Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Toassess theinhibitoryeffectofoxadiazoleandthiadiazolederivatives
onserumalkalinephosphataselevelofpregnant invitro.Across-sectionalstudy
on34pregnantwomenwascarriedoutatAl-KadhumiaTeachingHospital.The
mechanismofInhibitoryeffectofOxadiazolesandThiadiazolesderivatives in
vitro on alkaline phosphatase enzyme of pregnant women due to the
dephosphorylationreactionwhichblocktheALPactivity.
KeyWords:Oxadiazoles,Thiadiazoles,serumalkalinephosphatase

The mixture of paracetamol, chlorpheniramine maleate and ascorbic acid
is widely used in medicine as anti flu remedy .Pharmaceutically ,this mixture is
prepared as a tablet by different manufacturers and it has good reputation in the
market .However, this drug mixture is still non-official in pharmacopoiea, but
the USP has described a non specific method of HPLC for the mixture of
paracetamol with antihistamine and other antitussive drugs .
Application of the USP- HPLC method was found unreliable for the
analysis of tablet containing this drug mixture of three components, since
different chromatographic conditions should be applied for each component.
Some workers also prescribed a method of analysis by specific procedure for
each component individually after previous extraction, which rather long and
tedious.
In this work; an HPLC method was developed by using the reversed
phase mode of chromatography (ODS column) and a mobile phase consists of
ammonium phosphate 0.1M and methanol 20% .the peaks of three components
of the studied mixture were well separated and the retention times of ascorbic
acid ,chlorpheniramine maleate and paracetamol were 2.10,2.76 and 6.60
Minutes respectively and the whole analysis was accomplished in 10 minutes.
The accuracy and precision of this method were approved for the quantitative
analysis of each component of the mixture.

Calcium is the major component of bones and teeth, and it is not surprising
that disturbances in calcium metabolism have been implicated in most of the major
chronic diseases, including renal disease, osteoporosis; and periodontal tissues
Saliva is a secretion which plays an important role in initial digestive processes and
in maintaining homeostasis of the oral cavity environment. Constant presence of
saliva in the oral cavity helps to keep its tissues in healthy condition. Secretion of
calcium in saliva depends on many physiological factors such as salivary flow rates
and pH of oral environment.
Fifteen Iraqi males were considered in this study with age range 49-52 years old.
They were smoking 30-40 cigarette per day with nicotine contain of about 0.81-1.2
mg per cigarette
Significant increasing in calcium concentration was observed in the smokers
in comparison with the non-smokers with a mean changes 0.538 ± 0.410 SD. The
pH values of saliva were decreased to 6.22 while for the non smokers was 7.12.
Our result predicted elevated levels of calcium concentration of the smoker's
saliva than the non smokers. This increasing in concentration we attributed to
decrease of pH of saliva which retrieving calcium from teeth or aging process that
attributed decrease in skeleton density than release of calcium from bone and teeth
to circulation or hormonal changes.

An improved selection medium and technique for Isolation of Azospirillum
irakense was developed . This technique is based on the utilization of free-nitrogen
semi-solid medium supplement with disaccharide, lactulose, as a sole source of
carbon and energy instead of malate with a pH value of 7.4 .This selected medium
was found to encourage the growth of A. irakense alone and to prevent the other
species of Azospirillum.
The improved medium was superior than the other available media .The
technique was simply applied to detect A.irakense, showed a high increase in
numbers of A.irakense isolates obtaining from the soil rhizosphere and roots, and
decreased the time cost.

The effect of different doses of smoking on the some trace elements (Se,
Zn, Pb, Cu) and cortisol hormone concentration have been studied.
Four groups of smokers were used in this study to investigate the effect of
smoking in trace element and cortisol hormone concentration in smokers and
compare the finding with nonsmokers group (control group).
Mean values of cortisol hormone concentration in group I (consumed 10
20 cigar per day with 0.4mg nicotine/cigar) were found to be significantly
higher (p 0.01) in comparison with the value of control group and high
significantly higher (p 0.001) in group II who consumed 10-20 cigar per day
with 0.8 mg nicotine/cigar, and high significantly higher (p 0.001) in group
III, IV (consumed 40 or more cigar per day with 0.4 and 0.8 mg nicotine/cigar,
respectively).
Serum selenium concentrations in smokers were below control group
among all smoker groups, and the concentrations of selenium were depression
increasing with increasing doses of smoking and nicotine in cigar.
Significantly increase in concentration of Cu (p 0.001) in group III, IV
in comparison with control group while non significant increase (p 0.05) in
group I, II.
No effect of smoking in the concentration of Zn in serum of all smoker
groups.
Pb serum concentration in smoker were found to be higher than control
group, and the increasing in pb concentration proportion with increasing doses
of smoking and nicotine in cigar.
Key Words: Smoking Effect, Cortisol Hormone, Trace Element

