Journal of Biotechnology Research Center

To assess the significance of platelet indices and the ratio of platelet to lymphocyte as an early prediction of patients with severity of Preeclampsia. Ninety women were enrolled in three groups: group I: (In=30) women diagnosed as non-severe preeclampsia, group II: (n=30) women diagnosed as severe preeclampsia, and group: III (n=30) age-matched normal pregnant women as a control group. The platelet parameters namely: platelet count (PC), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (P/L ratio) were evaluated and compared among the study groups.Our findings showed a significant difference among the studied groups regarding the followings: body mass index BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at P-value < 0.05. Mean Platelet Volume and Platelet Distribution Width showed no significant differences between the study groups (P= 0.693 and 0.118, respectively). In all groups, highly decrease in platelet count (p = 0.01) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (p= 0.024) were found. The changes in the platelet indices are more evident in mothers with severe preeclampsia especially the ratio between platelet and lymphocyte. Thus, Platelet indices could be used as biomarkers for early prediction of preeclampsia seriousness.

The occurrences of invasive candidiasis has increased over the previous few decades. Although Candida albicans considers as one of the most common species of organisms, that cause acquired fungal infections.
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and inherent in as a lifelong, the yeast is present in healthy individuals as a commensal, and can reside harmlessly in human body. However, in immuno-compromised individuals, the fungus can invade tissues, producing superficial infections and, in severe cases, life-threatening systemic infections. This review wills emphasis on virulence factor of C. albicans including (adhesion, invasion, candida proteinase, and phenotypic switching and biofilm formation.
Invasive Fungal diseases are result in very high morbidity as well as up to 60% mortality for people with severely susceptible hosts. This review will illustrate briefly the virulence factors in Candida albicans.

The current investigation was intended to assess the viability of sesame oil got from Heet city and Indian premium (saussurea costus) affectability testing against Acinetobacter baumanii isolates detached from disease destination like urine, sputum, C.S.F, wound swab, and burn swab. The results indicated that sesame oil activated the gentamycin antibiotic activity from 3.08 mm to 14.7500 mm and also the Indian premium made the same thing the activation was from 5.4167 mm to 9.3333 mm. while the addition of sesame oil to Imipenem anti biotic there was inhibition in the activity of Imipenem from 21.33 mm to 20.083mm and when we added the Indian premium there was activation to the Imipenem antibiotic was from 22.1667 mm to 23.4167mm. Finally the results of cefotaxime after adding the sesame oil we noticed that there is decrease in the activity of cefotaxime from 3.500 mm to 1.000 mm and we also noticed that the addition of Indian premium to the antibiotic there was decrease in the activity from 3.9167 mm to 3.333 mm.
Therefore ower explanation that there is activation to some antibiotics there is also inhibition to the other by adding different plant extract.

Finding an applicable clinical biomarker in body fluids can be useful in asthma management. This study was conducted to support the investigations of probable immunological changes in asthmatic patients that may be useful therapeutic indicators. 61 matching patients and 23 apparently healthy individuals were included. Significant elevation in the level of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in asthmatics was found as compared with healthy controls, so as among asthma severity categories. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis determined 29 ng/ml of serum ECP as the typical cut-off value of significant denotation for differentiation between asthmatic patients and healthy individuals, significant positive linear correlation between both ECP level and also ECP/Eosinophil ratio with clinically estimated asthma severity were observed. The median of serum total IgE and rate of 100 IU/ml overlapped serum total IgE individuals were significantly higher in asthmatics than healthy controls and so as among asthma severity categories, whereas no significant correlation between total serum IgE level and asthma severity was found. According to the results, determination of serum ECP can be considered as a diagnostic tool to distinguish asthma cases, besides it reflects the severity of the disease significantly, whereas calculation of ECP/Eo ratio may be an effective marker in reflecting asthma severity and the activity of eosinophils during the inflammation which may be useful in asthma control and in the assessment of the disease severity as well as the response to anti-inflammatory therapy, but it has no benefit for diagnosing asthma as no significant differences were recorded between asthmatics and healthy controls.

