Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research

One of an ecological hazardous agent Chromium; Cr (VI), The present experiment
in vitro design to examine the mechanism of Leydig cell functions of Cr (VI) in ram
testis, Cr (VI) treated groups demising cell growth behavior of exponential phase was
upset of feeding time to Leydig cell in a dose-dependent manner, and induced
mitochondria-dependent ATP depletion and subsequently apoptosis. Cr (VI) effect
may be attributed, at least in part to DNA fragmentation increase DNA tail number
and tail length of COMET as compared with control group. Furthermore, the
properties of cell-specific regulation of cell membrane integrity had reduced and
determinant cell concentration drop an.d reflected on the testosterone concentration
were decreased as concentration-dependent manner, In conclusion, our results display
the Cr (VI) is cytotoxic and impairs both viability and steroidogenic functions of
Leydig cells in ram testis via actually different pathway direct affecting of viability
and indirect on steroidogenic activity, succeeding in testicular performance. However,
the definite modes of action of harmfulness are not evidently unknown and must be
rechecked and studied in a different aspect.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a ubiquitous a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming
bacterium, produces various proteins (toxins) during the stationary and vegetative phase
of its growth cycle. Some of these proteins belonging to this group showed weak
similarities to ß-barrel pore-forming toxic proteins, such as the cytotoxins of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens, alpha-toxin of
Clostridium septicum. In the present study, the intoxication effects of Cry51Aa1 protein
produced by B.thuringiensis F14-1 strain was evaluated in vivo, in order to investigate the
ability of activated Cry51Aa1 to make a change in size or functions of zebrafish
cardiovascular system and induces toxicity in adult zebrafish. Using in vivo imaging we
observed that Cry51Aa1 has no scientific effect on cardiac function and development of
zebra fish embryo or have toxic effect on adult in spite of use high concentration, so it is
safe to use and a potentially effective agent in breast cancer therapy.

Retinitis is the most important clinical consequences of Toxoplasmosis but the
mechanisms used by T. gondii tachyzoites to invade the retina are not yet understood. In
the current study, cellular pathogenicity of Toxoplasmosis in a human retinal pigment
epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) was investigated. Following in vitro infection of ARPE-19
with T. gondii tachyzoites, cell viability associated with infection was identified by
Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Intracellular development of T. gondii
tachyzoites within ARPE-19 was characterized by acridine orange (AO) staining.
Morphological changes associated with infection was assessed by electron microscopy
(EM). The results obtained showed that ARPE-19 permit the invasion, growth and
development of T. gondii tachyzoites and that infection can cause a metabolic burden on
the host cells and multiple morphological changes in the relocation of the host cell
organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus) around the
parasitphorous vacuole

Camel milk has proved as the closer to human milk than other livestock milk. This study
intended to examine the physicochemical properties of dromedary camel’s milk. Thirty milk
samples collected from 2 dromedary camel herds in Badiat Alsamawah/ Al Muthanna
governorate/ Iraq. The physical and chemical analysis was done on each milk sample and data
were reported and analyzed. The variations were seen in the physical and chemical properties of
fresh camel milk. The pH, specific gravity and freezing point were ranged between 6.1 and 6.5
(6.3133± 0.154), 1.0123 - 1.0615 (1.0282±0.0098), and (-) 0.439 – (-)1.361 (-0.6132±0.1928)
respectively. The percentages of total fat, SNF (Solid Not Fat), Protein and lactose were ranged
between 1.59 - 13.9 (4.1343±2.88), 1.59 - 20.36 (9.428±2.8833), 7.15 – 2.74 (3.576±1.1087) and
11.74 - 4.15 (5.3406±1.6513) respectively. In conclusion, some physical and biochemical values
of fresh dromedary milk were determined in this study. Moreover, the effect of food and
environment on the milk quality was also approved. The authors recommend another future
study that correlates between the nature of food and the quality of camel milk during the
different lactation period.

Cross-sectional study carried in areas surrounding Baghdad province (Dora ,
Nahrawan, Tajy and Abu Graib )respectively. During June -December 2016, for
detection of cattle Babesiosis. One hundred fifty (150) clinically healthy local cattle
breeds of different ages, and from both sex were examined by routine blood smear
examination, molecular detection of Babesiosis by Conventional polymerase chain
reaction PCR and by ELISA test. Results revealed that the infective species of
Babesia during this study were B.bovis and B.bigemina that had detected in 14 cases
( 9.33%) by traditional blood smear examination, compared with 15 cases ( 10%
)with Babesia bovis by conventional PCR technique and 100 cases (66.6%)with
Babesia bigemina were detected by using ELISA technique .It has been concluded
that infection with Babesia.bovis and Babesia bigemina were more prominent and no
other species were detected.

