Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

Studies has been Focused on the role of the historical aspect representative of the
course of the work situation of civilization on the nature of human evolution and the
technological side on the representation of the relationship between the human and
material according to changing circumstances and their impact in shaping the state
architectural surrounding human beings over the ages and from several sides dealt
with different aspects of research and analysis of the themes which sort overview not
related to specific aspect and unified them with the need to refer to the weak emphasis on the buzz and feeds on them and this is what formed the basis to guide the search
towards the study of the general relationship and the details of both the history and
dimensions of the Property and Technology and the dimensions of the evolutionary
part in frame of architecture.This research aims to define the general principles for
understanding the nature of the role of history and technology in the establishment of
fact the difference of identity in architecture to present a basis for defining the
research problem of knowledge and then go to build a framework of knowledge
consists of putting up a knowledge architect in on the proposals of architectural
variety and sequential framework theory and then to build models of general
knowledge from the field of architecture to assess the framework for doing
application and analysis of results and to explore and clarify the theoretical
investigation of indicators specific to the role of technology in architecture and history
.and finally presents final conclusions and recommendations

The idea of manufacturing came as a result of the high need of mechanical equipment make the
covering process of the walls with better efficiency and minimum cost in comparison with manual
method which is used today and depend on the achieving worker efficiency. The required designs
had been established on the view point of the above equipment as shown in figure (1) . And it had
been made from carbonic steel type ( Ck30 according to the Germany specification DIN). And
using electric arc welding (ARC) been linked to some parts of the equipment with each other to
form the main structure shown in Figure (2).which their advantage is:-
1-Easy to install and reinstall at the working field with no need to experience and knowhow.
2-Light weight where it will be easy to raise and transported by the operator with no help.
3-Not costly economically by the manufacturing and using side.
The practically application of this equipment had been achieved by covering of selected areas for
different walls using (ceramic) internal covering material. The study include the effect of non-plain
these walls ( it’s undulation vertical and horizontal ) for the followings:-
1-The required filling material (A mixture of cement, sand and water ).
2-The required covering achieving time.
3-The total cost measured by (Dinar per square meter).

This research presents a comparison study for physical properties between Iraqi and
Iranian perforated clay bricks. 300 samples of perforated clay bricks are randomly
selected from the production of five Iraqi factories and five Iranian factories which
are available in local markets ( 30 bricks from each factory ). All samples are selected
and tested by standard methods according to Iraqi standard specification No. 24/1988.
The results of the tests are evaluated according to the requirements of the Iraqi
standard specification No. 25/1988. The physical properties that have been tasted
(according to the requirements of Iraqi specifications) are; general appearance,
deviation of dimensions from standards, concave and convex, absorption,
compressive strength and efflorescence. The results show that Iraqi bricks are better
than Iranian bricks in deviation of dimensions from standards and absorption while
Iranian bricks are better than Iraqi bricks in general appearance, concave and convex,
compressive strength and efflorescence. When all tasted properties are evaluated with
general requirements of Iraqi specifications for general evaluation, results show that
Iraqi bricks are better than Iranian bricks and all samples of bricks can be classified
within either class B or C and no unite within class A.

The performance of asphalt concrete pavement depends on the
bitumen properties, asphalt concrete mixtures volumetric properties and
external factors such as traffic volume and environment.Overlay is one of
the quickest preventive maintenance techniques that apply to retard
asphalt pavement deterioration and prolonged service lives. This study
focuses on prepare good performance and flexible modified thin hot mix
asphalt used as an overlay. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) at three
contents (3, 6 & 9 % by asphalt weight) were used either alone to modify
local asphalt penetration grade 40/50. Properties of modified and
unmodified asphalt binder (Penetration, Softening point, Flash point and
Ductility) were examined. Performance of modified and unmodified
asphalt mixtures was evaluated through Marshall, Indirect Tensile
Strength and Wheel Tracking Test. Test results showed that all properties
of the base asphalt binder and asphalt mixes were improved by the
addition of the modifier. The best improvements in the modified binders
and modified mixes were obtained at 6% SBR. Stiffness of modified
asphalt mixes were improved at 6% SBR was introduced. Marshall
stability was increased by 26% and flow was decreased by 12.5% at 6%
SBR. Resistant of the modified asphalt mixes to rutting was increased by
61% at the same modifier content.
The three mix types prepared and tested according to Marshall Method.
Marshall Stability and Indirect tensile tests were conducted on Marshall
specimens. Wheel tracking test were conducted on (50×10×5 cm) AC
mix beams.

The mechanical behavior of filled elastomeric (rubber and rubber-like) materials is known to be
incompressible, or nearly-incompressible, hyperelastic and time-dependent, or viscoelastic. This
complex behavior of rubbery materials needs more understanding, and good knowledge is required for
such behavior in order to achieve a good constitutive modeling for better design of a rubber component
for a specific application. This work concentrated on studying the effect of carbon black type on the
mechanical properties of rubbery material characterization. To do this, different tests were performed
on filled rubber with three different kinds of carbon black N326, N375, and N660. All tests were
performed at room temperature. The tests include rheometer tests, hardness tests, tensile tests, specific
gravity tests, compression tests, relaxation test, and cyclic loading tests. Tensile tests were done with
different strain rate, relaxation tests done under different mean strain.
Tensile stress-stretch curves were generated from the test data at strain rate ranging from 10 to 500
mm/min and several transitions associated with strain-induced crystallization were observed in all
materials. The filled rubber became stiffer when the strain rate increased from 10-200 mm/min, and
became more compliant when the strain rate increased from 200 to 500 mm/min.
Hardness and specific gravity tests showed that rubber filled with carbon black N375 is harder and
has specific density more than other two types of filled rubber.The mechanical compression set tests, which performed on rubber with three kinds of carbon black
and found that compression set for rubber filled with carbon black N375 is more than the other two
kinds of filled rubber.
Relaxation stress-time curves were generated from test data at varying mean strain ranging (50% to
200%) from the effective length of the specimen, at constant strain rate (200 mm/min). Generally, it
was observed that the stress reduces with time when the specimen hold at specific strain. This reduction
is faster at strain between 50% and 100% than the strain between 150 to 200% till reaches steady state.
Series of cyclic tension tests were carried out at room temperature on a rubber compound under
strain rate 200 mm/min. All these cyclic strain-controlled experiments showed that the filled rubber
materials, used in the present work are time-dependence with hysteresis. It came out that hysteresis for
rubber with carbon black N375 is more than the rubber with other two kinds of carbon black

