University of Thi-Qar Journal for Engineering Sciences

Vehicles that use highway facilities have increased rapidly last decades mainly due to increasing of population and also due to industrials development for vehicles. In Iraq, it has been noticed that the car ownership has been increased since the year of 2003. This paper uses real data taken from the Central Statistical Organization of Iraq (CSO) to focus on car ownership in Iraq as a whole as well as focusing on each province separately. The finding of this paper highlighted the ongoing traffic problems due to sharp increase in the number of vehicles and the unusual traffic growth rate. The expected number of vehicles during the next 10 years is estimated and expected to increase from 4.5 million on 2013 to be as minimum as 11 million private cars. This will create a new challenge for Iraq roads infrastructure which must be enhanced significantly so as to cover such increase in traffic. The results suggest that the average car ownership per 1000 people is increased from 58 to 124 from 2003 to 2013. The average car ownership per households has also increased from 0.39 to 0.83 vehicles per households. Significant differences in car ownership rates are found among Kurdistan, middle and south regions in Iraq. The annual traffic growth rate during the last 10 years of 11.5% is found which is much higher than the population growth rate of 3.14%.

Spherical storage tanks are widely used in Iraq for store hazardous liquid petroleum gas LPG which, thus it must be adequately designed for seismic actions. This paper present static and time history analysis of LPG tanks in Iraq using UBC97 code. The time history analysis accomplished by using three artificial earthquakes generated using SIMQKE_GR program in additional to El Centro earthquake records scaled according to PGA. The investigations were performed on the tank in Maysan province which was selected to be representative the other tanks in Iraq due to recently seismic activity in Maysan. The study comprised finite element modeling using STAAD Pro program for the estimation of the dynamic and static responses of the tank structure. The study is performed for both conditions of empty tank and at operating with 100% fill of LPG. The description of the properties and allowable stresses LPG tank used in Iraq is presented. Its concluded that time history analysis govern the tank behavior. The dynamic magnification factor of 1.4 for displacements and stresses was obtained which reflect the importance of dynamic analysis. The stresses of columns and sphere are within allowable limits except at sphere/column connection which slightly exceed the allowable limit, while the stresses in diagonal bracings are exceed the yielding limit thus double angle section is inadequate

The main function of the vehicle suspension system is to provide comfort for passengers, road handling and vehicle stability. This paper proposes the application of PID controller (proportional, integral and derivative controller) for active suspension system of a half automobile model using MATLAB / SIMULINK. Time domain simulations are carried out to test the performance of the suspension system under different types of road profiles which are the primary inputs of the system. In this paper, three types of road profile inputs (bump, sine wave, random wave) are introduced to excite the suspension system. According to these road profile inputs, the performance response of passive and active suspension systems is simulated. Simulation results show that there is a significant improvement in the performance of the active system over the passive one.

This paper deals with design and simulation of Proportional plus Derivative (PD) controller for two links robotic arm. The PD controller was used to compute the required joint’s torque for tracking the desired trajectory. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm has been used in order to tune the gains of the proportional and derivative parts of PD controller. Simulation results show an efficient and robust behavior of the proposed controller. Two cases of simulation tests were carried out. The first was tracking a sine wave trajectory while the second was tracking the same trajectory with the presence of disturbance torque on the dynamic model of the robotic arm. The simulation results were compared with the presence of disturbance torque on the dynamic model of the robotic arm. The simulation results were compared with the results obtained by other researchers, for similar robotic arm properties and same trajectory. The proposed controller offers a simple method for trajectory tracking problem with a satisfactory efficiency. A Mean Square Error (MSE) criterion was used to study the efficiency of the proposed controller in tracking the desired trajectory.

