Iraqi Journal Of Political Science

The countries of the West African region suffered from an environment full of security threats and tense conflicts, and in an era that showed a decline in the contributions of the United Nations in Africa after the end of the Cold War, the need arose and the awareness increased for the ECOWAS organization to develop its political and security role, and from it adopted the collective security system in order to enhance peace and security in the region and manage And prevent conflicts among the countries of the region by amending their charter and establishing protocols stipulating this, It explains the protocols in the Liberia conflict resolution process.

The English school is considered one of the most important schools in the theories of international relations, as it focuses on the study and interpretation of international behavior by looking at the historical, cultural and social factors that shape the identity of the state and affect its behavior. The English School states that the state is the main representative of national interests, and that international relations are affected by the relative strength of states and their strategic, economic, military and cultural location, and that war and peace are the result of the behavior of states and their interactions in the international system
The English School represents an important contribution to theories of international relations, as it focuses on understanding international behavior by looking at historical, cultural and social factors, and provides accurate explanations of international relations and transformations in the international system. Thanks to this school, theories of international relations were able to obtain a better understanding of international relations and its developments over time.

Turkey has sought, through its water policy in recent decades towards Iraq and the countries of the region, to achieve several gains and economic and political dimensions, represented in attempts to make water an economic and commercial commodity that can be sold to countries that suffer from scarcity in its water resources, especially the geographical neighboring countries, and Turkey's desire to strengthen its role political and security in the Middle East region through the use of water as a trump card that it uses to put pressure on Iraq for the purpose of promoting its interests, and the Turkish water policy has caused great losses on all economic and social levels and greatly affected the food and living aspect and the migration of large numbers of the population, which threatens to The future faces grave risks and political and economic instability. Therefore, Iraq is required to draw up strategic water development plans that are compatible with the new water situation, as well as to continue negotiating with the Turkish side to find a just solution for the distribution and division of the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in accordance with the rules of international law.

The Russian-Ukrainian war is described as the most dangerous geopolitical conflict since World War II. The beginning of the Russian military operation against Ukraine marked the end of a historical period for more than half a century, as relations between the Russian Federation and the West countries returned to the Cold War once again. Furthermore, this war has global strategic repercussions, dimensions, and consequences that are much more dangerous to international security than the attacks of September 11, 2001 as Ukraine became a matter of advanced geopolitical and geostrategic interest for Russia, more than any other country, and represents its vital field in the face of the West, coinciding with the intertwining of the parties and the complexity of the international scene in front of it. The strategic dimensions that resulted from the war, especially since this war is described as a hybrid war, which combined violent and peaceful means, conventional war, wide-ranging information and psychological influence, and the use of proxy formations, thus increasing its threat to international security. Based on that, the research was divided into two main sections, the first of which dealt with the strategic dimensions of the Russian-Ukrainian war and International Security. The second dealt with the strategic repercussions of the Russian-Ukrainian war on international security.

The year (2014) represented an important turning point in the challenge of Iraqi security since the fierce terrorist attack on Iraq on (9-June), and the entry of what is known as (ISIS) the city of Mosul. The terrorist organization covers about (60%) of the area of Iraq, which constituted a real threat to national security. It required a comprehensive change of military and security plans and a review of the Iraqi national security strategy. ISIS was not at the level of strength that led to the collapse of the military and security system, and its withdrawal in front of a group of armed terrorist elements, as much as the Iraqi political and partisan differences, its entrenchment in sectarian loyalties, and its throwing into the arms of regional powers had an impact on that, as political differences and sectarian quotas shaped Regional interventions played a major role in influencing Iraqi national security, and it would have collapsed completely had it not been for the awakening of Iraqi political awareness and their quick response to unite in one row and fight ISIS under the banner of Iraq, in the name of the one homeland, and the failure of the international and regional plan to divide Iraq according to narrow sectarian and partisan agendas.

The subject of the political process in Iraq receives the attention of researchers and specialists in the Iraqi issue due to the size of the imbalances that have accompanied that process since its inception in the year 2003 and its repercussions on the process of building the state, not to mention its impact on the future of Iraq as a state and society.
The current research seeks to shed light on the essence of the problem and the causes of the failure of the political process and to identify the source of imbalances or imbalances and what caused a double impasse for the process of building the state in Iraq despite the high ceiling of aspirations promised by the Iraqi people.