The aqueous and methanol extracts obtain from flowers Hibiscus
sabdariffa have been investigated for their antibacterial activity. Antibacterial
activity was determined by using agar well diffusion method at concentrations
of (500, 250, 125, 62.5) mg/ml, against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus spp., Acinetobacter
spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus vulgaris.
Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects of methanol and
aqueous extracts against bacteria used in this study at different levels. Only E.
coli was not susceptible to aqueous extract at all concentrations were used.

The success of Removable Partial Dentures (RPD) depends greatly
on it\'s design, (which means acrylic, Cobalt- Chromium [co-ch], and
fixed).
But unfortunately many dentists delegate their responsibility of
RPDS design to the dental technician for one reason or another, this study
was done to confirm the effect of kennedy classification and clinical
examination on the RPD design, and to identify the changes between
design of group (A) dental technician and group (B) the dentists, and to
be solved in future.
The result show 36% of the cases were modified and changed
according to the cases related variables this high and significant number
of modification reinforces the position that RPD design should be decided
and guided by the dentists. The study conducted the effects of kennedy
classification and clinical examination on the RPD design by comparing
between designs group of Dental technician without clinical examination
and designs marked by the dentists after providing the clinical
examination, the change of design was clearly proved that the clinical
examination played a very important role in changing the RPD designs.
Key words: RPD design, Kennedy classification and clinical
examination.

The aim of the present study was to determine the microbiological profile
and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of organisms isolated from diabetic foot
ulcers.
Pus and debrided tissue samples from 46 patients with diabetic foot ulcers
collected and processed.
Bacterial isolates were identified by using different microscopical
examination, cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. Sensitivity tests were
performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of 46 patients , male
(73.9%) were found to be affected and develop foot infection more than female (26.1%) while type two diabetes mellitus (65.2%) more susceptibility for infection
than type one (34.8%).
Gram- negative bacteria were most frequently isolated (42%), followed by
gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes (30.4% and 27.6% respectively).
Predominant aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (17.1%)
and Peptostreptococcus spp (8.6%), respectively. All the microorganisms isolated
showed high resistance to used antibiotics; susceptibility of both aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria to ceftizoxime was (100%), so we suggest this drug for
treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.

In gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) is
believed to play a pivotal role in cellular damage and necrosis via several
complex mechanisms. Ammi majus L. (Apiaceae) is a rich source of many
compounds which possess, among others, anti-oxidant activities.
The aim of this study is to assess the possible protective effect of the
alcoholic extract of Ammi majus seeds against gentamicin-induced
nephrotoxicity.
Eighteen rats were divided randomly into three groups: Group 1 (control)
received a daily intraperitoneal (ip.) injection of 0.5 ml isotonic saline for six
successive days. Group 2 received gentamicin dose of 100 mg kg−1day-1 (ip.),
for six successive days. Group 3 received simultaneously the gentamicin dose
(ip.) and aqueous solution of Ammi majusseeds\' alcoholic extract (orally), at a
dose of 128 mg kg-1 day-1 for six successive days.
Serum urea, creatinin, tissue MDA and GSH concentrations were
measured to assess the possible protective effects of Ammi majus.
Serum creatinine and urea levels in Ammi majus treated group were lower
than the group treated with gentamicin alone (P < 0.05). Simultaneous treatment
with Ammi majus normalized the kidney tissue MDA content (P < 0.001) when
compared to gentamicin-treated group. However, simultaneous treatment with
Ammi majus provided a significant increase in kidney GSH levels (P < 0.05).
In conclusion Ammi majus seeds\' alcoholic extract has a protective effect
against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity when given simultaneously. This
protective effect may be mediated by the antioxidant activity of its active
constituents.
Further study is needed to assess the effect of treatment with Ammi majus
extract before the gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Key words: Ammi majus, Gentamicin, Nephrotoxicity, GSH, MDA.