The amount of drag produced significantly depends on shape of the airfoil. These implementation concerns the lift and drag analysis of three different profiles of airfoils, which are symmetrical aerofoil (NACA 0015, NACA0012) and cambered aerofoil (NACA 4415) have different volume. NACA0015 is provided with perforated tube fixed at 75% from the leading edge for suction. Electrical control system used to control the suction operation the three different types of objected has been tested at a sub-sonic wind tunnel and experimental data has been obtained at different Reynolds’s number and angle of attack. The three airfoils (symmetrical NACA 0015, NACA0012 and cambered with NACA 4415) tested at (00, 50, 100, 150 and 180) angles of attack. All the three objects tested at Re (1.72, 2.9,4, 5.2 and 6.3 x105). The cambered airfoil has been given least drag among than all the airfoils. The drag force of all test model are decreased when the value of Reynolds number are increased and NACA 4415 exhibit less drag and high lift in comparison with other models that used in this study. Suction technique is more active at lower values of Re –number.

A series of siloxine centered side chain liquid crystal polymers have been arranged with asystematic variation in spacer length. All the polymer shown a nematic phase, for which the nematic-isotropic transition temperature increased as the spacer length bigger. The mesogenic group has syano head groups (C N) to which positive dielectric anisotropic ( ) is accredited to bind the mesgneic group with the backbone we have used elastic spascer of (CH3) which changes from )2) to (6) units. The nematic cells that have been arranged have planer reorientation to notice the changes inside electro-optic cell Frederick's transition manner. It found that with increasing spacer length (n) of polymer the threshold voltage is let down. It been also institute that there is a reverse relationship between temperature and response times this scholarship also deals with the effect of elastic spacer on response times and it has been learned the response times of the polymer with short spacers are longer than response times of the polymers with long spacers, in addition the response times of the three polymers are in reorientation the spacer length lastly we have been found that there the increase in applied voltages lead to the lessening in turn on times (TON)with the turn off times (TOFF).The difference of the threshold voltage ascends from changes to the intrinsic curvature elasticity rather than to the differences in the orientation demand

Many researchers adopted the quasi static roll over testing in the calculation of a prototype prosthetic feet roll over shape. In this work, the prototype of a new carbon fiber prosthetic foot was tested for roll over characteristic. An inverted pendulum like apparatus has been built to achieve the required test, and the prosthesis roll over shape calculated. Roll over characteristics were estimated as: effective radius of curvature about 202mm, center of curvature of 26.55mm, and the forward travel against shank angle was plotted.

Effect of insertion combined screw and twisted tapes in a heated tube fitted with converge-diverge conical turbulators on Nusselt number, friction factor and overall performance factor has been experimentally investigated. The air is the working fluid for Reynolds number variety of 15000-65000. The conical nozzles used as turbulators are located inside the heated tube with the combined twisted and screw tapes. The considered compound case is compared with the single twisted and screw tape. The twisted tape is used for three various twist ratios (Y/W=3.0,5.0,and 7.0), while the screw tape for one screw ratio equal to 3.0 . It is discovered that the combined tapes with conical turbulators enhance considerably the heat transfer over that of the conical turbulators alone by about 47.7% and 43.18%,and 39.7% for twist ratio of 3.0,5.0 and 7.0 respectively. The optimal thermal performance is pointed for screw and twist ratio equal to 3.0

The objective of this work is to study the dynamic behavior of FG pipe conveying fluid lying on the visco-elastic foundation using differential quadrature method. The material properties change constantly across the pipes thickness and depend on power law distribution. The vibration equations for FG pipe are obtained by using Hamilton's principle based on the Euler- Bernoulli model with (Clamped-Free) boundary conditions. An efficient numerical method by differential quadrature (GDQ) is developed to find the natural frequencies and stability for FG pipe. The effects gradient index and foundation parameters in fluid conveying FG pipes with certain flow velocity on frequencies are investigated. The present method of solution is accurately checked by comparing their results for fluid conveying pipe with the available results in the literature. From the comparison, a reasonable agreement was found. An increase in the gradient index results in an increase in the critical velocities for FG pipe.

