Kufa Journal of Arts

Agricultural development in Iraq occupies an important and distinguished position due to its important role in developing the agricultural sector. In developed countries, there was great financial, technical, scientific and technological support from governments to the agricultural sector despite the financial, technical, administrative and technological capabilities possessed by the private agricultural sector. Therefore, it is necessary for the government to provide all forms of support to develop the agricultural sector and solve the development problem due to the magnitude of the problems of agricultural development on the one hand and the weakness of the financial, technical, administrative, technological and information capabilities of the private agricultural sector. The research problem consists of the problem of agricultural development represented by a group of intertwined and interconnected obstacles in the destruction of infrastructure, land problems, desertification, water problems in terms of type and quantity, environmental pollution, low investments, cessation of state support and low use of the agricultural technology package, in contrast to the weakness of the financial, technical, technological and administrative capabilities of the private agricultural sector and its inability to address the problems of agricultural development alone

Despite the importance of reading, its decisive impact on the lives of individuals and groups, and the interest of official bodies in teaching it and developing tendencies towards it, reality indicates a great weakness in acquiring its skills, whether performance or mental, and this reality indicates the low levels of general education students in reading comprehension in its various patterns and levels, and that this weakness becomes more evident and widespread in the higher patterns and levels of understanding (Musa, 2001, 80).

The clear and obvious phenomenon is the weakness of students in understanding what they read, and the repercussions of this on their understanding of the contents of the prescribed study topics, as well as what they read of texts and topics in books and scientific and literary magazines and the impact of this on the formation of their cognitive experiences and their benefit from what they read.

_The problem is how to address this matter and how to raise their level of understanding from the literal level to the higher levels of understanding such as the inferential level, the evaluative level, the critical level and other evidence that if not achieved means that the student did not understand what he read.

The reading material with its prescribed book is one of the branches of language that aims to achieve this advancement in the level of students' understanding of what they read. There were general and specific goals that were hoped to be achieved through this lesson, but some aspects of the educational process prevented their achievement, including teaching methods.

Accordingly, the problem of the current research is determined by trying to identify the effect of the (Bibi) model on reading comprehension, among fourth grade science students in reading.

Or specifically in answering the following question:

What is the effect of the Bybi model on reading comprehension when used to teach reading material to middle school students?

Researching Arabic music is a very enjoyable matter, and requires knowledge of what the Arabic ear is accustomed to in terms of adopting certain weights according to a regular, precise melody that is in line with the sound Arabic taste that tends to imitate the Arabic mood based on pure nature.

As time accumulated, poets began searching for a new melody to break away from Al-Khalil's strict system, as this scholar had set the weights of Arabic poetry in fifteen weights to which Sibawayh's student Saeed bin Mas'adah added another meter.

Al-Khalil was able to create five circles that contained all of these meters, opening the door for poets to derive from them whatever new weights they wanted. Despite all this, poets resorted to inventing new weights and diversified the rhymes, hoping to reach a new melody in which they would be freed from the shackles that had been imposed on them for many centuries. We began to hear about the square, the quintet, the musammat, the dubayt, the muwashshah, the band, then the free verse and the prose poem.

All these terms represent stages of deviation from Khalil’s weights and his five disciplined circles.

The research has undertaken to clarify these attempts and their chances of success or failure.

Anyone who follows the news of Dik al-Jinn al-Himsi and the paths of his life in history books will find before him an inconsistent mixture of news and historical narratives. While some of that news shows him as a dissolute, licentious, populist (1) heretic (2), we see him in other historical sources as a chaste man distinguished by many virtues. It seems to us that this contradiction was nothing but part of the process of distortion that this character was unjustly subjected to by some writers of literary books, intentionally and deliberately, and sometimes unintentionally, as a result of transmitting some offensive news about him without investigation and scrutiny.