Political development can be consider ass one of the most important elements mentioned in the theses and marbles of “Lucien Bay” and other writers such as “Joseph Lalumbara”, “Meron Wener”, “Samuel Huntington” and “Gabriel Almond”, where Bay defined it as increasing the capabilities of the political system from In terms of managing public affairs, controlling conflicts, and meeting demands in the direction of equality, and thus the distribution crisis with regard to achieving equality put forward by \"Bay\" may become a priority that deserves research, investigation and scrutiny, because of its implications represented in managing the distributive policies that the political systems draw and implement. Iraq has been and still suffers from a real crisis represented in the way and management of natural resources by successive governments since the date of its establishment until the writing of these lines, represented in the inability to control and formulate distributive policies through which it can achieve a kind of relative equality for its resources and meet the demands and needs of Iraqi society.

The issue of energy security is of great importance in the strategies of the major industrial countries, based on the fact that energy sources, especially oil and natural gas, have become one of the tools of the state's strength and development in the international system, which prompted countries to seek to secure energy sources as they constitute the backbone of the global economy. . Accordingly, the issue of energy security has become at the heart of Chinese national interests due to China's need for the most important energy source, which is oil, to sustain the progress of its economy and ensure high growth rates, which prompted it to adopt strategic policies in a way that guarantees its interests and higher goals, foremost of which is ensuring access to sources task energy.

The research deals with important places in the development of Salafist thought in cyberspace, and the focus of the study focused on (prison) as an environment for recruitment, training, brainwashing, and transforming the contemporary Salafist system towards changes in positions from the distant enemy to the near enemy. Targeting a segment of young men and adolescents with a history of prisons and those with delinquent delinquencies with the aim of attracting them to the organization, recruiting them, and turning them into projects prepared for fighting. The environments of Salafi jihadism are limited to three places: the suburbs, [ghettos], prisons, and the Internet, while mosques and foreign intelligence houses are excluded. As a conspiracy and foreign intrusion for some reason.
Prisons constitute a safe place for the Salafist ideological structure that inaugurated the ideology of terrorism and fighting, and achieved results at the field level in Europe and outside of it in the Middle East. Prisons had a function in this field that went beyond the functions of ghettos, mosques, and places of worship. The Internet also performed a function that supported the function of prisons and worked together to serve the radical Salafist project that produced what was known as the “lone wolf” phenomenon.

Many political studies are interested in examining the phenomenon of civil wars and their negative repercussions on the internal political stability in the country. in this research we find that Ethiopia; The largest country in the Horn of Africa, as is most of the countries of the African continent, has witnessed many civil wars since the seventies of the twentieth century, and the attendant threat and destabilization factor in the Horn of Africa. The remarkable development that Ethiopia had not witnessed before is the outbreak of a violent ethnic insurgency that contributed to an armed confrontation and a civil war between the forces of a local front known as the Tigray Forces and the Ethiopian Federal Forces since November 2020, which prompted the government to seek the assistance of an international regional actor to play a role that could be called The regional racket” represented by a neighboring country, Eritrea, in the confrontation and attempt to eliminate this internal rebellion adjacent to its lands for reasons and goals of its own that contributed to extension the new civil war in Ethiopia. All of these developments came after the arrival of (Abe Ahmed Ali) in the spring of 2018 to power, succeeding President Haile Mariam Desalegn, who gave up power following the popular protests that took place in the country, especially in the Oromia region.

The research deals with human security and peace-building in Iraq after 2003, because of the importance of human security in building peace in societies, especially those emerging from the spiral of conflict and war, as peace-building aims to stabilize the state of peace and stability in society, and depends on a set of values, including the provision of human security through a set of indicators, and the purpose of human security is to improve the quality of life of the individual and free him from fear, need and deprivation, and eliminate all that threatens the quality of life, and then peace is built in society. The implementation of this depends on the performance of government institutions in achieving human security indicators that relate to providing security, justice, public services and a job opportunity for citizens to secure their lives, and freeing them from unemployment, poverty and need. Since Iraq is a country emerging from the spiral of conflict and wars, and aims to build peace in society, and for this we will look at one of the indicators of human security in Iraq in terms of its application, which is the Sustainable Economy Index, which relates to the existence of solid economic security that enables citizens to obtain a basic income to secure their life requirements and save them from poverty and deprivation .