Parametric optimization of the transformation process is a task of improving multiple objectives. In general, no single set of input parameters can provide the best hardness of the metal and the best finish of the surface at the same time. While when using the genetic algorithm proved that it is possible to obtain more than one goal of the function at the same time. In the current research the use of Multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) to determine the best hardness of the metal and less roughness of the surface operator at the same time. A mathematical model was also developed to predict the hardness of the metal and surface roughness using Taguchi technology depending on the input variables (cutting speed, cutting depth and feeding rate). Experiments were conducted on a CNC machine in turning carbon steel AISI 1025 using carbide cutting tool. It was found that the most influential factor on the surface roughness is the feeding rate, while the most important effect on the hardness is the cutting speed.

In this paper, two types of stresses acting on the single rotor blade of low pressure steam turbine for Nasiriya power plant were studied. The first type of stresses was the stresses due to pressure force on the single rotor blade, while the second type of stresses are the centrifugal stresses. The stresses due the pressure force were studied in this paper at three loads (70, 140, 210 MW), while the pressures acting on the first rotor blade of steam turbine were 512, 3311.7, 6496.8 Pa respectively . In addition , the blade was fixed at the root and free at the end, while the rotational speed of blade was 341 rad/sec was applied as rotational load. The results showed that the rotational load has the greatest effect on the blade. Also the stresses due to rotational load are higher than stresses due to steam pressure at the three loads.

Experimental and theoretical studies of hybrid system combined an evaporative air cooler and refrigeration unit are presented. The aim of the current study is to enhance performance of the evaporative air cooler and reduce moisture content in the outlet air as well as to produce fresh water. Heat and mass transfer for wetted pad in the air cooler and the evaporator of the refrigeration unit are formulated and simulated under Basra climate conditions in (May, June, July, and August). Different controlling parameters like (inlet temperature, relative humidity, evaporator coil temperature, frontal air velocity and thickness of the wetted pad are studied). The evaporative air cooler used in the experimental rig. was of (2061) cfm volumetric flow rate with dimension (0.72m, 0.72m, 0.85m). It has a selector of two air velocities (low and high) the minimum and maximum frontal air velocities are (0.5 m/s - 4 m/s) respectively. The refrigeration unit consist of a Compressor of 1/3hp capacity (AC 220 volts, R134a refrigerant). The evaporator coil has one row, 18 tube of 24.5 cm length, and outside diameter of 0.9 cm. The experimental results show a decrease in outlet temperature by (1-3 ) and the fresh water production increases with increasing, humidity ratio, relative humidity, and decreasing of the coil temperature. A comparison between the experimental and theoretical work shows a good agreement

The aim of this paper is to investigate numerically the surface roughness effects on the overall performance of parallel flow microchannel heat exchanger (PFMCHE) with different hydraulic diameters. Water has been used as working fluid flow velocities in one direction for hot and cold channels with square shape. Surface roughness considered in this study has been choiced as ratio with equal 0.14 of surface roughness to hydraulic diameter. The obtained results showed that, the pumping power increased with increasing effect of surface roughness and decreasing hydraulic diameter, also the thermal performance increased slightly with increasing surface roughness

This study aims to study the effect of different cooling fluids (pure fluids, Nanofluids and microencapsulated phase change materials suspensions) and the cooling performance of rectangular micro-channel heat sink. Three types of Nanofluids (Al2O3-water, Cu-water,Tio2-water), three types of microencapsulated phase change materials suspensions(MEPCM) are(RT44-water, paraffin wax water, n-octed-water ) and three pure fluids )Water, Oil ,Ethylene Glycol ) were used with constant heat flux(100 W /cm2 ) applied on the base of heat sink. The volumetric concentrations of Nanofluids and MEPCM suspensions (1%, 3%, and 5%) and (100 to 900) is the range of Reynolds number used in this study. The results showed that, using different types of Nanofluids and MEPCM suspensions lead to enhance the cooling performance of the micro channel heat sink (MCHS), since it lead to increase the heat transfer compared with pure fluids. The heat transfer in (MCHS) for MEPCMs is higher than that for Nanofluids. Also, the performance of heat sink increases with increase the concentration of Nanofluids and MEPCMS at certain volumetric concentration