Plant-derived edible nanoparticles (PDNPs) are nano-sized membrane vesicles released by edible plants. They are non-toxic, have tissue-specific targeting properties, and can be mass-produced , to assess the effect of phytoestrogens (PEs) for treating hyperlipidemia that associated with menopause period using nanoparticles lipid carrier (NLCs) loaded with red clover isoflavones extract (RCIE) compared with hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Study was conducted using fifty adult female mice model for menopause using 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide (VCD) and handled as follows for 6 weeks. Two experiments were preformed, the first experiment included 20 mice divided into two groups Group A: Control group has injected 0.1 ml D.W. intraperitoneal (IP) daily. Group B: This group has injected IP daily 160 mg/kg B.W of VCD. The second experiment was included 30 mice have injected IP daily 160 mg/kg of VCD and divided into three groups (C, D and E), (10 / group) then treated with dermal sticker for six weeks: Group C: treated with dermal sticker saturated with 10ug/ kg B.W of estradiol benzoate (EB) diluted with virgin coconut oil (VCNO). Group D: treated with dermal sticker saturated with 0.1 of VCNO. Group E: treated with dermal sticker saturated with 0.1ml of RCIE-NLCs. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant increase in the level of TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL in group VCD. While RCIE-NLCs had a clear effect and significant decreased in the TG, TC, LDL and VLDL cholesterol compared to groups VCD and EB, and significant increase in the HDL-C in group RCIE-NLCs compared to groups VCD and EB. The results of this study revealed that administration of RCIE-NLCs shows an effective to regulation of lipids metabolism disorders due to hormonal changes that associated with menopausal transition via impact of VCD.

Mycotoxins are natural toxins generally caused by some types of mold (fungi) that may be found in foods. Mold (Fungi) grows on (grains, nuts, spices, dried fruits, apples, and coffee seeds). Due to their effective impact on humans and animals, mycotoxins have gained a great deal of attention as studies have shown that mycotoxins are among the most significant causes of human cancer, in particular liver and kidney cancer, in addition to their impact on the suppression of the immune system, as well as inducing genetic defects and congenital malformations. The Codex Alimentarius Commission develops “international standards and codes of practice” to reduce contact to mycotoxin in some foods. The spectrum of effects ranges from severe poisoning to continuing harmful effects such as immunodeficiency and cancer.This work aims to summarize a comprehensive review of the effects and toxicity of the mycotoxins on Immunodefic Indicators.We collect almost 150 published papers from Science direct, PubMed, Elsevier, nature, Wiley, and research gate. Then extract 60 papers, which included quality research (experimental and descriptive study) to write this review paper based. Mycotoxins produced from fungi and know the effect of these toxins on immune indicators. Mycotoxins are fungal metabolism produced and effect on immunity. According to the body's resistance to these toxins, the type of mushroom produced from it and its lethal ability.“Mycotoxins” can contaminate a number of raw materials and affect animals to be at serious health risk. Regulations or guidelines apply at the European level for 6 myotoxins.

Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Test for detection of rabies antigen was carried out with attempts in manipulating the standard protocols based on The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). This study was aimed to achieve improvements of a more rapid detection by conducting modification that could help in reducing the time consume, and costs for obtaining results. The main purpose of this study is to modify the routine protocols for rapid viral detection of rabies virus in tissue. The manipulation that had been practiced was mainly on the fixation procedure with high grade cold acetone, temperature and time of incubation. The working dilution of the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was (10-1, 10-2, 10-3). Experimental trial on brain samples from 10 rats were obtained and spiked with highest concentration of rabies vaccine for the study. The staining intensity result was analyzed and calculated using T-test. The results indicate a variety of intensity for staining and grading of the fluorescent based of the manipulated protocol conducted.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the crude Flavonoid, Terpenoid, and, Alkaloid compounds were extracted from the leaves of (Myrtus communis L.) plant against Aspergillus species isolated from stored medicinal plants seeds collected from different local markets in the province of Babil 2020 in Iraq. Antifungal activity was achieved in vitro by using food poisoning method against Aspergillus species by preparing three concentrations for each crude compound (5, 10, and 20) mg/ml and compared with positive control represented by fungicide Quinoleine 50% and negative control represented by 10% dimethyl sulfoxide. The current study was aimed to control of Aspergillus species isolated form stored medicinal plants seeds by using secondary metabolites extracted from leaves of Myrtus communis L. The collected data from this study shown that, the crude Flavonoid, Terpenoid, and, Alkaloid compounds extracted from (Myrtus communis L.) leaves revealed significant inhibition at P≤ 0.05 in the growth of Aspergillus species at 20 mg/ml compared with negative control especially in Flavonoid compounds. Finally, it can be concluded that Flavonoids of Myrtus communis L. is most effective in controlling Aspergillus species.