This paper was designed to evaluate the kitchen insects bacterial mechanical
vectors (Cockroaches) and its impact on individual and community health in Taif,
KSA, the mean incidence of bacterial loads turbidity were (3rd, 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th
group); (98.0, 97.2, 96.9, 96.5 and 96.2%) respectively, the mean was 96.96%.
The mean incidence of bacterial growth evaluation were (+++ = heavy growth) in
all groups, were in (3rd, 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th group); (78.5, 77.2, 76.3, 76.1 and
76.0%) respectively, the mean revealed 76.82%. The mean incidence of bacterial
Colony Forming Unit (CFU) / mL evaluation, the mean was (3.3 X 105) / mL,
were (3.8, 3.5, 3.3, 3.1 and 2.9 X105) / mL, for (3rd, 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th group)
respectively. The mean incidence of bacterial Spp were isolated, which produced
12 bacterial Spp were (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Proteus Spp and Citrobacter Spp) as (19.1, 16.2, 13.3, 12.2 and 8.3%) respectively,
followed by bacteria (Shigella Spp, Staph. Spp, Strept. Spp, Serratia Spp, Bacillus
Spp, Salmonella Spp and Campylobacter Spp) were (7.5, 6.4, 4.5, 4.2, 3.8, 2.4 and
2.1%) respectively. The conclusions confirmed the role of Cockroaches as a
bacterial mechanical vector, which transferred and dropped of the pathogenic
bacteria which caused food contamination, food poising and infectious diseases,
that effected on the individuals and community health. So the insect control center
(Insecticiders) must be arranged to eradicate the Cockroaches and also the kitchens
hygiene must be improved to protect the individuals and community health.

The oral use of pregabalin was evaluated in this study to reveal its effects on some
hematological and biochemical parameters of laboratory mice. The animals of this
study were divided into three groups (twelve mice each). The control group was fed
on a standard ration. The first treated group (Pregabalin 1) were dosed orally with one
ml of distilled water containing Pregabalin (20 mg/ml/mice/ day). The second treated
group (Pregabalin 2) were dosed orally with one ml of distilled water containing
pregabalin (40mg/ml/mice/ day). The experiment continued for two successive
months. The results showed that the use of pregabalin caused a significant declination
in R.B.C., HGB, HCT, W.B.C., M.C.V., MCH, and MCHC of both treated groups
compared them with control group and the declination was more significant in
(pregabalin 2) group compared with (pregabalin 1) group. The RDW-CV, RDW-SD,
and PLT increased significantly in both treated groups as compared with those of the
control group. However, PCT, PDW and MPV were not affected by the use of
pregabalin except the MPV of (Pregabalin 2) group was significantly less than that of
(Pregabalin 1) but without a significant difference compared with that of control. The
Fe++, and GLU decreased significantly in both treated groups compared with the
control and they declined more significantly in (Pregabalin 2) compared with
(Pregabalin 1). Both the TP and Ca++ did not affected by the use of pregabalin
compared with the control group (P≤0.05).
INTRODUCTION

Mosquitoes apply very important impact on people life, and their control, day by day, is
getting harder and harder. This difficulty comes from different issues such as insecticide
resistance. The gut microbiome (GM) in different animals has been discovered to add principle
influence on the gastrointestinal tract physiology. For example, GM participates in degradation
of some poisonus chemicals into safer molecules that could be handled by the animal host.
Eukaryotic cytochrome P450 has been detected to inseret some degradation processes in other
animal models such as zebra fish. However, these effects are not yet known in mosquitos. In
order to stand on these problems and find if the prokaryotic P450 is involved, this study had been
done to find out if the GM has any role in developing such resistance in mosquitos. Larvae were
used in this experiment which exposed to benzothiozole (BZT) to trigger the hypothetical role of
prokaryotic P450. By using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the result indicates that the
bacterial P450 was initiated and might be involved in the BZT exposure handling.