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion are an important dynamic function by which the ankle-foot prosthesis must simulate the human foot. Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion are essential functions to the walking pattern. However, most ankle-feet prostheses have a notice lack in mimicking the normal gait dorsiflexion and plantarflexion functions. A new carbon fiber ankle-foot prosthesis has been designed and manufactured. Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion tests achieved using a 25 KN tensile test device. The tests have been simulated and analyzed using ANSYS l6 and the results compared with the experimental results. Both test approaches pointed that the new prosthesis satisfy the ISO 10328 requirements that can be classified as multiaxial as it flexed 10oand 8oin dorsiflexion and plantarflexion respectively, under testing loading less than 1230 N.

A 27 cast carbon steel, which was used in induced draft fan blades of Nasiriyah thermal electricity station was chose to actualize the aim of this paper by studying the effect of shot peening time on dry and corrosion fatigue life. .Many specimens from the metal choice for tensile and fatigue tests were equipped according to ASTM (E8/E8M-09) some of preparing specimens were subjected to shot peening by steel ball in diameter 2.25 mm for different time (10, 20, 30) minute. Hardness, residual stress, surface roughness , dry fatigue and corrosion fatigue were tested. The result showed an improvement in the tensile strength for shot peening comparing with the base metal. The tensile strength of the shot peening metal at 20 minute was higher than the tensile strength of the shot peening at 10,30 minute. Also shot peening contributed in improvement fatigue life but the best time was 20 minute and this improvement witness decay in fatigue life by corrosion fatigue test due the effect of environment in addition of cyclic loads.

Due to the importance of generating electricity from wind turbines, single rotor wind turbine and dual rotor wind turbine, there was a need to design and manufacture the turbine system operating in both types mentioned above and have advantages to increase the generation of electric power. The aim of this work was to generate electrical power at a wind speed of up to 1m/s and more to achieve this wind speed and direction of the wind were adopted from tables of the Zerbatiya Station of the Wasit Governorate. Controlling the work is by Adaptive Controller technology, as well as the programming language which used is Visual Studio 2015.The simulation was used to generate rotational speed for front and rear blades from 1m/s to 13m/s. Movable wings were placed in the manufactured system which rotate at angle of 0o-14o for the purpose of studying the effect of the tilt angle of the blades on power generation. The following were added to the system: mechanism to separate the work of the front and rear rotors and a device to reverse the rotation of these rotors. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used within the program for the purpose of obtaining the best of generated power. All the above were for the purpose of determining the best position for blades at different speeds to generate electricity by using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (400W). The maximum generated power in dual wind turbine (DWT) when rotate the front and rear blades in same direction was obtained at speed (151rpm) in used tilt angle ofmovable wing is about (12ο) and power (124.223W)also the separation mechanism and rotation reversing device proved efficiency.

In this study thermal effect at high pressure on Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) pipes studied where a test rig is built and the pipe has a diameter (d=0.5 in). The temperatures of water are varied (40, 60 and 80 cº) and the pressure is raised by using tester to reach (700 psi). The relationship between pressure and Reynolds number is discussed for the pipe used in this study with another pipe has a dimension (d= 0.75 in). ANOVA Analysis used to find the correlation of parameters effect the performance of CPVC pipes. The experimental results showed that the pressure drop increases with discharge increased at different values of temperature, when the pressure increased at constant temperature the friction losses is increased, where the values of friction losses were 4.8 ×10-4 , 8×10-4 and 2.4×10-3 mm at 100, 300 and 500 psi respectively. Thus the pipe is damage at pressure (500 psi) and temperature (80 Cº) when the thickness is (3.1 mm).