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of text grammar and Arabic rhetoric in analyzing phonetic phenomena and to clarify the different methods followed by both rhetoricians and text scholars in analysis using a descriptive-analytical approach. The focus in this area is on defining the phonetic phenomena shared by Arabic rhetoric and text grammar and identifying the points of agreement and disagreement between them when analyzing literary texts, within the framework of analyzing an eloquent literary text, and the great book Nahj al-Balagha.

One of the most important findings of the study is the difference between rhetoric and text grammar in function, purpose, and style, and the necessity of paying attention to the effectiveness of each science and using it in its place, and appreciating the data of our precious scientific heritage. What matters to text grammar are the foundations that lead to the formation of coherence and cohesion between the parts of the text, while rhetoric focuses on what makes speech more elegant, more beautiful, and more impactful on the soul.

Many contemporary poets have been interested in clarifying social issues, and this has been clearly shown in their poetry. Among these poets is Nazik Al-Malaika, the contemporary Iraqi poet, (Lover of the Night and the Companion of Pain), where she addressed the reality of society and presented many achievements in the field of social criticism in general. Most of her poems were based on expressing alienation and longing, political and social issues, emotional poetry, man, life, death and life, the search for happiness, and lofty ideals. In the field of social criticism, the poet addressed the issue of women's liberation, the concept of freedom, the relationship of the writer with societies, and other topics. She presented important books in these fields, such as: Lover of the Night, Fragments and Ashes, The Tragedy of Life and the Song of Life, For Prayer and the Bull, and Issues of Contemporary Poetry, through which she tried to clarify the painful reality in Arab and Islamic society.

The attempt in this article is to clarify the social criticism in Nazik Al-Malaika's poetry, which appeared clearly around death, poverty, war and destruction, man and humanity, lamenting the mother and cities, and Arab society

The opposition between literary works is a phenomenon that has affected the world of literature since historical times and perhaps among different nations. Arabs are fond of writing oppositions, imitations, dividing poems, dividing them into quintuplets, and imitating them. Poets throughout the ages have opposed the works of their famous counterparts, admiring them or showing their superiority over them. Among these oppositions that have received great attention is the opposition of the Lamiyat, which many poets opposed, including the opposition of Al-Tughrai in his Lamiyat Al-Ajam poem, the Lamiyat Al-Arab poem by Al-Shanfri, and the opposition of Nayyir Al-Tabrizi, the Lamiyat Al-Ajam poem in his poem entitled Lamiyat Al-Turk. The existence of significant formal and intellectual similarities between the aforementioned poems necessitates this research to conduct a comparative study between the intellectual axes of the films of Arabs, Persians and Turks, to show the extent of the success of the latter in their opposition according to the comparative approach in light of the American trend that does not require a difference in language on the one hand, nor does it deny the existence of influence and impact between the compared materials on the other hand. The results of the research show that there are several axes emphasized by the three poets; including achieving glory and high status through biography and transmission, flirting and flirting, complaining about the position in which each of them is currently located, resorting to the ideal city after alienation, being patient, avoiding greed and greed, and pride. All of these are the result of the common psychological conditions that each of the poets experienced in their time, such as being impatient with people and the three poets’ dissatisfaction with the place in which they are located when reciting the poem. Despite the similarity in the aforementioned topics and some words in the Lamiyat, each poet’s speech has its own characteristics that are specific to its speaker and suit his circumstances. The article proves that the opposition of Nair’s Lamiyat to his poems is successful because there are many similarities between the Lamiyat of Turk and the other two poems, especially the poem of Tughrai, but the poem is distinct from them in that it guides the reader to its author because he maintained the suitability of his poetry to his circumstances like them, firstly, and the words and phrases are specific to him and not to others despite some similarities, secondly.

Nostalgia is a psychological state that emerges in a person unconsciously and turns into an idea. In the field of literature, this state occurs to a person who has become depressed about the present time due to various indications such as individual motives or the social and political conditions in the society in which he lives; therefore, he always thinks about returning to the past and his sweet memories.

