.

The United Nations General Assembly has established a new system of administration of justice at the United Nations that is professional, independent, efficient and in line with international human rights standards, As it established the Dispute Tribunal consisting of professional judges with the power to issue binding provisions to replace previous advisory bodies such as Joint Appeals Boards and Joint Disciplinary Committees after the abolition of the administrative court that was in the system of justice before the year 2009, to consider staff disputes and the reason, purpose and form within ninety calendar days from the date of receipt of the employee notification of the result of the administrative evaluation or from the expiry of the time limit.
The action is brought up when the decision does not comply with the employee's employment contract or the terms it appoints, all applicable regulations and rules and all relevant administrative publications at the time of occurrence of alleged non-compliance. And also to challenge the administrative decisions that impose a disciplinary measure or the implementation of an agreement reached through mediation.
An employee of an international organization shall bring a case before the competent administrative court of that organization to find a solution to its dispute when the employee disputes the international administration for its legal status or right, In order for the suit to be admissible, the employee must have international status and work in a governmental organization with an international personality, an international will and a special legal system that governs its employees.

Free will is regarded an important aspect in manes life as it leads him to self – dignity, perfection of attributes and in full choose the best and direct his will as it is related to his mind and will. But the role of the mind in it will be stronger and deeper. So, when we say: Freedom, we mean: Free will or the freedom of will.

There are himself as they constitution, in essence, through his intentional acts or be taken into account- that is, the actions which refer to him alone –that is to whether doing them or avoid doing them, for being regarded as a mature normal person and with a sound mind –considering that his behavior was not caused by nature or by personal deeds, he will be in full control of that- as to whether doing good or evil. Jn other words, his deeds may be just or unjust. Building on the foregoing, he will be subjected to penal responsibility of violating the law which results from his deeds.

There is no doubt that the function of the judge to rule in accordance with the law, but his task in the application of the law is not easy, as they are not limited to the rule of law from the mere reading of the texts, and to reach the result in an automatic way, but the mental processes in succession, and therefore his will is not completely absent at Because it is governed by the law, it resolves the conflict and this requires the weighting between the conflicting evidence, and therefore the judiciary requires an area of freedom and a measure of power that allows the judge to take the decision, and this is embodied by the legislator in the Iraqi law of evidence, In appreciation The evidence presented to him, with varying breadth and narrowness of this power in the various evidence evidence, the judicial evidence set the law and left the left to be drawn to the discretionary judge, and these evidence is evidence of the judge exercised his discretion in the widest area.

The force-majeure clause is considered as one of the contractual terms characterized by a great deal of flexibility in the English law. And although this clause is not a new one in this law, the English common law, which is based upon customs and judicial precedents of English courts, borrowed the wide concept of the force-majeure, determining the content and context of this clause from the French civil code.

in order to treat the insufficiency vitiating the original common law concept of Act of God, which is restricted to the natural event. And does not encompass other frustrating events.which imparts this great deal of flexibility to this clause. And enables it to deal with different circumstances precluding the performance of contractual obligations. As well as mitigating the cruelty and rigidity of the doctine of frustration, deeply rooted in the English law, by various methods including the suspension of the contract, or the extension of the duration of the performance of the contractual obligations arising from it.or even the adjustment or variation of the contract. Whereas the Iraqi Civil law No. (40) of 1951 has not provided for this clause expressly, but regulated the restrictive clauses, which the force-majeure clause is regarded as one of their applications.

The right to citizenship means the constitutional recognition of the eligibility of the individual by explicitly stating in the constitutional document that it is part of public life and participation in political decision-making, all within a constitutional society based on equality of law, regardless of religion, sex, race or race.
When the right to citizenship is constitutionally guaranteed, it means a report on the concern for the unity of the State and the national harmony among its citizens, making it always safe from the risk of division, thereby maintaining the political system and keeping it stable and unhindered, and the consequent consequences of safeguarding rights and freedoms. Violation.
In order to achieve this goal and to take note of the aspects of the subject, we divided the research into two sections. In the first topic, we examined the nature of the right to citizenship and our second assignment was to study the discrepancy between the constitutional reality and the practical reality of the right to citizenship. 2005, with comparative Arab and foreign constitutional models.
It is clear to us from the research that the basic rule in the establishment of an effective system for the protection of the right to citizenship is the explicit provision at the heart of the constitutional document that it must be protected and that this right be regulated by an independent law enacted by the legislature. To promote the legal and political culture and respect for the real democratic system and move away from the quota system based on political consensus.
As for the conclusion of the research, we have submitted the results that we have reached and the proposals that focused on some amendments to the legal texts contained in the vocabulary of the research and hope to meet well with the Iraqi legislator.

The constitutional document imposes many obligations and duties on the public authorities in the state, most notably providing food to all the inhabitants of the state. This duty is new, due mainly to the legislator's efforts at the level of international law and then to the level of domestic legislation.

The concept of satisfying the food needs is linked to the national security of the state as it affects its political independence and is a criterion for measuring the economic and social strength of the state. Countries with developed economies are characterized by the abundance and export of foodstuffs to countries that can not satisfy their demand for domestic products. In some countries, but also to provide an adequate supply of food to fill the demand in the future in the event of emergency conditions under which food can not be produced. It is worth mentioning that many constitutional systems have adopted the concept of food security by To its importance and its impact on the lives of the population as it is not possible to imagine the continuation of the permanence of human life in the case of depletion or exposure to levels of danger .