DC motors are considered the most common and widely used, typically of adaptable speed drive operation. There are many researches, DC motor controllers have been implemented but most of them have not reached satisfactory results compared with the use of intelligent systems. Different simulations are performed using the PID and FLC controller for different conditions namely various motor plants having readily changed parameter in order test the robustness of the system , Also three types of input ,i.e. step, ramp, and train of pulses are employed result ,obtained .medicated that the prospered FLC controller are better compared with controllers such as PID,[e.g. for PID, tr= 0.3 sec ,MP=0.1 ts=1.8 ,while for FLC ,tr= 0.008 sec ,MP= 0 ts=0.016 sec .. In this paper presented the concerned with design of the[PID,FLC] controller was achieved through the use of Simulink in MATLAB .The design simulation of all the controllers such as conventional PID controller and intelligent control [namely Fuzzy logic control (FLC ) ] are compared for different DC motor speed control.

The science of urban planning emerged clearly after World War II, in the wake of the massive destruction of European cities. Because Iraq suffered from the results of more than three decades of wars and wrong policies, the urgent need for urban planning has emerged to address the consequences of war as well as large population growth with the lack of services and infrastructure. In addition, the use of traditional and old methods in planning has increased the problems of cities, it is therefore necessary to find modern scientific methods to discover the causes of problems and to develop appropriate solutions. These methods should use modern techniques such as GIS techniques and remote sensing, to enable the study of the present state of cities and the problems they suffer. At present, GIS has evolved tremendously and has been used in many fields, including field of urban planning, where GIS is the cornerstone of urban planners because it simulates reality, explores points of vulnerability and gives timely solutions at low cost. There are different GIS applications according to the stages and levels of sectors and functions of the various urban planning. With increased ease of use and reduced GIS prices, GIS has become the practical and reasonable system for planners and an important component in supporting planning systems. Recent developments in the integration of geographic information systems with planning models, visualization, and the internet, make GIS more useful in urban planning. It is known that data collection is difficult and costly task in the planning process. Today it is possible to obtain a lot of data required at no cost through the websites specialized in GIS. This research highlights the process of collecting and filtering processes, analysis and presentation of geographical data as well as a data collection method of specialized websites, easily and free of charge, using GeoPlanner for ArcGIS Application which is one of GIS applications online. I found GeoPlanner for ArcGIS application has been the appropriate tools and assistance in the urban planning process, because its tools can explore, collect, analyze, process, and provide information in a variety of easy to understand formats capable of performing complex and difficult tasks such as Nassiriyah city problems. I think that this research is the first paper which highlights GeoPlanner for ArcGIS application in Iraq and Arab countries, therefore I wrote the details of how we can use it.

This paper aim to generate and take Action potential signal (AP) then converts it to digital signal based on one bit Sigma-Delta converter (?-?) to produce a 1-bit stream represent this signal with resolution of 10 bit. This data has been stored in proposed memory created in electronic device called Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) by which also the proposed converter had been designed and implemented practically. Finally, the obtained results analyzed and compared with other converter techniques to show the difference in the results and performance

This paper presents an application of artificial neural network (ANN) to develop a model for predicting the shear strength of T-beams. The required data has been taken from literature. Statistical tools like mean, standard deviation (SD), correlation coefficients (R) and mean absolute error (MAE) are adopted to verify the ANN model against the experimental results obtained from the literature and with the existing empirical codes. The produced ANN model is utilized to carry out a parametric analysis to study the impact of the multiple parameters on the shear strength of T-beams. The parameters were shear span to depth ratios, effective depth, shear reinforcement, flange thickness, compressive strength of concrete, longitudinal steel ratio, flange width and web width. The outcomes of the parametric study show excellent trend agreement with the experimental database which emphasizes the statistical results. The overall analysis shows that the ANN model is more accurate than the guideline equations with respect to the experimental results and can be applied satisfactorily within the range of parameters covered in this study.

In this study the mixed convection heat transfer process in a square cross section cavity with a bottom groove heated from three side walls (left, right, and bottom) with vertically unheated baffle is investigated numerically and experimentally. In the numerical part the in-house CFD commercial code of ANSYS-FLUENT-V.16.0 based on finite volume method has been used to solve the 2D governing equations. The results are represented in terms of wall temperature profiles and Nusselt numbers of the heated wall. For the experimental work, a test rig were built to determine the effect of heater position, baffle height ratio (h/H), the baffle angle for the range of 300