JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES

Our cultural heritage throughout the Arab world has been subjected to looting, appropriation, Westernization and blocking since early centuries, as the actual interest in the Arab world and its cultural heritage began after the failure of the Crusades, and when Western nations realized the difficulty of penetrating Islam by the power of the sword, so the search for alternatives to the military crusades to undermine the power of Islam, and confronting it with an intellectual campaign targeting its intellectual heritage, and this project was adopted by religious institutions and most well-known European universities, and allocated money and men for its implementation, because the destruction of our cultural heritage is one of the priorities of their colonial ideologies, and for this purpose, it directed its tools from travelers, priests, diplomats, Orientalists, book and antiquities dealers, according to One of the most far-reaching goals was the desire to preserve this human heritage on the pretext of its existence among nations that do not understand its true value and are not financially and culturally qualified to preserve it, and the most correct opinion is the hatred that the West harbors for Arab-Islamic culture in all its intellectual aspects and its cultural witnesses, such as Antiquities, manuscripts and art pieces, which were transported to Europe in a variety of ways and methods at different times, some of which were destroyed, blocked, or limited their use and access to them only with the strictest limits and special permission( ) and became the nucleus of its libraries and museums, which proud of her today.

The Ayyubid state in Egypt ( 569-648 Ah /1173-1250 ad ) is one of the parts of the sprawling Ayyubid Sultanate(1) which included Egypt-Damascus – Aleppo – Homs – Hama – Busra – Baalbek – Karak – Baniyas – sabiba – miafarqin – Kiva fortress – UMD – Sinjar – Yemen, when we mention the Ayyubid Sultanate, the first thing that comes to mind is that the important and dangerous role it played in the history of the Islamic Near East from during its struggle with the crusader enemy, who crouched on the breath of the Levant at the end of the fifth Hijri/ eleventh century AD, and whose anti – Muslim activity continued in this region until the last remnants of the Crusaders were expelled from the Levant in 690 ah/1291 ad.
This sultanate had its own fees, as the subject of fees is an important historical aspect as one of the civilized manifestations that reflect the official lifestyles in this Sultanate.

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the ring of the prophets, our Lord Muhammad, and upon Allah, his companions, and those who followed them with charity until the day of judgment ... After that :
In this research, I tried to highlight the role of Allama Ibn Khaldun as one of the pioneers of Islamic economic thought, the richest human thought with his theses and economic and social theories that had a head start and leadership in the history of Islamic and situational economics, so I divided the research into four topics:
I devoted the first article to introducing Ibn Khaldun from his birth to his death, and in it I reviewed the political life that prevailed during his era, which had the greatest impact on the formulation of his economic and social ideas.
In the second section, she touched on the intellectual origins from which Ibn Khaldun derived his ideas and economic and social theories, as well as tried to identify the methodology adopted by him in writing his introduction.
The third section was devoted to the study and analysis of Ibn Khaldun's economic ideas in the Pension (Work) and its faces, and indicated the types of economic sources of profit that Ibn Khaldun weighted.
The fourth discussion highlighted Ibn Khaldun's views on work and value in comparison with the views of classical thinkers who came after him, as well as touched upon his ideas in the division of Labor and specialization in it, and showed the close link between them and the views of Muslim scholars who preceded him in the framework of the Islamic economic approach.
In this study, I relied on a number of sources and references related to the topic, and concluded the research with a conclusion about it with reference to the results I reached in this study.

Carrying out any military effort against any of the enemies in battles requires reconnaissance work to collect intelligence information because this intelligence work forms the army's eye towards its enemy to know the number, equipment, locations, strength, weakness and orientation, and on this basis the reliance on the Reconnaissance side was very large.
This can be seen in Saladin's battles against the Crusaders, as he relied entirely on reconnaissance teams (balizik) to find out the movements of the Crusaders and their strength. Leszek played a major role in the resolution of many important and decisive battles in the history of the Crusades. So that the Crusaders began to calculate a thousand accounts for this class of the Islamic army, which became a squad whose duty is to drain the enemy, especially since the movements of the yaziks are mostly sudden and have the ability to penetrate the Crusader forces.