A total of 106 blood samples and 350 fecal samples were collected from
children for the period from beginning of June till the end of November 2010 for
this study. The higher infection of Giardia. lamblia was 49.35 %in patients visit
Abughraib hospital while the lowest was 26.11 % patients visit central health
laboratories.
There is no significant difference noticed between two sexes (male, female)
the infected rate in male was 31.42%, while in female 32.14 %. This study showed
the relation between infection rate and the age, the age of 6-10 years old showed
highest infection rate were 66.66% while the lowest rate of infection 4.08 % at age
of 1-3months.
The study showed a clear effect of Giardiasis on rate of packed cell volume it
was in infected children 39.14 % while in non infected 31.91%
There is also effect of Giardiasis on rate of children hemoglobin it was in
infected 11.87gm /100 microlitter while in non infected was 10.05gm/100
microlitter.
This study showed effect of Giardiasis on Total white blood cells it were in
infected children 700 Cells/microlitters while in non infected were 785
cells/microlitter.

Streptococcus mutans is a normal flora bacteria found in human oral cavity,
which cause dental caries and bad breathe oder. This project considered as an explorer
study for the inhibitory effect of Cyperus rotundus L. crude extract on S. mutans and
Candida albicans by agar well diffusion method.
Extract of plant with three concentrations (8,16and 32 fold dilution of the MIC)
were prepared and investigated for antibacterial activity. The minimal inhibitory
concentration (MIC) against S. mutans of crude extract was 5 mg/ml. Crude extract
also tested for antimicrobial susceptibility compared with standard antibiotic
kanamycin. The three concentrations of the extract showed high effect on the growth
of Streptococcus mutans. The means of inhibition zone diameters were 20.1, 23.4, and
25.2 mm for Streptococcus mutans. The largest inhibition zone 25.2 mm in diameter was observed in crude concentration 32 X MIC comparing to 17.3 mm in kanamycin.
There was moderate effect of the three concentration of extract on the growth of
Candida albicans, the means of inhibition zone diameters were 15.3, 20.1, and
21.0mm. The largest inhibition zone 21.0 mm in diameter was observed in crude 32 x
MIC comparing to 16.7 mm in amphotreicin B.
Although those results support the traditional use of Cyperus rotundus L.
for the treatment of dental caries, further study is required for this medicinal plant.

The presented study focuses on the main role of leptin and lipid profile
level in Iraqi patients with unstable angina to indicate the main risk factors that
play a role with their elevation.
This is a case control study conducted on (37) unstable angina patients
and (20) healthy control who were closely similar by age, gender and BMI.
The main statistical analysis used was student t test, linear regression test
and correlation test. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Sampling method used for
this study was convenience sampling method.
The main results of this study showed that leptin and lipid profile
specifically LDL, TG, TC and VLDL are the main biomarker for the future
incidence of unstable angina in Iraqi patients. Doctors should focus on both
leptin level and lipid profile level as biomarkers for future incidence of unstable angina patients
Key- Words: Leptin, Lipid profile, Unstable Angina, Biomarker.

Out of 200 clinical samples (blood ,pus,stool,urine,wound and vaginal
swabs) were collected from Baghdad hospitals during June2009-January 2010,
96 Gram negative and positive bacterial isolates were identified by
bacteriological and biochemical tests. Escherichia coli was the dominant
bacteria (27.08%), followed by Salmonella typhi (12.5%), Klebsiella
pneumoniae (10.4%), Proteus vulgaris (9.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus
(8.3%).
Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done against ciprofloxacin disk
(5µg) by disk diffusion method and the resistant isolates were 22 (23%);
distributed into Escherichia coli (10 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4
isolates), Salmonella typhi (3 isolates), Enterobacter and Shigella flexnerii (2
isolates) and Staphylococcus aureus one isolate. Seven ciprofloxacin resistant
isolates were positive for β-lactamase production test (7.3%). Results of minimal
inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin for positive β-lactamase producing
isolates, E. coli 1, Enterobacter 1, Enterobacter 2, K. pneumoniae, S. flexneri,
E.coli 2, and S.aureus were (64,32,32,16,16,16,8 µg/ml) respectly .
Keywords: Ciprofloxacin resistance bacteria, MIC, β-lactamase .

The objective of this study is to relate the prenatal changes with the
spatiotemporal pattern of expression and/or activity of the studied markers. The
chemical and molecular determinants of the development will be analyzed in a
trial to understand some of the factors controlling these prenatal developmental
events. Expression of many genes in various areas of the brain is age and
development related and may undergo an irreversible change. Therefore, it is
very important to study the normal expression of various proteins in order to
delineate their physiological functions.
Eighteen embryos were used, six embryos for each embryonic age (E16,
E18 and E20), three for studying MMP-2 immunohistochemical marker and
other three for studying TIMP-2 immunohistochemical marker. During prenatal
cortical development, the reaction of MMP-2 marker was located within the
extracellular matrix of the all developing zones. While no activity or reaction of
TIMP-2 could be depicted through out the extracellular matrix at any embryonic
age.
The ontogeny of the visual cortex involves many morphogenetic changes
and this study will help in determining and confirming the various
developmental criteria of the rat primary visual cortex.

