Anbar Journal of Engineering Sciences

Designing an integrated communications system with efficient features is important to
researchers and designers. This paper deals with a review of the most important technologies
and applications that combine solar cells and communication systems such as Li-Fi technology
and its principle of operation, which is a wireless system in which the optical signal is used as a
carrier signal as an alternative to the traditional radio frequencies used in Wi-Fi networks, where
Li-Fi relies on LED to transmit data, and at high speeds that exceed Wi-Fi technology. Solar Power
Satellite (SPS) technology where the satellite is placed in a geostationary orbit in the equatorial
plane. As well as the application of photovoltaic solar cells in the SOLPLANT planar antenna, and
the replacement of the radiating element of the antenna with a solar cell. The solar cell can
transmit and receive electromagnetic signals as well as generate direct current and can be used
as antennas either as a single solar cell or group cells and has wide applications in wireless,
mobile, Bluetooth and satellite systems. The solar cell has also been applied in Micro strip
antenna called Solan , where the solar cell antenna can be considered as a platform for many
communication applications and can also be adopted as a radio frequency transmitter and
receiver. As well as the design of many antennas integrated with solar cells and compatible with
the 5G communication system , in addition to the presence of many applications that combined
smart phones and solar cells. This study showed that these technologies and applications
provided clean, safe, high-efficiency, high-speed, data-transferring communication systems with
low cost

This study aims to examine the relationship between the corrosion rate of longitudinal tensile
steel bars and the maximum flexural strength of reinforced concrete RC beams. The study's
methodology is designed to show the structural behavior of corroded and non-corroded RC
beams, such as ultimate load, deflection, stiffness, crack patterns, and failure mode. Three
rectangular beams were cast with dimensions (150× 200 ×1200) mm, and all specimens have
the same amount of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement and the same concrete
strength. The major parameter is the theoretical mass loss level due to corrosion (0, 10, 15)
%. Electrochemical technique was used to accelerate the corrosion in the longitudinal tensile
bars. All RC beams were tested under four-point monotonic loading. The test results confirm
that the cracking load in corroded beams decreased by 25% comparative to the non- corroded
beam. The increase of the percent of corrosion experimental mass loss by 8.25 and 14.15 %
decreased the ultimate load by about 14 % and 27%, respectively. This reduction coincided
with the decrease in deflection values in mid-span for the ultimate load, which decreased by
53.9% and 46.3%. However, the flexural stiffness was reduced by 13.4 and 15.6% for
corroded beams with mass loss (8.25 and 14.15), respectively, compared to the control beam
(non-corroded RC beam).

Recently, the sustainability issue has become crucial to operation, which motivates
researchers to search for naturally generated, sustainable materials, especially in automotive
applications outside of reduced prices and enhanced performance. Glass-linen/Polyvinyl
Butyral hybrid composites' mechanical characteristics were examined in relation to the effect
of linen fiber loading. The composite and hybrid composite samples of linen/glass fiber
reinforced PVB film were created using a hot press with various layering patterns. The results
were high impact values with increased both tensile and flexural strength values. Compared
to other hybrid composites, the mechanical behaviors of the H1 (Glass / Linen) hybrid have a
greater tensile strength measuring 401.30 MPa, while, H2 (Glass / Linen/ Glass) hybrids are
found to have the highest flexural strength, measuring 160.80 MPa. An optical and scanning
electron microscope morphological analysis on linen hybrid composites revealed good
results. This indicated decreased rates of delamination between the fibers and matrix layers.
The loading of the fibers was shown to have varying effects on the composite's mechanical
behaviors. The linen/glass composites also demonstrated strong interfacial adhesion, which
enabled the PVB-phenolic resin to penetrate the fiber bundles and produce a matrix with the
good interlocking of the fibers.

In this article, an experimental study of the single-pass hybrid (PV/T) collector is conducted in
the climatic conditions of Fallujah city, where the experimental results are compared with a
previous research to validate the results. The effect of changing the angle of inclination of the
hybrid collector (PV/T) and its effect on the electrical power in the range (20°-50°) is studied.
The optimum angle of the collector is found to be 30°, which gives a maximum electrical power
of 58.8 W at average solar radiation of 734.35 W/m2. In another experimental study with
different air flow rates ranged from 0.04 kg/s to 0163 kg/s, where it is found that the maximum
electrical power of 57.66 W at an air flow rate of 0.135 kg/s, while the maximum thermal
efficiency reaches 33.53% at an air flow of 0.163 kg/s at average solar radiation of 786 W/m2.