This study was conducted to investigate whether different types of Infectious
Bronchitis Virus vaccines can affect the cilia of tracheal epithelium of broiler birds, in
comparison with Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Vaccines. as positive control.
Sixty one-day-old broiler birds of both sexes were used in this experiment. The bird
were randomly divided in to six groups of ten birds each. Each group was placed in a
separated pin.One of these groups,Group 6 was acted as negative control,whereas the
other 5groups were vaccinated with ND, AI and 3 type of IB vaccines. Age, dose and
route of administration of different type of vaccines were conducted according to the
manufactures directions. Group 1 was vaccinated with ND vaccine at seventh &
seventeenth day of age , group 2 was vaccinated with AIV vaccine at first & twenty one
day of age , these 2 groups were acted as positive control .Group 3,4,5, were vaccinated
at first&tenth day of age with different types of IB vaccines . BIVAC1 was used for
group 3, IBMA5 was used for vaccination of group 4, whereas IB-H120 vaccine was
administrated to group 5 . Four days post vaccination; all groups were observed for
clinical signs. All experimental birds were killed and tracheal rings were examined for
ciliostasis and Carboniferous Pigment Granules test. The result indicated that group ND
vaccineswas 95%, while that of group AI vaccines was 93% whereas the results of these
3 types of vaccines were 21%, 33%, 20% for BIVAC1, IBMA5 &IBH120 respectively,
while the control was 100% .

This study was conducted during June 2016 to May 2017, to determine the
morphological characteristics of stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans L. ,and studying some
ecological aspects. These studies of stable flies are being conducted for the first time in
Iraq.The morphological diagnosis of Stomoxys calcitrans: Frontal vitta with black
pollinose, yellow around ocellar triangle, parafrontalia golden, parafacialia grayish black.
Thorax gray to yellowish pollinose, Pleura yellow; sternites dark brown to black, Legs
black, Wing tinged smoky-brown. Abdomen gray to yellowish; dorsum with four
brownish pollinose spots, at least 3 abdominal segments with a single median spot basally
and pair of spots at apex of each segment. Female identical to male in color and structure
except for wider frontal vitta, frontal triangle with golden pollinosity extending almost to
frontal ridge, setae on head somewhat stouter than in male, Interocular space wide in
females, narrower in males by about half the distance of separation in females.
A total of 470 flies were collected in this study. The results showed, some
variations of monthly abundance were determined during the study period, four different
climatic seasons. In general, stable flies were found to be more abundant in the moderate
climates period of the year. April was the highest abundance with 18.7%, while, no
presence recorded in January and December. Some observations showed that stable flies
were found in the field in different periods of the day, beginning from 06:00 to 18:00
hr.,but these are periods that are considered the peak of its presence of other seasons
during the year. Both sexes of S. calcitrans showed a same peak of activity in the day nearly. The field observations showed that Stomoxys calcitrans adults attack many
economic and domesticated animals in Basrah province.Cattle are the most, followed by
buffaloes, dogs, horses, cats, camels, donkeys than sheep, goats and rabbits.

The study was included 90 local cows from Al-Rashidea area which locates in the east of
Baghdad city, distributed into three groups, the smallest aged group (30) cows (1.5-2 ) years,
middle aged group (30) cows (5.5-7) years and the older aged group (30) cows (11-13) years to
study the effect progressing of age on some biochemical Criterias as indicators of oxidative stress.
The results revealed that the antioxidant enzymes, Glutathione -S-transferase GST was increased
significantly (p<0.05) ) in middle -aged group And lower value in the older aging , it was noticed
that arylesterase enzyme gradually decreased significantly with age progress. The non enzymatic
antioxidants such as Glutathione GSH revealed with the higher great value in the middle age
group and the lower significant value in the aging compared with other groups. on the other hand
Malondialdehyde (MDA) and peroxy nitrite(ONOO-) level gradually increased with progressing
of age, these events because of an increasing in production of free radicals and oxidative stress
accompanied with processing of age due to antioxidants depletion, which consider as a defense
line of body against the free radicals effects. It was concluded from this study that with aging
processes have harm effects on blood components diagnosed by reducing in antioxidants levels
and increasing of Malondialdehyde and peroxy nitrite which consider as an indicators of
oxidative stress and this support the theory of free radicals and oxidative stress and their role in
aging processes . Study the effect of aging on some biochemical parameters and antioxidant in
cow.

