AL- Mouhaqiq Al-Hilly Journal for legal and political science

Control over the management of joint-stock companies can be achieved in several ways, including control through control or management contracts and technology transfer contracts, as these contracts grant the company control over other companies. However, the most common method that grants a person, whether natural or legal, dominance and control over the management of the joint-stock company is the acquisition of its capital in a way that gives the acquirer a majority voting power in the general assembly of the acquired company, so that he can control the important decisions that regulate its life, and then reach control over its board of directors as the body that undertakes the actual management of the joint-stock company.

When the obligation owed by the debtor is deferred, and the debtor fails to perform his obligation on the specified date, the creditor is free to resort to the means provided by law to address the breach of contract and punish the defaulting debtor, such as requesting specific performance, performance in return for compensation, or requesting the termination of the contract with compensation for the loss he incurred and the profit he missed due to the breach. This is the well-known form of breach of contract.

Led technology development in which we live now, and call it the era of information revolution and the data to the emergence of tools and new methods in the conclusion of the contracts were not known a few years ago and this means in the development of a permanent, continuous and fast, and when the law was the mirror of reality had to be the legislators to issue new legislation that to treat what has been updated of means and methods and ways to enter into contracts and sign them to suit the electronic media through which.
And as the sign in general is the way most prominent expression of the will of the owner and approval of the content of the contract ,and the electronic signature may make the issue of traditional legislation more complex and that the absence of physical media or traditional that which prove it, but it has had a special significance, many of the modern legislation, both the global or national that recognized the e-signature and organized its provisions, so it was imperative for the researchers of interest to study it and learn all with regard to its electronic system in order to identify how to prove legal acts which are made through the Internet, without the use of the unelectronic papers and know how authoritative the outputs of these methods in the proof, especially that countries such as Iraq is still not organized this respect the rules of law are consistent with the privacy and the needs of the community to him, leaving sufficient to the provisions of the rules of conventional or public proof, so it had to be with this knowledge of how to absorb the traditional rules of that output electronic as well as the extent of adaptation with the current provisions of this means .

We have realized the producers in various countries the importance of advertising in its modern sense in the light of efficiency clear to his practice and his marketing, given the ingredients of self-promoted it as one of the most important means of raising demand for goods and services in the stage works its effect in a stage preceding the conclusion of the contract.
The legislator did not realize people do not initially dangers inherent in commercial advertising, but they saw something true, governments saw him bring it targets a factor economic, and individuals they saw as an appropriate means through which access to information and data on goods and services were necessarily hidden from them
It was the sociologists credit for highlighting the gravity of commercial advertising to consumers when placed in the hands of biased, or if it were based on hype and exaggeration, or a false or deceptive or misleading, or was intended to profiteering at the expense of the public good, so I rushed legislation developed one by one to customize the advertising business with organizations in the independent view of the increasing need to protect consumers from harmful effects when exceeded its targets
It should be noted that it should be the subject of the commercial project and is not contrary to public order and public morals, and not to be false or misleading or deceptive, or which causes the consumer in error, and that also includes sufficient data for a good or service provided and that would create conscious thinking, discerning the will of the works to form an enlightened and is demand for the contract.
However, this does not mean that much desire to achieve consumer protection from damage to commercial advertising false or misleading to the commercial itself, exemplified by work on the marketing of products through various means of influencing the psychological and emotional on the consumer, including reinforcing the tendency to exaggeration in the statement goods and services place the ad.
The appropriate balance between these two things that are assessed lying and deception in the commercial perspective in the light of the contents of these ads from the elements of exaggeration and sensationalism, so it can be said that legal protection does not include only lies and deception. Consequently, it should be a distinction between lying and deception fuels and illegal one hand, and lying between the project and the excitement that is the essence of the commercial and justified its existence by another, and within the frameworks allowed in such transactions. which would be a statement of the legal details and organization of the orbit of our research.

The separability is nothing but a legal license that aims to circumvent the principle of implementing the contract as a whole for some reason that makes this total implementation difficult or impossible, so that implementation can be, with the presence of this ability, fragmented, and with specific conditions for the purpose of not expanding its application, because in the end, i.e. the separability, can only be described as an exception to a general principle that governs the contractual actions of the two parties, which is the inability of these actions to be separated from each other as long as they derive their strength from the will of their two parties, and the latter is what gives those actions their binding force in the eyes of the contracting parties and in the eyes of the law, and therefore the contract whose two parties agreed to be as a single unit in its conclusion and implementation, it cannot be said that it is separated into parts, some of which are specific to the rule of continuity and others are included in the rule of disappearance. The basis on which this ability is based may be the text of the law, or it may be due to the will of the two parties, as the latter is what allows the mechanism of separating one part of the contract from the other part in order to preserve it, and in both cases it is not permissible to neglect what the nature of things may require in terms of separability or inability. It is also required for the purpose of its implementation that there be a defect in a part of the contract with the possibility of dispensing with it and the other part of the contract remaining valid for the implementation of its ruling, and it is also required that there be no change in the legal nature of the contract when the separation is carried out. Therefore, with the presence of these restrictions, we guarantee the validity of the application of the separation mechanism without risking losing the entire contract, even though what remains of it is not the complete image of this contract, but from a qualitative point of view we can guarantee its continuity.

Khula divorce is one of the ways to dissolve the marriage contract and occurs by agreement of the spouses before the court in exchange for compensation paid by the wife to her husband to get rid of him. Based on the importance of this topic in practical life, positive laws have given it great attention. Therefore, in researching this topic, we adopted the comparative study method between the Iraqi Personal Status Law and the Egyptian and Emirati Personal Status Laws, in addition to the opinions of Muslim jurists in each of the research resources, with reference to some judicial decisions. We addressed this topic in three sections. We devoted the first section to the concept of Khula divorce and explained its definition, jurisprudential classification, and evidence of its legitimacy. We devoted the second section to the components of Khula divorce and discussed the pillars of Khula divorce and its conditions for validity. In the third section, we addressed the effects of Khula divorce. We concluded the research with a conclusion that included the most important results and proposals we reached.

The prohibitive condition in the lease contract is the prevention of the license granted by law to the tenant to rent the rented property or to assign its lease to others by including a clause in the lease contract that prevents the tenant from using this license. This means that this condition relates to a condition associated with the lease contract and it either prevents the tenant from assigning the lease to others or sub-letting to others or both cases, and it either appears explicitly and clearly in the lease contract or its meaning is implicit and is benefited from by the circumstances of the case or the contract as if the tenant's personality was taken into consideration. The prohibitive condition may be absolute so that it includes all types of actions and for any person and in all parts of the leased property or it may be restricted by specific and specified conditions by the landlord. There are provisions that apply to the prohibitive condition, which may either eliminate its existence or its effect, and may relate to the penalty for breaching it. The prohibitive condition may be required by necessity and in special cases to be suspended in order to protect the public interest, which is more deserving of protection, at a time when it is necessary to protect the one for whom that condition was stipulated in order to protect his interest when it is breached by the tenant through legal penalties when that breach occurs.