The most common type of abrasive water jet is known as a valuable and advanced nontraditional machining operation due to its no heat-affected zone, best in removing material,
very environmentally friendly, and no mechanical stresses. This paper gives an idea about
Abrasive water jets in terms of applications, advantages, and limitations. Also illustrates the
influence of the parameters on the material removal rate. The effect of feed rate, pressure, and
stand-off distance were worked, at three levels for material removal rate (MRR) to machining
Aluminium alloy type-5083 by using a tool consisting of a mixture of 70% water and 30%
abrasives of red garnet. The distance of the standoff has the most significant impact on the
rate of material removal, which is subsequently followed by the feed rate and finally the
pressure. The findings demonstrated that the Taguchi model is capable of making accurate
predictions regarding the machining reactions, with a rate of material removal of 93.3%.

The term "fire safety engineering" refers to the process of applying scientific and engineering
principles to the effects of fire in order to lessen the number of deaths and property damage
caused by fire. This is done by determining the risks that are involved and providing the most
effective method for implementing measures of prevention or protection. The paper showing
experimental results of ordinary concrete columns made of "NSC" subjected to axial load and
cyclic firing is presented in this study. the bearing capacity of the column decreased. all samples
have been loading an eccentric load with "e = 75 mm" ,"e / h = 0.50," and the ratio Celsius
(30%Pu) continuously through the burning period. The first column(C1) was the sample control
with out exposure cyclic fire , and the second column was subjected to four burning cycles over
the course of four days, with a duration specific of "45 minutes" for each cycle, at a temperature
of "400 °C", and the third column was subjected to four burning cycles over the course of four
days, with a duration longer amount of "75 minutes" for each cycle, at a temperature of "400 °C,
", the four column was subjected to four burning cycles over the course of an of four days, with
a duration specific of "45 minutes" for each cycle, at a temperature of "600 °C " , the bearing
capacity of the column decreased. that to be amount losses (C2,C3 and C4) comparison to (C1)
equile ( 27.20 , 29.12, and 36.40)% respectively. the fracture load of the experimental columns
varied by decreasing with these variables. Additionally, the depth and spread of the cracks
increased with the increase in burning duration and target temperature.

Hilla cities center of province Babil is one of the most important cities in Iraq 100 km (62 mi)
south of Baghdad .its relate the Governorate Baghdad with Governorates south
Al-Thawra signalized intersection is one of the most important intersections in AL-Hilla city
Being a major crossing point to the governorates of holy Karbala and Baghdad.The excessive
traffic volumes, during the peak periods (at morning and evening), of vehicles that entering
the intersection increase traffic density, reduce travel speed, increase travel time, and
increase the delay values This paper aims to assess the traffic performance of Al-thawra
signalized intersection in Babil city that is consistent with the existing conditions and
intersection's geometric properties. For all approaches, video recording has been used to
collect traffic volume data. These data are taken out of videos from Babil police cameras
(department of communications and information systems)..The intersection was evaluated
and analyzed using the SYNCHRO 10.0 software, and the best option was selected. The
outcome of the evaluation process indicated that the intersection is operated at the level of
service (LOS F) and with a control delay of 162.5 seconds.by recommending a variety of
strategies, ranging from signal optimization to geometric enhancements. The suggestion of
widening the pavement in the north-south direction was found to be the best solution.
resulting in a decrease in vehicle delays from 162.2 seconds to 95.4 seconds and the level of
service remains constant (LOS F) considered an acceptable and cost-effective solution to the
intersection's problems

The antenna is a Modified Broadband Butterfly Antenna (MBBA). The technical
parameters of such systems are heavily influenced by the qualities of the
antenna feed devices. The aperture theory of antennas uses the representation
of the radiation field of the antenna as a superposition of the fields of elementary
sources, characterized by their type and amplitude-phase spatial distribution.
The radiation field of an antenna of finite dimensions is a superposition of
inhomogeneous spherical waves emitted by the antenna elements.
This paper is primarily the study process, Radiation models were calculated
using the model of the cavity plates, Simple Green model, and the strict
commercial Electromagnetic Simulator. The modified active rectangular patches
with the Gann diode were combined into arrays of E and H plane. Calculated and
measured results for these two active arrays the beam scanning, the possibilities
have been demonstrated for both arrays. The results of an electrodynamics
numerical simulation were obtained. Broadband and multiband radio systems
have already found widespread practical applications by utilizing basic antenna
parameters and characteristics.