Assessment of the sperm membrane functional status appears to be a significant marker
for the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. The hypo osmotic swelling test (HOST) is one of
the best methods to evaluate sperm membrane integrity. In the current study, we used DW
and hypo osmotic solutions of 50 and 100mOsm/l of dextrose/NaCl, NaCl, sucrose and
fructose. Based on the results, Among the dextrose/NaCl, NaCl, sucrose, and fructose
solutions and DW, Maximum numbers of swollen of bull frozen-thawed spermatozoa were
observed with DW and dextrose/NaCl solution at 50 mOsm with average response by
61.20±8.677 and 47.90±10.181 respectively. The HOST response at 3 and 60 min for all of
solutions were positively correlated to each other and there was no significant difference
between the responses to the HOST at 3 and 60 min after incubation in all of solutions. The
significant correlation was observed between motility and dextrose/NaCl at 50 mOsm,
sucrose 50 and 100 mOsm, NaCl 50 mOsm and DW. The high relationship was between
motility and DW and dextrose/NaCl at 50 mosm. There was no significant correlation
between DW and all of hypoosmotic solutions with staining of the spermatozoa by
eosin/nigrosin. In conclusion, the water test can be efficiently used for the evaluation of the
functional integrity of the plasma membrane of bull frozen-thawed spermatozoa. The
hypoosmular solution of dextrose/NaCl at 50 mOsm is a good medium to evaluate bull frozen
spermatozoa. The used of HOST and motility are better tests to evaluate bull frozen thawed
sperm than eosin-nigrosin. The short HOST procedure (3 min) is suitable method for
evaluating of membrane integrity of bull frozen/thawed spermatozoa.

In this study the seroprevalence of active toxoplasmosis represented by T. gondii
IgM in angora goats was detected in Zakho and Semel districts of Duhok province-
Iraq for the first time. T. gondii antibodies were detected at the laboratory of college
of Veterinary Medicine of Duhok University from April 2009 to May 2010. Ninety
two (92) serum samples were collected from clinically healthy adults’ angora goats
(54 and 38 were obtained from Semel and Zakho, respectively). Indirect Enzyme
Linked Immunosorbent Assay was applied and the overall infection rate was %13.04.
Results show that the infection rate was different between the two regions with a
higher rate recorded in Zakho. Female and older animals were affected with higher
infection rates than males and younger animals. It can be concluded that
toxoplasmosis is an active infection among angora goats of Duhok province, therefore for more biosecurity measures and to minimize the zoonotic impact of the disease all
animals must be screened periodically.

The present study was conducted to determine detect the infection rate of Giardiasis
in local canine breeds of Basrah, Iraq. Two hundred and twenty-five (225) fecal
samples were collected from dogs of both sexes from March to October 2016.
Suspected animals either asymptomatic (56.7%) or symptomatic (43.3%) the
suspected dogs show different clinical signs such as diarrhea (6.66%), pasty feces
(13.33%), steatorrhea (8.00%), anorexia (10.66%), emaciation (15.55%) and
vomiting (0.88%). Diagnosis of Giardia spp was done on basis of microscopic
examination which detects Giardia cyst and trophozoite with infection rate (40 %),
moreover, it was confirmed by ELISA technique(Giardia-specific antigen) to detect
(75.55%) was infected with G. lamblia with a high infection rate comparison with
microscopic examination. It had been shown that high infection rate (43.75%) was
detected in March than the lowest in July (34.78%). Moreover infection with Giardia
was found more common at (1 day to 6 months) of age; furthermore, females show
infection rate more males. It has been concluded that giardiasis affected canine of
Basrah city lead to substantial effect, therefore animals must be screened
periodically.

The main aim of present study was to identify the seroprevalence of N. caninum
infections in cattle of some districts in Wasit province using a serological test (indirect-
ELISA), and confirmation of seropositive results by a molecular PCR. In this study, the
blood samples and epidemiological required data were collected from 327 animals during
a period of September 2015 to May 2016. The overall results were revealed that 27.22%
and 12.36% of study’s cattle were positives with indirect ELISA and PCR, respectively.
Regarding to the epidemiological risk factors submitted for this study; the prevalence
of seropositive rates was reported a statistically variable results. Among district factor,
the seropositive results were 36.28%, 27.88%, 17.31% and 26.53% in Al-Azizyah, Al-
Numaniyah, Al-Kut and Al-Hay districts, respectively. According to age factor, it was
18.58% and 31.78% in  3 years and  3years groups, respectively; while in sex factor,
males were reported 24.53% and females 27.74%. Relating to reproductive statement
factor, the positive infections were 30.99% and 21.97% in aborted and non-aborted cows,
respectively. Whereas in productivity nature factor; it was 38.24% and 19.37% in dairy
and beef cattle, respectively.