The research is concerned with presenting the legal texts contained in the constitutions of the Iraqi state since the promulgation of the first constitution in 1925 to the last constitution in 2005. Women's legal rights and duties in the constitutional texts.

The collapse of bipolarity caused radical changes in the content and sources of international conflicts, due to the imbalance of the mechanisms of stability and control of conflicts that existed during the Cold War, which led to a comprehensive transformation of the phenomenon of conflict in the international environment and its tendency towards acquiring new implications, after the decline of military and ideological factors that played a role Mainly in defining the relations of nations, the interest and focus moved to economic, technological and cultural factors, and this interest was reflected in many studies and theories, especially those related to the international conflict. With the end of the Cold War, a change occurred in the nature of the main actors in the international system, as the United States alone managed this The system, as well as a change in the nature of the issues raised, as the decline in the status of ideology, as a major source of international conflict.

The international role in enhancing cyber security in light of contemporary challenges
Cyber security is the topic that concerns the world at the present time because the technological revolution that swept through countries and non-state actors led to the emergence of a major challenge facing the state and members of society, and for this reason, the increase in electronic threats, including theft, fraud, occupation and electronic extortion, which the state is supposed to strengthen its technical systems At all levels and their components, including hardware and software, and securing sensitive information that is of great importance to countries and societies alike, which are exposed to danger, penetration, and seizure in order to maintain national security, preserve and protect confidentiality and privacy of data and official documents of countries, and personal data and information of state personnel.

Regional conflicts have a major impact on shaping American strategy in the Middle East, especially with the American desire to reshape the international system. American efforts to dominate the Middle East began by promoting the idea of new regional security arrangements and the idea of dividing security in the region into different axes and replacing Arab security priorities. These countries began to rely on the security forces to protect them and enter into security agreements with them. This enabled the United States to rearrange the region according to its strategy under the pretext of achieving security and stability in the region to achieve its goals and interests in accordance with several determinants, perhaps the most prominent of which is that the United States be a major party in those arrangements and under Its direct supervision (provided that it includes Turkey and Israel and rejects any integrated Arab role in it) so that in its light it can arrange it, which will guarantee its complete dominance over it, with the countries participating with it bearing the material costs and maintaining a strong American military presence as a regional and international balance of power in the region.

This research tackles the important issues of education in Iraq during the seventies and eighties of the past century and compare it to the present and showing how political and economic problems affect the education sector Influencing the general performance of the Ministry Of Education With the goal of using the experience and giving the chance to find better solutions in the future not only for Iraq but for everyone who can make use of the experience.
the research covers four sides. the first side is the important aspects of education in Iraq during the seventies and eighties of the past century and how the continuing crisis in Iraq affect education , the second is showing the challenges that the education faced after two thousand and three and the changes of the political state and its relation to the poor performance in the that field, the third is explaining the situations in which the Ministry Of Education operates and how to deal with new events as they arise and maintaining the required level of performance and overcoming obstacles

Security is one of the most important vocabulary that has received a great deal of humanitarian attention .It has collected the data of survival and hope for the future and dream of it, gathered in the folds of pronunciation or interest in them, many connotations shortened by the frequency of the possibilities of human construction in its entirety, whether internally or externally, , a closer examination of what happened and will take place events and measures and perhaps intentions formula address the ambitions of the forces Actors, regional or international, indicating their ability to frame the macro and micro aspects of interaction within multiple spheres of interest, which later appeared to be levels of action.
Therefore, security is an idea and a single one, accommodating all challenges and changes, and even an indicator of the possibility of global development, including the creation of intellectual approaches, creative to build and seek solutions to problems and dilemmas of different dimensions