Cigarette smoking currently is considered as one of the greatest problems in public health worldwide and is risk factor for peripheral vascular disorders and heart disease. The monitoring of liver function and total cholesterol are very important to give an estimation of the future cardiovascular diseases among smokers. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on the serum levels of liver enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine transaminase (GPT) and cholesterol activities among Iraqi smokers in Babylon City, compared to apparently healthy individuals (non-smokers) as a control group (all were males). A case- control study was carried out on forty Iraqi male smokers who smoke at least 10 cigarettes per day for at least15 years. The group includes smokers with age range between 15-55 years. Non-smokers, (control, n= 20) group were collected with the same range of age for statistical comparison. The whole blood samples were drawn by venipuncture from each individual; levels of cholesterol and liver functions test were estimated in the blood serum of smokers and non-smokers by diagnostic kit (Randox corporation-UK) using automatic analyzer.The findings of this study showed that there was a significant higher level of total cholesterol, ALT, and AST in the smokers group compared to non-smokers (P<0.05). As well as, the results showed a significant positive correlation between the smokers’ age and serum GOT, GPT and cholesterol activity (Increasing) especially in age between 45 to 55 years old, as compared to control. In addition, total cholesterol and liver function enzymes were significantly positive correlated with the duration of smoking (P<0.05).Cigarette smoking leads to oxidative stress by free radical generation by the mechanism of lipid peroxidation that is affected by the heaviness of smoking. Smoking exerts negative influence on liver functions test that should be carefully interpreted and preventive strategies needed to avoid the future cardiovascular diseases.

Cancer refers to any disease among a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissues. Cancer often has the ability to spread throughout the body. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world, Cancers can occur in any part of the female reproductive system — the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. These cancers are called gynecologic cancers.
Gynecological cancers can invade directly nearby tissues and organs, or spread (metastasize) through the lymph vessels, lymph nodes (lymph system), or the bloodstream to distant parts of the body.Breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin to grow in an abnormal way. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells and continue to accumulate, forming a lump or tumor. The cells may spread (metastasize) through the breast to the lymph nodes or to other parts of the body.
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that links innate and adaptive immune responses against cancer cells. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-12 genes have been associated with cancer risk. The role of IL-12 in breast cancer and gynecological risk overall, association of the IL-12 signaling pathway and BC risk in women, The current study aims to evaluate the role of Interleukin-12 gene polymorphism among patients who have breast and gyneacological cancer ,Interleukin-12 SNPs detection from patients and control DNA. , 199 samples were taken and divided into (120) patient blood samples and (79) samples as a control group, Women enrolled in the present study complain of the following types of cancer: breast cancer was seen in 50 patients out of 120, uterine cancer was seen in 50 patients out of 120 , ovarian cancer was seen in 10 patients and cervical cancer was seen in 10 patients out of 120.SNP rs3212227 (IL 12 gene) was determined by: PCR RFLP
PCR RFLP was performed for identification of IL-12 (rs3212227) gene polymorphism in cancer patients and in healthy control blood samples. This method was carried out according to described by (Jafarzadeh , 2015) ,The statistical analysis and presentation of data in the current study showed that (120) women with cancer (uterus, breast, ovaries, and cervix) were included as a study group, while the control group consisted of (79) healthy women.
The prevalence of the homozygous (A / A) wild genotype, associated with IL-12, was 75.9% (60 of 79) in the control group and 56.7% (68 of 120) in the study group. In addition, the prevalence of the wild and recessive genotype (A / C), associated with IL-12, was 21.5% (17 of 79) in the control group and 33.3% (40 of 120) in the study group. Moreover, the prevalence of a homozygous recessive genotype (C / C) was associated with IL-12, 2.5% (2 of 79) in the control group and 10.0% (12 of 120) in the study group. The difference in these rates was significant (P = 0.012).
A significant proportion (9.2 %) of women were younger than 40. This mean that in our community risk factors associated with these malignancies need to be searched for and studied thoroughly in order to identify reasons behind acquisition of such malignant tumors by women in their fourth decade of life. Individual harboring IL-12 A allele is less likely to get cancer by 0.58% that individual lacking this allele; whereas an individual harboring IL-12 C allele is at 2.37 fold risk to develop cancer in comparison with an individual who lacks this allele. We conclude from that Wild IL-12 (A) allele may play a protective role against cancer.Whereas the recessive IL-12 allele (C) may play a carcinogenic role.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of toothpastes used for oral health by acting as antimicrobial against biofilm formations. Different types of toothpastes were selected, including those were made of natural materials and others with artificial chemicals using herbal additives. Five tooth pastes (Lacalut®, Paradontax®, Colgate®, Miswak®, Sanino®) were used on microbiota spectrum of spp. Bacteria (s. mutans, s. viridans) obtained by swab plaque accumulated in teeth from different patients over a period of 2021, the exclusion criteria from the investigation were patients receiving concurrent antibiotic treatment for any purpose. This research was conduct in central environmental laboratory at Baghdad University. Each toothpaste is diluted with distilled water to prepare 0.2 and 0.3 concentrations. The estimation of bacterial spectrum was performed in qualitative manner using standard methods for microbiological inoculation tissue plate culture (TPC)were performed (for bacterial presence) and quantitative qualification of the subjects by, Elisa instrument. It was found that toothpaste which contains natural materials is particularly effective in improving oral health and reducing the incidence of gingivitis caused by microbial bacterial presence. This revealed that the naturally occurrence of different groups of organic compounds flavonoids and phenolic acids (esters), are responsible for many of the biological activities against oral bacteria.
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During the period of one year 2012, a total of 150 fish samples were collected and examined from Tigris River in Al-Zaafaraniya Region before Diayla River in order to know the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in some internal organ tissues of the examined fish. These fish belonged to (16) species, it all comes back to the cyprinidae. The histopathological examination included 55 samples from Common carp, the samplings of internal organs like (brain, intestine and ovary) from C. carpio were taken in order to examine histopathological changes and that appear there were many histopathological changes in the examine organs included neuronal shrinkage of neurons with chromatolysis of other, severe congestion and edema in cerebral tissues and severe mineralization in cerebral blood vessel walls. Also, severe destruction of epithelium muscular of intestinal villi, severe necrosis with congestion and mononuclear cells infiltration in submucosa layer and goblet cells hyperplasia. In ovaries, severe necrotic and degenerative changes, congestion between follicles. Some ovarian follicles showed thickness became abnormality irregular in shape and congestion in secondary follicles. The sampling of water from Tigris river in Al-Zaafaraniya region were analyzed and appear that the pollution 0.0674 mg/L.