Muhammad al-Maghout is one of the famous poets in contemporary Arabic literature and the creator of the free verse poem. He is one of the owners of the Romantic school. Al-Maghout feels anxiety and feels sad like all the Romantics, which makes him escape to nature or to himself and withdraw into himself to search for it, so he escaped from reality and set off to the past world in which he always searches for his lost happiness. In this research, the writer studied and applied the method of nostalgia in the poetry of this Syrian poet, emphasizing the descriptive and analytical style. This research leads to the existence of three aspects of nostalgia in his poetry: longing for the past, especially the days of childhood, utopia or human paradise, and remembering old family members and friends.

This research comes to reveal the significance of place in Samih al-Qasim’s poem as one of the pillars of resistance literature. Place and time are two essential elements in any artistic work, and demonstrating their significance helps to understand the literary work more clearly. This research adopts a scientific, critical and descriptive approach to study the place and its centrality in the poem “Sadder than Water” as one of the poet’s largest poems and the one most noticed by readers. We have shown through scrutiny and scientific study that the place has a major role in revealing the poet’s aims. The poem begins with a place closed off to despair and hopelessness (“the dry land, behind the windows, the earth”) and ends with a closed place (“the house, the grave, the prison”). Within the folds of the poem, the places that indicate despair and imprisonment prevail over the places that indicate freedom, optimism and revolution, which means the predominance of the realistic side over the ideal and revolutionary side and the modification of the poet’s view regarding the issue of revolution if it adopts a non-objective vision.

Waiting for the promised savior is one of the sectarian beliefs of the Imami Shiites. This belief plants hope and happiness in the hearts of Muslims and revives the hope in their souls to reach happiness in the near future. Since literature, especially poetry, is one of the arenas that can pave the way for humanity to know the promised savior and wait for the savior who will fill the earth with justice as it was filled with injustice and oppression, praising the Prophet (7) and his family was one of the common themes in the poems of Persian poets in most cases, but we rarely find a poet who praised the promised Imam Mahdi directly and in an independent poem. Rather, these praises came through other contents, as Mahdist poetry and talking about the awaited Imam is a topic that poets rarely addressed in their poems independently. As for the ancient poets, we find some of them who spoke about the awaited Imam and praised him in their poems, and among those poets are the poet Attar al-Nishapuri and Nizami Kanjavi. However, when we reach the contemporary era, we encounter many poems that addressed the Imam of the era from different aspects and in an independent and direct manner. From this standpoint, Mahdist poetry has become widespread among poets committed to the love of the Household of the Prophet (PBUH) in the contemporary era. It seems that the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1375 AH had a noticeable impact on the poets’ affiliation and interest in the subject of Mahdism and the awaited Imam. Therefore, in this article, we have studied the viewpoint of contemporary poets in Iran regarding the awaited Imam (may God Almighty hasten his reappearance) in order to present to the recipient different aspects of the opinions of these poets, in addition to presenting the names of the poets who have a prominent role in introducing the Imam to their generation and to successive generations.

In order to raise the efficiency of this service, it is necessary to reconsider the spatial distribution of these services and raise their levels (hospitals and specialized centers) in response to the increasing population growth and the population’s urgent need for them.

Poetry committed to the love of the Prophet and the Household (PBUH) has developed since the beginning of Islam until today, as we see that in the Umayyad era this type of poetry witnessed a decline, and in the Abbasid era poets embraced it, as in our era we see this increasing acceptance. Among these great committed poets of Iraq in the 12th and 13th centuries is Muhammad Kazim al-Azri, who was famous for praising the Prophet (7) and the Household (A), and he recited a poem called al-Azriya or al-Ha’iya, of which only 580 verses remain.