The history of modern Iraq is of great importance through the political developments and events that took place in it, especially during the British Mandate period 1920 – 1932. Being an epoch constitutes a special significance in his history.
The British presence in Iraq is old, it has gained great importance in British politics since the seventeenth century, through British commercial companies that spread to large areas of countries under Ottoman control, especially in Iraq. She played a prominent role in expanding and consolidating British commercial and political influence in it. British goods exported to Iraq were widely accepted by Iraqi traders throughout the country.
Despite the competition between European countries for the Iraqi market, the first trading station of the British East India Company was established in Basra in 1634 as a result of this activity, and it was mainly in accordance with British economic interests in Iraq later.

The main objective of the preparation of this research is to briefly present a clear and real picture of the status of Iraq's oil in the political, economic and strategic field and to explain by honest scientific analysis the importance of the natural oil wealth in our country and its growing status in the international political fields and events and what represents this precious and dangerous liquid, which emanates in abundance from the territory of our Arab homeland in general and Iraq in particular of an important role, to multiply today, more than ever, the reasons for our sovereignty and our material, moral and strategic strength.
The issue of oil is one of the most important topics that have occupied the political and economic circles in Iraq since its discovery and until now as one of the most important main sources of income and the dependence of all successive Iraqi governments on it in the implementation of their development projects, hence this importance.
The Ottoman Empire witnessed great developments during the second half of the nineteenth century, which led to a large influx of European capital to obtain concessions to exploit the natural resources that abound in many parts of that state, especially the states of Iraq, whose oil was the subject of interest to European countries (1).

The American policy towards the Middle East region has taken on a public character in its full support (for Israel) in all aspects, especially military and political, and its policy since the 1967 war has been based on keeping the situation in the region concerned unchanged in the state of no war and no peace between the Arabs ( and Israelis). At the end of 1972, there were signs that a war was on the way, but the majority of official American officials made mistakes in their study and assessment of these signs..
Despite all the reports that American ( and Israeli) intelligence agencies gave to their government about the Egyptian and Syrian military build-up in the days before the war, they could not believe the possibility of a war and thought that it was just a camouflage operation.
The (Israeli) officials, arrogant of their military superiority, could not believe that the Arabs wanted to resume the fighting, and (Henry Kissinger) did not understand (1) Henry Kissinger. Two weeks before the outbreak of the war, he became the US Secretary of state that the result of the stalemate policy he adopted would have led to renewed violence.

The events witnessed in the Arab arena, including the Jordanian Arena, in the period leading up to the triple aggression on Egypt in 1956 are very important and have their repercussions on the internal environment of the Jordanian queen (political and military), which relate exclusively to the field of research.
These changes gave rise to political movements and a process of parliamentary elections, through which governments were formed that exercised their role in the state-building process.However, it is natural for every construction process that there must be obstacles accompanying every young procedure. Despite everything that happened or everything that the citizen was subjected to first and the political entities second and the failures that accompanied the governments that exercised their role independently or with influences(external or internal). It constitutes and has formed the first building block in the course of the political process that the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is witnessing today.
The importance of the research came because it clarified the nature of the events of Zarqa city and the role of political and military figures who played a role in making the history of the kingdom of Jordan.therefore, the research aimed to clarify the Jordanian national image facing Western ambitions in the Arab region in general and Jordan in particular, and the role of Western economic projects in dominating the Arab countries. the research also tries to clarify the role of the Jordanian Arab Army in politics.

There is no doubt that the almost complete dominance imposed by Jewish organizations and institutions on the American scene seems clear, especially what they were able to achieve to support (Israel) and make it a strategic ally of America .
The research revolves around the influence of the Jewish lobby in the United States of America and its influence on the American approach to Washington\'s Middle East policy, primarily the Arab-Zionist conflict and the Palestinian issue .
It focuses on the role of the Zionist lobby, its influence and control over large sectors and institutions in the United States of America, the most important of which is the US Congress . It emphasizes an attempt to understand the dynamic under which Israeli-American and Jewish-American relations move within the United States of America itself and how American Jews resort to trying to reconcile their American and Israeli interests by exerting their influence on Congress and various presidents who have succeeded to the White House .