Lieshmania metacyclic promastigotes are transmitted during blood meals after
development inside the gut of the sandfly vector. The isolation from axenic cultures of
procyclic and metacyclic promastigotes by peanut lectin agglutination followed by
differential centrifugation is controversial in Leishmania major . The purpose of this
study was to isolate both fractions simultaneously from the same population in
stationary phase of axenic culture. We have confirmed the increased infection rate of
PNA− promastigotes by inoculation in BALB/c mice infection experiments. These
data support that metacyclic promastigotes are related with infectivity and the lack of
agglutination with PNA is a phenotypic marker for this subpopulation.

E.colican be assigned to one of the four main phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2
and D, which can be divided into seven and then into subgroups: A0, A1, B1, B22, B23,
D1, and D2, in addition group B1can be divided into subgroups B11 and B12, using
multiplex PCR according to the presence/absence or combinationof the three phylogeny
genetic markers chuA, yjaA and DNA fragment TspE4.C2.In the currentstudy atotal of
30E. coli isolates were obtained from clinical and subclinical samples from mastitis in
cows, sheeps and goats by standard bacteriological methods. Results found that the most
isolates of E. coli belong to the phylogeny groups A and B1. Group Aincluded (14
isolates, 46.7%) belonged to subgroup A0 about (6 isolates, 20.0%), and (8 isolates,
26.7%) to A1 subgroup. On the other hand results showed group B1 composed (14
isolates, 46.7%). Group B1 can be also classified into subgroups B11 included (8 isolates,
26.7%) and B12 about (6 isolates, 20.0%). In addition our results showed (1 isolate,
3.3%), assigned to B2 belonged to subgroup B23 and (1 isolate, 3.3%), fitted in D
belonged to subgroup D1. No isolates were found to belong to subgroups B22 and D2.
Phylogeny pedigree was done according to the data recovered previously. This study
explains that the distributions of E. coli isolates in phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and
D) varied depending on the climatic zone and environmental factors such as dietary,
climatic conditions and geographic.

Cell cultures in particular the clonally selected Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell
lines are widely used to cultivate influenza viruses because of their high susceptibility to
infection and their ability to produce high number of viruses. However, these cells have been in
culture for decades and are well adapted to the two-dimensional culture environment, and as a
result, often differ genetically, physiologically, and phenotypically from their tissue origin. The
aim of this study was to extract turkey embryonic fibroblast cells directly from tissue as a new
primary cell type and then infect them with H2N3 influenza A virus to determine their
susceptibility to infection. This cell type will have normal cell characters and maintain many of
the important markers and functions seen in vivo. Results showed that the level of susceptibility
to infection was comparable between turkey embryonic fibroblasts and MDCK cell line based
on incubating with peroxidase labelled monoclonal IgG antibody to viral nucleoprotein. In
addition, progeny virions were clearly visualized on the surface of turkey embryonic fibroblasts
by using transmission electron microscope. For further confirmation, progeny virions were also
detected in the infected cells following treatment with a fluorescently labelled IgG antibody
specific to viral H2 protein by performing immunofluorescent technique. This study confirms
that turkey embryonic fibroblast cells are susceptible to infection with influenza viruses and
can be considered as a primary cell model to cultivate influenza viruses and to study their
effects on cells.

A pesticide diazinon is a widely used and easily available in the world so, the general
health risks of this compound for environment, human and animals were investigated
with emphasis on histopathological effects by oral gavage Sixteen adults laboratory rats
from tow sex with diazinon solution for about six weeks. The animals were divided into
two groups with (8)animal in each group. The control group was given orally distill
water, while the experimental group was given high dose of diazinon 10mg/ml for the
first three weeks and up to 20mg/ml for the last three weeks.
The most important histopathological changes observed in the internal
organs(liver,kidney,heart muscle, lung, stomach and nervous tissue) of the experimental
rat include congestion,degeneration, fibrosis, necrosis, vaculation and edema in
compared with the control animals .

