Anbar Journal of Engineering Sciences

Due to their low weight and superior energy absorption,
functionally graded porous structures have been used
recently. In the fields of engineering, biomedicine, and
aerospace, they have a variety of uses. Therefore, the
researchers aim to reduce costs by balancing material
strength and lightweight. To study the impact of the porosity
gradient through thickness, samples of PLA material were
designed and created using a 3D printer by international
standard specifications. An experimental three-point
bending test was performed, and then simulations were
performed using ANSYS 2022 R1 software on samples with
functionally gradient different porosity layers to verify the
experimental results.The results from the experiment and
the numerical values were aligned with an error rate of no
more than 13%. The maximum bending load and maximum
deflection of the beam were specified experimentally and
compared with the numerical solution. The maximum
bending on the minimum deflection When the porosity layer
in the middle of the beam matched the ideal maximum
bending load (190,194) N experimentally and numerically,
respectively. The minimum deflection (5.9,6.4) mm
experimentally and numerically, respectively, was obtained
in samples with varying porous layers.

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a membrane filtering system that uses
a semipermeable membrane to remove contaminants from
water before sending the purified water to be used in several
settings, such as households and factories. The goal of this
study is to investigate the process of reverse osmosis and the
status of the membrane materials used in the process as
advantages and disadvantages of Reverse osmosis. These
membrane materials are the driving elements in the process.
This review also discusses cleaning membranes, using RO
systems for several applications, and new advancements in
reverse osmosis. Traditional RO membranes for seawater
desalination. This technique is regularly utilized to desalinate
seawater for drinking, agricultural, and industrial applications.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a powerful method of purifying water
that employs a semi-permeable membrane to filter out harmful
bacteria and dissolved solids

Obesity is the excess body weight relative to the height above
the desired level due to an excessive increase in body fat to lean
mass. It causes many health problems due to its negative
effects on body systems (cardiovascular, musculoskeletal,
gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin, endocrine, genitourinary
system) and psychosocial status. This study aims to effectively
detect the eating and physical condition-based obesity stages
using machine learning algorithms. The dataset contains data
for estimating obesity stages in individuals from Mexico, Peru,
and Colombia and is available as an open source. There are
2111 records and 17 attributes in the dataset. In the records,
obesity stages were categorized as insufficient weight, normal
weight, overweight level I, overweight level II, obesity type I,
obesity type II and obesity type III. The 10-fold cross-validation
method was used to validate the model, and the performances
of the Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and
Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) classification algorithms were
compared. It has been determined that the highest
performance among the algorithms whose performances are
compared belongs to the RF Algorithm (95.78%). This paper’s
abstract has been presented at the International Conference on
Computational Mathematics and Engineering Sciences held in
Ordu (Turkey), / 20-22 May. 2022.

Cosmetic surgery has been more prevalent in the world in
recent years. A beautiful and flawless face is everyone's dream.
Aging, environmental factors, disease, or poor diet are among
the factors that influence body wrinkles. Various methods are
used to reduce these lines. It can be said that the simplest and
most effective solution is to inject cosmetic fluids into these
areas. But, due to the increase in facial injections using
cosmetic fluids, considered toxins, the risk of injury to the
surrounding facial nerves and injury to one of the main facial
nerves is increasing, creating a catastrophe or deformation in
the face irreversibly. Deep learning algorithms have been used
to determine whether cosmetic fluids are injected. Deep
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), VGG16, ResNet....etc.
Deep learning algorithms have demonstrated excellent object
detection, picture classification, and semantic segmentation
performance. All the suggested approach consists of three
stages: feature extraction, training, and testing/validation.
Deep learning technology trains and tests the system with
before and after photographs. Numerous investigations have
been carried out using various deep-learning algorithms and
databases. The main goal is to attain maximum accuracy to
ensure that injected cosmetic fluids by specialists have been
injected in safe areas, in addition to facial recognition and
determining whether or not the person received an injection.
The most used databases are IIITD plastic surgery and
HDA_Plastic Surgery

Due to the expansion of industrial operations globally in recent years,
waste output has rised. So these wastes must redused by recycle and
reuse to acheive environmentally friendly buildings and find various
alternatives materials in critical cases. The statistical indicators is
used as practical study including Multiple linear regression (MLR)
and artificial neural network (ANN) models. The study's goals were
to assess the effectiveness of granite waste (GW) as a replacement to
cement, sand, plastic, and binder in specific building applications as
well as the relationships between MLR and ANN approaches. Results
shows the efficiency of adding granite waste to some construction
stages and replacing it with cement in the mixture and examining its
strength, it gave excellent results in addition to good results for its
use as a binder in cement mortar, while the results were weak when
used as a substitute for sand and plastic in insulator because its
classified as fine sand, Therefore, it cannot be used as a substitute for
sand in the construction. The statistical models give an effictive
indicators to use GW as asalternative material (binder and cement)
based on the coefficient of correlation (R2) for the two models MLR
and ANN equal to 83.4 % and 80 % respectively

Water treatment sludge (WTS) is a byproduct generated
during wastewater treatment. In recent years, researchers
have explored the potential of using WTS as a soil stabilizer
to improve the geotechnical properties of soils. This review
will examine the current knowledge on using WTS for this
purpose. The organic matter content of WTS is usually high
and can range from 30% to 60%. The high organic matter
content makes WTS a potential source of nutrients for
plants, and it can also enhance soil structure and water
retention. Another important consideration is the
environmental impact of using WTS. The use of WTS can be
an eco-friendly alternative to chemical stabilizers, which
can have adverse effects on the environment. However,
there are concerns about the potential for heavy metal
contamination in WTS. To mitigate this risk, it is
recommended to thoroughly test WTS before using it as a
soil stabilizer. Finally, using WTS as a soil stabilizer can
potentially improve the geotechnical properties of soils.
However, it is essential to consider factors such as the type
and dosage of WTS, the soil type, and the environmental
impact before using it. Further research is needed to
explore the potential of using WTS in different soil types
and environmental conditions.