Repetition is a stylistic phenomenon known to rhetoricians in all eras. It has different types of letters, nouns, verbs, and phrases. It has different connotations among writers when using it. Al-Ma'arri is one of those who used it frequently in his book called Al-Fusul wal-Ghayat. He does not limit it to the usual repetitions of verbal repetition, but rather focuses on semantic repetitions such as synonymy, consideration of analogy, ascending repetition, and... This article aims to define repetition at the beginning and then clarify what is meant by it according to Al-Ma'arri and its different types by mentioning the models and connotations that made Al-Ma'arri resort to its different types. The method I chose is the analytical method that starts from the environment of the text, extracting the types of repetition from the book Al-Fusul wal-Ghayat. It can be said that Abu Al-Ala focuses on verbal repetition of letters, words, sentences, derivation, and introduction, as well as semantic repetition of consideration of analogy, ascending, synonymy, and... However, he is much more interested in repetition of meaning than repetition of word. And he sought through its use to demonstrate its linguistic capabilities.

Color Drawing and Its Connotations in Contemporary Iraqi Poetry - Adnan Al-Sayegh as a Model

This research deals with one of the most important pioneers of the German Orientalist school, namely Julius Wellhausen (1260-1327 AH/1844-1918 AD), and his narratives about the Islamic economy in the Umayyad era. The importance of this research lies in the scientific and critical value of this Orientalist who specialized in religious issues. This importance increases with this Orientalist’s immersion in economic and financial issues related to the Islamic religion and his uniqueness in many critical opinions regarding the financial and economic policies of the caliphs. In fact, Julius Wellhausen attributes the decline of the Umayyad state and then its fall to the wrong financial policy followed by the Umayyad caliphs. The most important thing we have reached in this research is that Wellhausen’s opinions were a critical attempt at the conditions of the state as a whole, with our reservations about some of the opinions that were mentioned in the folds of this research in which Wellhausen claimed that the wars of liberation and conquests were only of an economic nature in order to obtain spoils. Other than that, most of what was mentioned about him From the opinions mentioned in Islamic sources, even though he interpreted a number of narrations in a way that was not true.

([ii]) Al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ali (d. 845 AH/1441 AD) Al-Suluk li-Ma’rifat Dawul al-Muluk (edited by: Muhammad Abd al-Qadir Atta, 1st ed., Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 72-73; Al-Nuqud (edited by: Muhammad al-Sayyid Ali Bahr al-Ulum, al-Haydariyah Library, 5th ed., Najaf, 1967), p. 169.

Controversy is one of the scientific concepts that accompanied the existence of man and entered the branches of his life.

The Sunnah is considered one of the sources of Islamic legislation and culture, and it follows the Holy Quran in being the scientific balance that generations inherit until God inherits the earth and those on it.

The Sunnah depends on transmission and chain of transmission through men who took responsibility for listening, receiving, memorizing and transmitting to subsequent generations.

Several historical factors have combined to lead to the infiltration of weakness into the chain of transmission of hadiths, which prompted scholars to address the evaluation of the men of the chain of transmission for the purpose of verifying the methods of narration.

For this reason, the men's origins were recorded, which were interested in monitoring the narrators and addressed the statement of their trustworthiness or weakness and the extent to which it is possible to rely on their narration.

Hence, this comprehensive translation of one of the men of the chains of transmission of the hadiths reported from the Ahl al-Bayt: namely: (Ahmad bin Hilal al-Abarta'i). This research is organized into an introduction and two sections, which are

Rural settlement geography is one of the types of human geography that appeared in the second half of the twentieth century. As for the morphology of the village, it is one of the most important topics studied within the topic of (rural settlement) because it studies some important elements in the village such as (village plan, land uses, rural housing pattern). As for the study area, it is represented by Abu Gharb village, which is one of the most important villages in Al-Abbasiya district, which is one of the three agricultural districts affiliated with Kufa district, along with the districts (Kufa district center and Al-Hurriya district), and it is considered the agricultural backyard of Kufa city with what it provides of field crops such as (wheat, rice, and barley). The research came in three sections, the first dealt with the village plan, the second dealt with the construction fabric of Abu Gharb village housing, while the third dealt with rural land uses within the village. The researcher faced several difficulties, including the lack of sources that talk about the morphology of the village, and the scarcity of information about the village of Abu Gharb. However, the researcher sought to overcome these difficulties by using available sources and using field studies such as observation and taking pictures of the village, in addition to distributing a questionnaire to a sample of the village’s residents to fill the information gap. The research reached a set of conclusions.