Scientists have recently started looking for new ecologically friendly and sustainable
materials. Construction materials are among the numerous widely employed materials, and it
is normally acknowledged that they have an apparent detrimental influence on the
environment. Thus, the contribution of this paper is to describe the palm frond natural fibers'
effect on concrete's mechanical characteristics. Since concrete is a brittle material, the goal of
this research is to increase the tensile strength of concrete by using organic fibers (palm frond
fibers), a waste product. In order to determine the ideal percentage of fibers, the following
percentages were tested: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% by volume of concrete. On dry density,
compressive strength, and tensile strength, the impacts of fibers were investigated. The
density of concrete decreased with increasing fiber ratios. The compressive strength slightly
decreased, while the splitting strength significantly improved. According to the results, the
best amount of palm frond fibers that can be add to concrete is 0.75% by volume.

Recently, the use of sandwich panels has become increasingly important. This
is due to its good mechanical properties and high strength-to-weight ratio. It is
used in many fields, especially in aviation, construction and aerospace. It is
necessary to know the behavior of the materials used, especially the free
vibrations, to know the effect of external factors on the sandwich panels. The
honeycomb core sandwich panel was studied. A model for analysis and
modeling is proposed. A previous model was chosen for analysis and
comparison. Hoff theory was applied to convert honeycomb sandwich panel
into equivalent sandwich panel to facilitate the solution and save time. The
limits were considered fixed on the one hand and moving on the other hand, and
the ANSYS program was used to analyze and extract the results, and the results
were compared and were promising and accurate, which proves to us the
validity and accuracy of the proposed theoretical results

Photovoltaic cells are one of the renewable energy sources that have been employed to
produce electrical energy from solar radiation falling on them, but not all incident radiate will
produce electrical energy, part of those radiate cause the panel temperature to rise, reducing
its efficiency and its operational life, unless an attempt is made to employ one of the
traditional cooling methods or innovating other methods to cooling it to reduce this effect,
which it represented in the active and passive cooling method. In fact, it is difficult to compare
the active method with the passive method, as each method has its Advantages and
disadvantages that may suit one region without another. But in general,there are basic factors
through which at least a comparison between the two methods can be made. Relatively the
passive method is less expensive, in addition to no need for additional parts such as pumps
and controllers, there is no energy consumption because it does not require power. But it is
less effective and efficient than the active method, while the active method has the ability to
disperse the heat higher than the passive method. However, it necessitates the use of
electricity and is frequently costlier than the passive strategy. In this review, the most
common active and passive cases were reviewed, and the pros and cons of each case are
summarized in discussion due to the difficulty to list them. The review recommends that
future studies should focus on active water cooling and heat-sink, both of which are viable
cooling strategies

The most popular evolutionary search techniques are genetic algorithms (GAs). Even though they
are frequently used to solve control engineering problems, they are currently not a common tool
in the control engineer's toolbox. This may be due in part to the fact that there are currently few
general overviews of the employment of GAs for control engineering problems, and that they are
often reported on at computer science conferences rather than conferences for control engineers.
This review study is intended to assist researchers and practitioners in identifying prospective
research issues, potential solutions, as well as advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
This study gives a brief overview of contemporary a Genetic Algorithm (GA) in control systems.
Additionally, offers a number of control techniques used with the GA that have undergone
extensive research. The conclusion of this study listed in a table to show the effectiveness of GA in
various control technique and which field didn’t used till the time of preparing this review

This paper presents a method for controlling the speed of a DC motor that is energized
individually by utilizing a DC-DC Buck converter that is fed from a DC source. It can be easily
controlled with the help of different types of DC-DC converters. This project was introduced a
study and analyses of the buck DC to DC converter with PID controller cascaded with DC
motors which is simulated in MATLAB. The required speed of the DC motor can then be
obtained by giving a variable regulated voltage to the armature of the DC motor. A controller
of the proportional-integral type is utilized so that the user can adjust both the amount of
current flowing through the DC motor as well as the rate at which it rotates. These controllers
allow for a quick control response. In addition to that, this paper presents a Simulink model
for a DC motor that was created with Matlab Simulink. The purpose behind the development
of the current and speed controller was to achieve stable and high-speed control of the DC
motor. The final step is the display of the simulation results for the proposed system, which
show that they are consistent with the expected results. This paper shown the DC motors was
able to reach the necessary speed within a few attempts; however, as the load rose,the settling
time increased as well.