To increase output power and thermal efficiency, the
temperature entering a gas turbine is higher than the point at
which the material would melt. To protect the airfoil of a gas
turbine from hot gas and, as a result, extend the blade's life, new
internal and film cooling arrangements must be developed
immediately. The gas turbine's output increases
proportionately when the incoming air is heated. The power
output of a gas turbine is determined by the amount of mass
flowing through it. Because of this, electricity generation
decreases on warm days due to a decrease in air density. It takes
a 1% rise in air temperature to reduce power production by 1%.
This research aims to discuss current strategies for cooling
incoming air for gas turbines. Mechanical chillers, evaporative
coolers, and fogging methods have all been examined. This study
focuses primarily on the fogging inlet air cooling system. There
are many ways to cool the air going into the engine, but the highpressure intake fogging method has become more popular over
the past ten years because it costs less and makes a big
difference in power.

A fundamental score of this paper is to explain in detail how
to create a 3D-provided modeled scene by data obtained at
minimal cost to the client or users by manufacturing a smart,
automated system for heritage documentation (SAS-HD). The
steps can be classified by manufacturing, parts connection
and simulation, selection of work sites, and obtaining data.
The most important acquiesced data are digital images,
which are fundamentally used by MATLAB's Structure from
Motion (SfM) approach. The obtained images were subjected
to sequenced tips by getting 3D sparse points of each object.
This article has considered two objects in an indoor case
study: the first feature is Ishtar Gate, and the second one is
the winged ball inside the Iraqi museum in the Baghdad
capital. The results are promising; hence Structure from
Motion SfM method has been utilized to document heritage
by manipulating 3D models on MATLAB interphase, which is
approved for its efficiency and quick, super advanced
processing steps. Heritage must be documented to provide a
chance for restoration when needed to protect it from
extinction; at times it is considered a tourist interface that
reflects the culture of countries. So the proposed system
(SAS) will be used for heritage documentation. The proposed
approach allows training a wider audience of those
interested in Iraqi and even global heritage by digitizing
historic places with high-level accuracy, low cost, and flexible
strategy

This study investigates the durability properties and microstructural
changes of self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating waste
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as fibers and fine aggregate replacement.
This is after exposure to a saline environment (Alkalies, Sulphates, and
Chlorides). PET effect into two forms was also evaluated for routine
rheological properties of SCC and mechanical strength before and after
exposure to sulphate salt. Five proportions of each form of PET
incorporation in SCC mixtures were utilized. The volume fractions
considered for PET as fibers were (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25)% by
volume, with an aspect ratio of 28%, and (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10)% by volume
for fine aggregate replacements. Results indicated that the inclusion of PET
adversely affected fresh propertis especially high proportions of PET as
fine aggregate. Alkali silica reaction (ASR) outcomes illustrated an
enhancement in the PET fibers mix, while fine-PET mix was slightly
enhanced. Magnesium sulphate reduced mass and compressive strength of
all mixes in percentages ranging from (0.18-0.90) % for mass loss and
(0.47-55.13) % for compressive strength loss. Ultrasonic pulse velocity
(UPV) and dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) increased due to the sulphate
impact except for M0.5 and M10, which decreased in both tests. Chloride's
theoretical and modelled results illustrated higher diffusion coefficients
and lower surface chloride content of fiber-PET mixes than fine-PET mixes.
The predicted SCC cover depths for fiber-PET mixes were lower than those
predicted for fine-PET mixes for 20 and 50 years of service life design.

Switched reluctance motor (SRM) is an electric motor works
based on the reluctance torque produced due to the variation
of the rotor pole position concerning stator poles. This paper
adopts a thermal analysis on a 4-phase, 8/6 pole, 550W, SRM.
Lumped parameters thermal network method(LPTN) is used
in this analysis based on a combination of RMXprt/Motor-CAD
software, in two-dimensional (2D), steady-state, with different
cooling methods, and with different loading conditions. Motor
losses like core losses, copper losses, and mechanical losses are
regarded as the heat sources in SRM, which are calculated by
RMXprt software. The thermal analysis achieved by Motor-CAD
includes displaying the temperature distribution on different
motor parts like stator winding, stator
poles, stator yoke, rotor poles, rotor yoke, shaft, covers, and
housing. The analysis showed the increasing temperature
distribution on different motor parts with increasing motor
loading conditions. Also, this temperature distribution is
recorded using three different cooling methods. The
comprehensive thermal analysis applied in this work will assist
the motor designer in choosing a better motor thermal design
without needing to produce and test costly prototype motors.

The machining process is a technique that uses a cutting tool to
remove small chips of material from a work piece. Milling operation
encompasses various tasks and tools, from small individual parts to
large-size components. It is one of the most commonly used
techniques for producing custom parts with exact tolerances. The
surface roughness of machined parts significantly impacts the
finished item's quality and performance. This paper studies
predicting the values of surface roughness of low-carbon steel AISI
1015 in milling operations. Three different machining parameters,
each has three levels, are selected to investigate the resultant
surface roughness of the AISI 1015 low-carbon steel samples,
including different spindle speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut. The
results revealed that the feed rate of 100 mm/min at a spindle speed
of 930 rpm and a depth of 1.5 mm produced, which has the lowest
surface roughness (Ra) value of 1.170 µm, while the feed rate of 300
mm/min at a spindle speed of 1100 rpm produced the greatest
surface roughness value of 2.605 µm.