The research aims to study the audience's use of both new and traditional media and the motives behind it, and the extent to which the use of each of these media of both types achieves satisfaction for the audience.

To achieve this goal, the researcher studied the functions performed by the media (such as news, education, entertainment and amusement. And to know what satisfaction each of the traditional and new media achieves in the fields mentioned above, and to know the audience's position and preference for the type of medium according to each field or function.

Therefore, the researcher worked on developing a set of hypotheses to test the audience's inclination and preference and developing a questionnaire form to measure the level of satisfaction achieved by each of the new and traditional media and the extent of the success of each of them in performing the communication functions in an optimal manner for the audience.

As for the hypotheses developed by the researcher, they came as follows:

The research presents in a detailed scientific manner the stages of strategic planning to achieve comprehensive development. The first chapter includes these three stages, while the second chapter includes the future vision of the development process, taking into consideration its material and non-material requirements. In the third chapter, the research explains development from the perspective of Islamic thought and positive economic systems, while the fourth chapter presents the most important new global variables ((globalization and economic developments)) for the purpose of adapting to them to benefit from strategic planning to achieve comprehensive development.

Thom Gunn (1929-2004), christened Thomson William Gunn, continued to move from one poetic form to another, refusing to commit himself to any one school. He experienced both the British and American traditions, but refused to be subsumed by either. Instead, he preferred to call himself an Anglo-American poet who bridged the two trends. In addition, Gunn was fascinated by existentialism, which prompted him to employ the figure of the existential outcast who is at the center of his poetry and reflects much of his personality and attitudes toward his surroundings.

This paper examines the controversial issue of the relationship between phonetics and phonology. Throughout the literature, there are different views and opinions on this relationship, but none has been adopted as the accepted one. This is because each has its own evidence as well as its own advantages and disadvantages. In general, three main views can be presented on the relationship between phonetics and phonology: they are similar, they are different but related indiscriminately, and they are different but complementary in a conditional way.

The southwestern parts of Fars province, officially known as Argan (Arjan), attracted the attention of the dominant governments of the Sassanid dynasty and from the first to the middle centuries of Islam due to its distinctive natural and geographical location. The central city of this well-known province was called Argan or Arjan. The most important factor for the prosperity of this city was the decent communication condition, as well as the natural talents available there such as the Tap River that flows through the city. The founders of the city used the system of internal underground canals to utilize the water of the above-mentioned river for domestic and agricultural consumption. Historical and geographical sources have briefly described the water supply system and irrigation system. Serious archaeological studies have not been conducted in this area. Field surveys conducted inside the city and its surroundings have shown that the water consumption of the Tap River was done through the famous Argan Dam. In addition, the water needed for the surrounding orchards and gardens flowed from behind the dam towards the city through numerous channels such as canals. This method led to the prosperity and cultivation of the agricultural economy as well as the well-being of the citizens in the hot seasons of the year. The above-mentioned irrigation and water supply systems were used extensively until the construction of the city was completed. After the destruction of the Argan Dam, canals became fashionable and new systems replaced the previous methods.