Density separation has many applications in metallurgy, medicine, clinical chemistry, microbiology, and agriculture. This study investigates the factors' effects on density separation in order to
benefit from this technique. The separation quality depends on the velocity of particles because
as the velocity of particles increases, the mean separation needs less time so it gives better separation, so the parameter effect on the value of the velocity is studied. These parameters were
volume fractions, the diameter of the sphere, the density of the sphere, and the viscosity of the
fluid. Each parameter was studied by calculating the velocity of particles using Stokes' law. The
velocity of particles is directly proportional to some properties of particles. These properties are
the diameter and density of a particle because as these properties increase, the mass of particles
increases, which leads to increased kinetic energy, which increases turbulence. Turblance's velocity is increasing. The volume fraction of spheres is another property of particles' effects on
density separation. This parameter is inversely proportional to velocity because a collision between particles increases, which decreases turbulence. Fluid properties also have an impact on
density separation. This property is viscosity. Its effect deteriorates the efficiency of separation
because viscosity is the resistance of the fluid to flow that serves to displace the particle, which
leads to a reduction in the velocity of the particle. The maximum separation happens when the
sink and float particles separate at the same time. That happens when the sink and float particles
have the same velocity in the opposite direction. That means when the sum of velocities equals
zero. In this research, the maximum separation was derived when the sum of velocities equaled
zero.

Internet-based platforms such as social media have a great deal of big data that is available in the shape
of text, audio, video, and image. Sentiment Analysis (SA) of this big data has become a field of
computational studies. Therefore, SA is necessary in texts in the form of messages or poststo determine
whether a sentiment is negative or positive. SA is also crucial for the development of opinion mining
systems. SA combines techniques of Natural Language Processing (NLP) with data mining approaches
for developing inelegant systems. Therefore, an approach that can classify sentiments into two classes,
namely, positive sentiment and negative sentiment is proposed. A Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)
classifier has been used in this document classification system. The present research aims to provide
an effective approach to improving the accuracy of SA systems. The proposed approach is applied to
and tested on two datasets, namely, a Twitter dataset and a movie review dataset; the accuracies
achieved reach 85% and 99% respectively

Housing is one of the main concerns raising critical problems in the Kurdistan Region. Due to
the fast growth of the urban population through the last period, the Kurdistan-Investment
Board was ongoing in construction of effective amount of housing estates by investment companies. Due to the rapid increase in population, many housing estate projects neglected specific family requirements, with low commitment to housing standards, quality of dwellings,
and the resident's lifestyles. This study investigates living space and services parts of dwellings in those estates, finding out the factors that direct residential satisfaction supported by
fixing correlations among determinants of overall satisfaction.
The adopted methodology consists of evaluation based on two steps, the first was by a technical assessment using checklist comparing spaces with Iraqi standards, while the second part
was through survey of resident's satisfaction. Field data collection had consisted of a questionnaire list and data collection performed for five housing projects (10 types of dwelling
units covered by eighty-three samples) selected in Erbil city. Then the questionnaire results
were analyzed using the SPSS program using correlations, regression, and descriptive statistics. Low commitment to Iraqi Standards was obvious in most cases. Results also showed that
dwellers were satisfied with their dwelling units in cases despite differences with Iraqi urban
housing standards. For instance, in two bedrooms dwellings, areas of services were below the
standard by 21% while the resident's satisfaction in this group varied between neutral and
satisfied. It had been found a clear correlation between indicators of dwellings units’ spaces.
The regression has shown that the indicators of the kitchen location's size and shape highly
affected the householder's satisfaction. The descriptive statistics have shown the satisfaction
level mostly been neutral in all projects. Finally, the study suggests some recommendations
regarding dwelling units in addition to the need to amend the Iraqi standards of housing