Highly qualified herbal mixture prepared from; Artemisia herba Alba
[aerial parts], Lupinus albus [fruits], Trigonella foenum-graecum [fruits], and
Nigella sativa [fruits], in a proportion of [0.25 part: 0.25 part: 0.25 part: 1 part],
mechanically milled to a uniform mesh size and homogenously fill size "0" hard
gelatin capsules weight ≈ 700 ±10 mg .
Forty-one [NIDDM] patients use this mixture for one month in a dose of
one capsule three times daily after food assigned Group B. Another Forty-one
[NIDDM] patients assigned Group A, are using Metformin tablets 500 mg three
times per day after food for one month. Pre- and post- treatment of fasting blood
glucose levels of both Groups recorded on three days interval per week for one
month, the monthly average counted and the results analyzed statistically to
show significant lowering of blood glucose for both groups after treatment, with
significant improvement of blood sugar by Herbal medicine compared to
Metformin.

Recent medical researches suggest that there may be a link between iron
levels and diabetes . The objective of this study is to measure serum iron levels in
diabetic patients and compared with healthy controls .The study also include the
measurement of both serum calcium ,and serum lead levels in diabetic patients
and the correlation between these two elements and the disease ,and the correlation
betThis study included 30 patients had diabetes were submitted to the out
patients clinic of Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Those patients were varying in their
ages (30-70 years) and duration of disease (1-22 years) compared with 20
apparently healthy controls (non diabetic), with the same range of age.
Calcium, lead, and iron estimation were done by atomic absorption method.
In this study there is no significant changes were found in both serum lead
levels of the patients compared with the controls and serum iron levels of the
patients compared with the controls , While there is a significant changes in serum
calcium levels of the patients compared with the controls p ˂ 0.0001. Also there is
inverse correlation between serum calcium and serum iron (r=-0.398) , a weak
inverse correlation between serum lead and serum iron (r=-0.069),and a direct
weak correlation between serum calcium and serum lead(r=0.027) were found in
the patients.
The role of iron in diabetes development still unclear, and the patients
should carefully use iron supplements particularly patients with long duration of
the disease.
Keywords: Diabetes, Iron, Calcium, Lead. ween these elements and iron level in diabetic patients.
This study included 30 patients had diabetes were submitted to the out
patients clinic of Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Those patients were varying in their
ages (30-70 years) and duration of disease (1-22 years) compared with 20
apparently healthy controls (non diabetic), with the same range of age.
Calcium, lead, and iron estimation were done by atomic absorption method.
In this study there is no significant changes were found in both serum lead
levels of the patients compared with the controls and serum iron levels of the
patients compared with the controls , While there is a significant changes in serum
calcium levels of the patients compared with the controls p ˂ 0.0001. Also there is
inverse correlation between serum calcium and serum iron (r=-0.398) , a weak
inverse correlation between serum lead and serum iron (r=-0.069),and a direct
weak correlation between serum calcium and serum lead(r=0.027) were found in
the patients.
The role of iron in diabetes development still unclear, and the patients
should carefully use iron supplements particularly patients with long duration of
the disease.
Keywords: Diabetes, Iron, Calcium, Lead.

An analysis of 64 samples of (blood, vagina, anaus) from pregnant
mothers and their neonates, only 58 samples showed these types of bacteria
Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli,
distributed as: 16 blood isolates from mothers and 25 from neonates, while 13
vaginal isolates from mothers and 4 anal isolates from neonates.
Bacterial components (phospholipids-PL) purified by High Performance
Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and identified as Cardiolipin (CL) with
retention time (10.76 min.), Phosphatidylserine (PS) (8.1min.), and
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) (5.9 min.) compared with standard PL. GBS
isolates produced more extracellular phospholipids than other types in this study.