Virtual discourse is associated with the new trends of using technology in communication. As such, different types of virtual discourse have been adopted such as electronic messages, computer-mediated texts, emails, and the like. These types of discourse are certainly characterized by specific linguistic features that differ from the normal ways of speaking and writing. It is assumed that there are deviant manifestations in such discourse. This study is an attempt to investigate the linguistic deviations in virtual discourse. Hence, it aims to answer the following questions:

من أعراض صحة الروح أن نعرف أنفسنا نحن وبما أن الشكل العام للجسم هو جزء من تكوين لياقتك البدنية ، فقد يتسبب اهتمام المجتمع الشديد بالرياضيين في حدوث ظهور الشعور بالنرجسية فيهم. بناءً على هذا الاحتمال ، تبحث الدراسة الوصفية والميدانية الحالية في العلاقة بين النرجسية والإدراك الجسدي للرياضيين على أساس الجنس اختلافات. يشمل المجتمع الإحصائي للبحث جميع الرياضيين نشط في النوادي الرياضية (الجمباز والأيروبكس) بسنندج ومنها تم اختيار 294 متطوعًا كعينة. نتائج الدراسة أشار إلى أن هناك علاقة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين النرجسية و الإدراك الجسدي عند الرياضيين الذكور والإناث. بالنسبة للرياضيات ، فإن ارتبط تقدير الذات بمعامل ارتباط قدره 0.683 و الرياضيين الذكور مع معامل ارتباط 0.734. بشكل عام ، يمكن أن يكون استنتج أن عدم الرضا الشديد عن المظهر قد يخفي المرض العقلي ، وتجاهله قد يكون له تأثير طبي خطير عواقب.

The current research topic is in the field of comparative literature. It aims to study and analyze the influence of Persian literature, especially the works of Mawlana, on authors, thinkers and translators. In this study, it is attempted to identify the great English and American literary figures who have presented outstanding works through translation or adaptation and have played a major role in the recognition and popularization of Persian literature in English countries. Mawlana is a well-known Iranian poet and Sufi of the seventh century AH. He is mostly known for his Sufi poems. He is indeed one of the greatest Sufi poets. His simple and attractive lyrics are associated with intense love and jealousy. His delicate language and charming words that arise from his broken heart express Sufi truths in a special way. His view of symbols and mentioning various proverbs and tales while expressing a Sufi theme simplifies the suffocating intentions of ascetics to ordinary people (1).

In this study, we tried to shed light on the concept of dialectic in both Plato and Aristotle, as the concept of dialectic is one of the important and effective concepts in the philosophical and cognitive field, as it was highlighted at the beginning of systematic philosophical thinking since its beginning with Zeno of Elea and up to Aristotle. The concept of dialectic has witnessed great abuse when it was used by the (Sophists) as a means to convince people in artificial ways that are in line with their whims and material benefits. They were called pretenders to wisdom. In the context of our tracing of the concept of dialectic in (Plato and Aristotle), we discussed the most important concepts among them, as (Plato) used dialectic for the sake of knowledge and reaching the truths of things through classifying and dividing concepts. He also considered it the method that raises the mind from the tangible to the rational and then descends the mind from the most noble example to the lowest. He also considered it the art of asking questions and answers. Then came the turn of (Aristotle), who caused a scientific storm and many changes in all sciences and arts. This led to the flourishing of the concept of dialectic as a means of training in thinking. He placed it among the philosophical concepts through which the truths of things can be perceived or reached through deductive methods. All of this cannot be reached without following the laws and mechanisms that (Aristotle) ​​established in His book, which he called (Topics), also opposed (Aristotle) ​​and in many places (Plato’s) teacher regarding the concept of dialectic, considering that dialectic cannot reach the essence of things without using the tools on which dialectic is based, such as definition, induction, and analogy, unlike (Plato), who relied on division and separation and many other observations that were proven against Plato.

School principals are one of the main pillars of educational systems. To eliminate shortcomings and identify current constraints, school principals are required to have several teaching hours in any week. This is because school principals supervise the school and are responsible for identifying students’ talents. The current study aims to evaluate the teaching efficiency of school principals from the perspective of secondary school students in Al-Nahbadan during the years 2014-2015. Using stratified samples, 278 secondary school students were selected and the questionnaire was found to be reliable (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.89). The results indicate that the teaching efficiency of school principals from the perspective of students is below average. In addition, males and females have significantly different views. Therefore, school principals are not qualified to teach and do not have good performance.