Man is God's shadow over history, and history is man's shadow over geography . That is the philosophy of the relationship between human history and place .
Over time, the balance of power between nations has been produced mainly as a result of geopolitical factors as well as the will, vitality and ability of competing peoples to organize .
Here, one of the most important lessons of the modern and ancient history of the Middle East region, at the heart of which is the Arab region, is the organic relationship between the Arab national security situation and the strategic situation of the eastern gate of the Arab nation .
Any comprehensive national theory of security, for any state or any nation, cannot exist as a basis without identifying several elements that are the sum of the intellectual construction of its military and strategic doctrines and its experiences in the long wars and crises to which it has been subjected throughout its history .
The first of these elements is the ability to identify the sources of strategic danger to national security historically by identifying and defining the meaning of (historical adversary ) or ( natural enemy), and although both terms ( historical adversary ) and ( natural enemy ) have more than one definition in scientific sources and references, but they do not differ much in terms of content .
A historical deduction in terms of semantics indicates the meaning of a difference in the interpretation of a historical event or situation in an ideological sense, that is, the existence of two nations that differ ideologically in the reading of their common history .
The term natural enemy, on the other hand, largely corresponds to the concept of the historical mutual view of two nations based on the idea of the inevitable long-term contradiction of interests .

The phenomenon of opposites is one of the problems in the vocabulary of our Arabic language.Arabic scientists have been exposed to this phenomenon and dealt with it by studying and analyzing to search for its causes. Arabic scientists have been divided in this matter into two parts between a supporter and an opponent. the supporter argues that opposites are a fact that exists in Arabic and must be dealt with and there is no harm from the existence of a single that gives two opposite meanings.
Opposites are not considered opposites of the language because it is unnatural and one word may not give two opposite meanings. Among the supporters and opponents of this phenomenon in the language, we find that many books have dealt with the topic of opposites and studied it in detail in an attempt to define it.
There is no doubt that this topic is of importance in Arabic, which makes scientists interested in the language to study and familiarize themselves with it, so that this generation gets acquainted with the greatness, breadth and richness of this language with different vocabulary.
My research has dealt with the concept of opposites and the reasons for their appearance, and who supported it from scientists and who is a denier of it with a simple review of the most important books of opposites that we have in our hands without going into the details of all the books or opposites in their full sense in order to branch this topic.

The Spanish language is one of the newly formed languages and there was no linguistic unity among the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula until the first century AD, as the peninsula was subjected to various influences in the languages of the conquerors of the Germanic peoples such as vandals, Slavs, alins, goths and Latin, the most influential in it.there is no doubt that the impact of the Arabic language in the Spanish language is one of our most important effects in Spain, and it is evidence of the fertility of the land found by the Arab-Islamic civilization, the Arabic language was the best evidence and the best tool to express that ancient civilization. The Arabs lived in Spain for about eight centuries only a little, but it is well established in the history and language books that some regions of Spain continued to adhere to the Arabic influence until the fourteenth century, and this is due to half a million Arabs who chose to stay in Spain after its Kings recovered it for the intensity of attachment to its land generation after generation, as for the Arabic influence in the Spanish vocabulary comes primarily after the Latin influence, as the Spanish language contains more than four thousand Arabic vocabulary, and this exceeds the Roman influence, which left only a hundred words, says (Rafael lapesa) in his book The History of the Spanish language, "the Arab factor in the formation of the Spanish language is of great importance، It comes immediately after the Latin factor."As we have explained in this research, we find many words that begin with (a ) definition, and this guides us to their Arabic origin, but there has been a distortion of Arabic words in the Spanish language, and there is evidence for this from the linguistic material, starting with the differences between the Arabic and Spanish letters, the bell of the first and second, the taste of the Arabic ear and the taste of the Spanish ear, so the Spaniards had to pour Arabic vocabulary, media names and locations into an auditory template that suits their taste on the one hand and the capabilities of their language and spelling letters on the other. For example, for the lack of rhyme and eye in the Spanish Alphabet, it was named( Acequia - Sakia, judge Al caide), as well as the open alphanumerics were replaced by the oblique alphanumerics, and the phenomenon of tilt was very common in Spanish words of Arabic origin .... This research is a proof of the homogeneity and similarity between Arabic and Spanish in language, literature and social conditions.