The three types of bacteria differed in their levels of virulence when
injected intratracheally in to a neonatal rabbit model to determine whether they
induced pulmonary hypertension in it. After 8 days the rates of surviving
neonatal rabbits were 2/15 (13.33%) to GBS, 5/15 to E.coli (33.33%), and 7/15
(46.66%) to S.aureus. The recognition that bacterial phospholipids may cause
respiratory distress in newborns with these kinds of bacteria opens new avenues
for therapeutic intervention.
Key words: Respiratory Distress, Streptococcus agalactiae, E.coli, Neonates
Staphylococcus aureus.

The objective of this study is to determine levels of some pro-inflammatory
cytokines (IL-12 and SIL-2R) in pregnant women with polycystic ovary
syndrome (PCOS) and also to determine incidence of spontaneous abortion
during first trimester in pregnant women with PCOS compared with non-PCOS
pregnant women. This Study was performed on (93) women, consisted of:
1- (63) pregnant women during the first trimester, which included:A-
(33)PCOS pregnant women and subdivided into the following groups: (20)
successful pregnant PCOS, (7) blighted Ovum PCOS and (6) missed
abortion PCOS. B- (30) non-PCOS pregnant women, which included: (27)
successful pregnant control and (3) non-PCOS pregnant women were
withdrawn from this study because of their abortion in first trimester.
2- (30) non-pregnant subjects, which subdivided into the following groups:
(18) non-pregnant PCOS and (12) non-pregnant control.
Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone hormone levels and serum
pro-inflammatory cytokines [IL-12 and sIL-2R] levels were measured in all
subjects. It is found that the incidence of spontaneous abortion {missed(18.2%)
and blighted ovum(21.2%)} in first trimester of pregnancy for 33 women which
was (39.4%) and it is 3.9 fold higher than incidence of spontaneous abortion
{missed(3.3%) and blighted ovum (6.7%)} for 30 non-PCOS pregnant women
which was (10%). The LH levels were increasing significantly (P<0.05) in
non-pregnant PCOS group when compare with non-pregnant control group. The
testosterone levels were increasing significantly (P<0.05) in all four PCOS
groups when compared with two control groups (pregnant and non-pregnant).
The IL-12 levels were elevated in all four PCOS groups when compared with
two control groups. The sIL-2R levels were increasing significantly (P<0.05) in
spontaneous abortion PCOS group and in non-pregnant PCOS group when
compared with pregnant control group. In conclusion rise of some pro
inflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and sIL-2R) levels in pregnant women with
PCOS during the first trimester may be attributed to an endocrine abnormalities
and related directly to high levels of testosterone. The rising pro-inflammatory
cytokines (IL-12 and sIL-2R) levels of non-pregnant PCOS may be attributed to
interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune systems.
Key words: pro-inflammatory cytokines, polycystic ovary syndrome.

A total of 300 strains of Staphylococci isolated from various pathological
sites of infection from different hospitals; these specimens derived from cases of
human infections were tested for staphylocoagulase activity.
Test systems employing normal citrated rabbit plasma and the same substrate
supplemented with inhibitors of thrombin and proteolytic enzymes (but not
influencing the staphylocoagulase activity) were used for testing suspensions of
bacteria and cell-free culture supernatants. A total of 200 strains clotted normal
rabbit plasma; however addition of Trasylol and heparine resulted in positive
results in 100 strains, whereas plasma supplemented with Trasylol and hirudin was
coagulated definitely by only 70 strains.It is postulated that proteolytic enzymes of
staphylococci interfere with staphylocoagulase-induced clotting and may simulate
coagulase-positve activity of staphylococci.To avoid such false results, attest
system for detection of sse shtaphylocoagulaould include proteolytic enzyme
inhibitors
The purpose of this investigation was to verify this hypothesis by testing a
collection of staphylococci strains from different sources of infections against
rabbit plasma in atypical coagulase test versus the same supplemented with
specific inhibitors of proteases and thrombin depending on the sever sites of
infections.
Keyword: Staphylococcus true coagulase, production correlated to sites of infections.

The prodrug polymer was prepared according to ring opening of polyvinyl
pyrrollidinone with nuecleophilic attack of hydroxyl group of paracetamol.
The new colorless drug polymer was formed with 92% conversion
percentage with intrinsic viscosity was equal to (0.61dl/g). The drug polymer was
characterized and identified by1H-NMR, IR and UV. Spectroscopy. Controlled
released rates were studied in acidic and basic medium at 30 0C and 40 0C.
Rate of hydrolysis of paracetamolate ester acts as base > acid, and the rate of
release, depends on temperature and pH values. The results show higher hydrolysis
at higher temperature as well as higher pH value.
Keywords: Polyvinylpyrrolidinone; Paracetamol; Drug Polymer