The growth in various types of industries together with population growth has resulted in
enormous increase in production of various types of waste materials, world over. The creation and
disposal of non-decaying waste materials have been posing difficult problems in developed as well
as in developing countries. The efforts to find useful applications of some of the waste products in
highway construction have given encouraging results.
The use of Tetra-Pak (TPA) containers to pack food of various kinds including milk, juice,
meat, etc. has become a common practice. To produce packaging materials, TPA uses paperboard
(73%), plastic (22%) and -for aseptic packages- aluminum foil (5%). However the disposal of the
Tetra-Pak in large quantities has been a problem and is of great concern, particularly in big cities. In
case it is possible to find useful application for the waste TPA, there will be substantial scrap value
for this waste product and therefore they will be collected and sold by interested persons, instead of
being littered or thrown out in the dust bins or into the road side drains.
The present study investigates the benefits of using shredded Tetra-Pak in binder layer
flexible pavement mix. A (1-6)mm in particle pieces of TPA had been added. The mix had been
tested by Marshall testing method. Mix volume relationships, Marshall Stability and flow with the
different percent of shredded TPA were recorded.
A control binder mix is used with (5)% asphalt content for comparison and the same asphalt
content used for all specimens. The research concluded that using TPA in the range of (1-1.5)% in
HMA increase the Marshall stability, flow and air voids and decrease in voids filled with asphalt.
For (2)% there was decrease in stability, air voids and voids filled with asphalt (VFB) and increase
in flow. In (3-above)% the mix start scattered in the test.

In the present study, two procedures of capacity-yield are applied to estimate the reliability of
Dokan reservoir using data generation techniques. These procedures are the probability matrix
(Gould) procedure, and the behavior analysis. Vulnerability, and resilience, are also calculated in the
second procedure .The data is generated by using four approaches ,namely ,Thomas-Fiering model
with log –transformation (TF-log), Two-Tier model (TTM), modified Two-Tier model (MTTM) and
modified Fragment model (MFM).These models are tested and compared with the historical data. It is
concluded that among these four procedures the Thomas-Fiering model with log –transformation is
the most appropriate for representing the Dokan reservoir inflow .Three factors are examined to
determine their influence on the minimum storage estimate .These are the length of stochastically
generated sequence, the initial state of storage ,and the starting month. The results reported here show
that sequences as long as 10,000 years or more may be needed to minimize the effects of these
factors.

This paper presents the simulation of two dimension a half-vehicle self –tuning active suspension
system to simultaneously improve vehicle ride comfort. A validated 4-DOF of vehicle linear model
was used to study the performance of passive suspension system and compared with the developed
active suspension system. The governing equations of motion for the self- tuning active suspension
was derived and used to reduce the effect of disturbances to the dynamics performance of the
vehicle, which appear when the vehicle excited by a semi-circular sinusoidal bump road of a (0.1
m) height. The performance of passive suspension and the self-tuning active suspension are
demonstrated by simulations and specially the vertical acceleration and the vertical root mean
square (RMS) acceleration to observe the effect of the proposed system to the ride comfort. The
active suspension system introduced in this work show good results for improving the ride comfort

This paper presents a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method for determining
the optimal proportional – integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters for governor
control of a synchronous generator .The proposed approach has superior features,
including easy implementation, stable convergence characteristic and good
computational efficiency. The synchronous generator is modeled and the PSO algorithm
is implemented in simulink of matlab. The simulation results demonstrates the
effectiveness of the designed system in terms of reduced settling time, peak overshoot
and oscillations of frequency devaition. The results are compared with traditional trial
and error tuning of the PID controller. Which gives in the PSO-PID controller:
maximum positive overshoot of frequency deviation =0 and negative overshoot of
frequency deviation =-0.042, Settling time= 7sec. Whereas, in conventional trial and
error tuning: maximum positive overshoot of frequency deviation =0.002 and negative
overshoot of frequency deviation =-0.03, Settling time= 11sec.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining process. This
joining technique is energy efficient. In particular, it can be used to join highstrength
aerospace aluminum alloys and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld
by conventional fusion welding. In this paper the investigation is made on friction
stir welding process for joining of copper alloy. Friction stir welding experiments
was performed using different pins (pin with straight boundary and pin with curved
boundary). Welding joints efficiencies were found for each set. Mechanical and
microstructural analysis has been performed experimentally on the welding zone.
Non- linear numerical models was built in ANSYS software to simulate the
thermal history of a workpiece undergoing friction stir welding by a moving
heating source. An accurate prediction of temperature fields is evident. Exclusive
result for effect of rotating a friction stir tools with respect to boundary conditions
on stress-strain curves is presented. The results shown that the friction stir welding
with pin of curved boundary is more efficient than that of straight boundary