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) have been identified as one of the serious, public health concerns in the world, which results due to the host as well as the environmental factors. Based on the WHO, this disease will be the 3rdkiller disease worldwide by the year of 2020 following the cancer and heart disease. Concerning the asthma, there have been 389,000,000 individuals worldwide, afflicted by COPD and Asthma. Moreover, there has been a noticeable increase in the asthmatic incidences in the young adults and children by 4% to 5% yearly worldwide. Those two illnesses are fundamental global morbidity and mortality reasons, particularly in the patients that respond poorly to the current treatments. Which is why, there are unmet needs to come up with innovative therapies for the COPD as well as the asthma patients. Bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) are part of the family of the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). It was theorized previously that the TAS2R only expression on the tongue’s taste buds. The family of the TAS2R includes over 25 different subtypes of the receptors in the humans. Lately, a number of the researches showed that the TAS2R could be representing a new treatment target of the lung diseases. The TAS2R has been expressed in the human air-way smooth muscles (ASMs). It should be noted that TAS2Ractivation by the saccharin and chloroquine results in the induction of air-way relaxation. More significantly, bronchodilatory effects that result from the TAS2R agonists has been found greater compared to the β2 adrenergic receptor agonists, the basic bronchodilator medications in treating asthma. the bronchial airway smooth muscle (BASM) cells have been cultured from COPD (n=3), asthmatic (n=3), and healthy (n=3) individuals. The Immuno-fluorescence staining (with and with no permeabilize cells) have been conducted on 3 groups with the use of the poly-clonal anti-bodies against the (TAS2R10 as well as the TAS2R14) receptors. The immuno-fluorescence assays had shown that the TAS2R10 and TAR2R14 had shown a positive staining of the two receptors in the human ASM cells. It has been discovered as well that those two receptors have been expressed as well in nucleus.