This study aimed to defect and calculate infection rate of Oestrus ovis. in
sheep from Ninevah governorate, Iraq.The study examines the presence of oestrus
ovis. Larvae in heads sheep collected from march to may 2014. Of 133 heads 72
(54.1%) were infested with oestrus ovis. A total of 142 larvae were encountered in the
infested sheep. Thirty five (24.6%) of those larvae were identified as L1, 62 (43.7%)
were identified as L2 and 45 (31.7%) were identified as L3, the general mean of
intensity of larvae was( 2) larvae/ infested head..The older animals were mostly
affected as compared to younger animals. there was no significant difference between
the number of infected male and female. sheep with black colored head higher
infestation than that of sheep with light colored head

Infectious bronchitis threatens the poultry industry throughout the world, The
control of IB of the big problems in the world because of the wide variations in
serotypes and development in the virulence of strains from time to time, and nature is
very contagious, the rapid evolution in the specific tissue tropism and recombinants
because of the synchronization of infection with different virus types and the use of
live vaccines.found that the IB virus which is isolated from the recent outbreak is the
same serotype but the difference genotype compared with the strains of current
vaccine. Previous studies have indicated that the broiler vaccination with inactivated
vaccines showed significantly less virus shed if challenge with the homologous
vaccines (same genotype viruses) as compared with birds that vaccination genetically
heterologous vaccines. The current study compared the extent of protection resulting
from vaccination with live Commercial vaccines(Volvac® IB Mass MLV, Poulvac®
IB Primer (D274), Avipro® IB M48 and mixed vaccine from (Volvac®, Poulvac® and
Avipro®)). Vaccinates werechallenged with virulent field isolate (Variant2) strain.
Weekly post-vaccination, collected serum for analytical knowledge of the amount of
antibodies using hemagglutiation inhibition test against all vaccine antigens used in
the experiment after challenge with field virulent (Variant2 isolate), examine the birds
daily to monitor the morbidity and mortality rates in selected periods for shedding
virus by real time PCRto detect and quantitate the IBV viral copy number from
clinical samples.After challenge with (Variant2) birdsvaccinated with mixed vaccine
revealed less shedding virus compared to (Volvac®, Poulvac® and Avipro®)-
vaccinated birdsboth separately.Genotypic differences between the vaccines and the
challenge virus do not reduce the ability of vaccines to protect against the disease, but
genotypic similarities reduce the virus shed and limiting its spread. The use of same genetically advanced vaccines and expected to provide the best protection against the
challenge with virulent field IB strains and limit the spread of poultry farming.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ursolic acid, hyperinsulinemia and vitamin
B complex in skeletal muscle, which represented by Gastrocnemius muscle after sciatic
nerve crush in diabetes mellitus male rabbits, determine their effects on some
biochemical parameters which include insulin, total serum protein (TSP) and skeletal
muscle protein percentage and detect their effects on histological structures of the skeletal
muscle represented by Gastrocnemius muscle. The results of our study showed that there
is a significant increase of insulin in diabetic rabbits and this increase is continued in all
treatment groups with a higher level range of (3.56-8.4 μu/ ml); the lowest significant
increase is with vitamin B complex treated group. Our study illustrated that Induction of
diabetes has no significant effect on skeletal muscle protein percentage but has a
significant effect on total serum protein, while all treatment groups caused a significant
increase in skeletal muscle protein percentage and total serum protein. Histological
sections of the Gastrocnemius muscle represent some changes happened due to sciatic
nerve crush injury, such as some distraction in skeletal muscle fibers, splitting and
atrophy of others as well as there is an increase in thickness of fibrous tissue separating
them. There is a good regeneration of muscle fibers with little splitting phenomena; also
there is a clear formation of muscle cell nuclei, which indicate an improvement of muscle
after different treatment.

The current study investigated the comparison of the biochemical composition of
the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. which collected from four different sources in
Basrah city; Shatt Al-Arab river at Abul- Khasib by using gill nets, earthen ponds at
the University of Basrah campus, fish cages at Al-Hartha district and cooled fish
imported from the Islamic Republic of Iran. Fifty specimens of each fish source were
selected for analysis, half of which was stored with ice for up to ١٠days.
The results indicated that higher moisture content 78.2% was in the muscular tissues
of Shatt Al-Arab fish. Highest fat content 11.9% was recorded in imported fish,
highest protein 18.17% and ash 2.29% were measured in fresh pond fish. Caloric
value of the examined fish showed variations between fresh and iced fish where the
highest value 165.62 Kcal/ 100 gm was recorded in fresh cage fish.