The personality of Hugo Chavez is one of the influential figures in the Venezuelan reality, whether at the national level or at the level of foreign policy and international relations. His influence began from the first hours of the nomination for the position of President of the Republic of Venezuela through a revolutionary thought aimed at changing the Venezuelan reality, starting from changing the name of the state, working to change some constitutional texts, and before Hugo Chavez took power in Venezuela in the years 1998 and 1999, the Venezuelan economy was suffering from a state of stagnation, and many Among other crises, the people believed that the main cause of Venezuela’s crises was the corrupt political class. Therefore, Hugo Chavez was elected on the basis of his strong rejection of this class, and Hugo Chavez worked since he came to power in Venezuela in 1999, working to set a basic goal in mind, which is how to Advancement of Venezuela as a state and citizen through a number of plans and public policies, In addition, he became famous for his call for the political and economic integration of Latin America with his anti-imperialism and his sharp criticism of the supporters of globalization among the modern liberals and the foreign policy of the United States of America, so he worked to support many international issues against the United States of America. Therefore, through our study of the personality of Hugo Chavez, we shed light on the role of national leaders who influence their countrymen at the time of crises, adversities and calamities that befall society, in other words, focusing on the inspiring leader who influences the people who worked hard to advance his country and stand up to hegemony, control and external interference in its internal and external affairs

Since the end of the Cold War, the United States of America has been roaming the arena of foreign policy, and it seems that it controls the conduct of global politics after its victory at that time over the Soviet Union, and after that it began looking forward to formulating reasonable and direct strategic priorities through which it wants to structure the supreme strategy and formulate foreign policy and determine The role of force as its tool During the process of changing the paths of power after more than three decades of the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia began to look at international greatness from a new face, as if it was a model for mixing the Russian belief as an imperial power with an authoritarian history, the status of its military and nuclear power, and its advanced technological capabilities. , and its geopolitical position in relation to Europe and Asia, and its desire to return again to participate in global leadership and break the control of the United States of America, and therefore the Russian-Ukrainian war is seen as a proxy war on behalf of the United States of America and the countries of the European Union towards Russia, which is an obsession aimed at depleting the war capabilities of Through the methodical response and defense.

Australia and the United States are very close allies. Both countries share similar cultural traditions and values and has been a treaty allies, since the signing of the Australia-New Zealand-United States (ANZUS) Treaty in 1951. Australia evoked the ANZUS treaty to offer assistance to the United States after the attacks of September 11, 2001. thus Australia plays a key role in promoting regional stability in Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific. Australia has led peace-keeping efforts in the Asia-Pacific region, and has supported U.S. efforts and worked closely with key regional states in the war against terrorism in Southeast Asia.
The research sought to demonstrate, that, Australia claims such actions enhance its to strengthen its regional and international standing Through alliance and cooperation with other countries.

After launching the special military operation against Ukraine in February of last year, the Russian Federation realized the necessity of rapprochement with the countries of the Middle East, and Iraq has always been within the Russian perception. It (Russia) seeks to break the economic sanctions imposed on it by the United States of America and its allies in the West by finding new markets for Russian products, opening broader areas of cooperation, and strengthening economic and trade relations, especially in the fields of energy and armaments. What confirms this proposition, was the visit of the Russian Foreign Minister (Sergey Lavrov) to Baghdad in early February of this year. And if we take into account the dependence of the local market and the Iraqi economy on the foreign currency (the US dollar), as well as the penetration of American influence in Iraq since 2003, we will find it difficult to implement the Russian strategy by achieving its objectives on the ground in Iraq. But the matter is not impossible, but it will always remain linked to internal, regional and international variables.

The Russian-Ukrainian war is considered the most prominent and influential event in Russian-European relations since the end of World War II. This war led to fueling the geopolitical competition between Russia and Europe and brought them into an unprecedented confrontation. This war differs from its predecessors as it is a hybrid war commensurate with the necessities of the conflict in the twenty-first century. Also, its economic, political and security effects will remain open to possibilities and it will not be possible to predict its results which is what we will try to describe, analyze and foresee in this research.

The aim of the research is to review the role of successive governments in Iraq in establishing and applying the foundation of social peace, given the sectarian conflicts that have affected large areas for it and posed a serious threat to social peace ,we deduce the phobias and armed groups and the loyal organization, which have emerged in a general dimension as a result of American occupation for Iraq and the events of administrative and security vacuum after the dissolution of the military and army units ,which allowed terrorist organization to enter the country and engage in armed activities and sectarian conflicts, killings, customary hybrids ,destruction of structures and destabilization stability and evacuation of contacts with extremist groups inside Iraq.