Hemomycoplasmosis caused by Mycoplasma ovis was diagnosed in sheep of
Basrah Governorate .The study were conducted on (225) sheep reared in different
areas of Basrah governorate . Animals are of different ages and of both sexes. Twenty
five clinically healthy sheep were considered as controls .Complete clinical
examinations were applied to all animals, and fecal samples screened for parasitic
loud. Results revealed that infected sheep show signs of anorexia , anemia with pale
or icteric mucous membranes of eyes and vagina , rapid and difficult respiration ,
enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, rough wool coat and hemoglobinuria,
Moreover milk production were decreased in lactating ewes . On clinical
examinations statistically significant increase were indicated in body temperature
,respiratory and heart rate of diseased sheep then in controls. Diagnosis of
Mycoplasma ovis were leant on examination of stained blood smears with Giemsa
,Since the organism appear as small coccoid or rod shape structures and it could be
found as an singular or in chains on the cell membranes of infected erythrocytes of
diseased animals , Furthermore the diagnosis were confirmed by indirect Elisa test .
Results of hematological examinations show significant decrease in the values of total
erythrocytes count ,hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume indicating
macrocytic normochromic type of anemia, However , the rate of sedimentation of red
blood cells indicated significant increase in diseased sheep, Moreover , Leucocytosis
due to significant increase in lymphocytes number were also registered in infected
sheep then in controls , In addition evaluation of acute phase response show
significant decrease in haptoglobin values and fibrinogen time in diseased sheep
compared with controls . Significant decrease in total protein were detected , However values of total and indirect bilirubin, GGT, AST, ALP, and BUN were significantly
increased in diseased sheep compared with controls. It had been concluded that
Hemomycoplasmosis ovis were infected sheep of Basrah governorate lead to
hemolytic anemia and substantial effect might terminated with highly mortalities ,
Therefore all suspected sheep in the chancy area must screened for microorganism
loud .

Laboratorial experiments were carried out on juvenile and adults of A. latus to
estimate and compare the effect of direct transfer from the control salinity of 1.5 psu to
the different salinities of 1.5, 7.5, 15, 30 and 45 psu during the periods of 6, 24, 48 and
96hrs for short term effect experiments. Some physiological parameters (PCV, Osmotic
pressure, muscles water content, total protein, glucose, sodium Na+, potassium K+ and
chloride Cl-) were tested in plasma of the two age stages. Results for all parameters
showed a clear ability of adults to Osmoregulate and adapt a wide range of salinities
ranged from 1.5 psu to 45 psu and explain why juvenile die at the salinity 45 psu after
48 hrs of transport by showing the insufficiency of juvenile to Osmoregulate and the
high exhaustion of body activities in this salinity.
The results indicated that the salinity increase caused an increase in plasma PCV,
osmotic pressure, (sodium, potassium and chloride ions), total protein and glucose.
Also, a decrease in water content of muscles of juvenile and adults. The time of 96 hrs
was not enough for juvenile to reach the stable condition at high salinities, while adults
showed more constancy at the end time of experiment in all salinities.

The present study aims to evaluate the histopathological changes induced by recombinant
follicle stimulating hormone (follitropin alpha) on reproductive organs as well as the liver and
kidneys of female rats. The experiment was done on 24 white female rats (Rattus norvegicus)
sexually mature weighing 150-200 gram, divided into 4 equal groups of 6 animals: control group
which was given distilled water. Single dose group, double dose group and triple dose groups
which were injected by 0.5 iu.,1 iu. and 1.5 iu of recombinant FSH respectively. The drug was
given subcutaneously during the pro-estrous phase for ten consecutive cycles, then animals from
each group were sacrificed to study the histopathological changes. The histopathological
examination of the ovaries, uterus, liver, and kidneys revealed variable changes in different
organs.The ovarian sections showed many Graafian follicles without ova and many corpus luteal
cysts, fibrosis, and thickened granulosa cell layer, and the ovary was surrounded by excessive
adipose tissue. The uterus in single and double doses showed dilated cavity, thin endometrium,
thin muscular layer and diminished endometrial glands while in triple dose showed atrophy of
endometrial lining and glands, hypertrophied muscular layer with slit like endometrial cavity and
formation of multiple endometrial cyst. The liver sections showed few changes like dilated
central vein, congestion of sinusoids, vacuolation of hepatocytes, with moderate degree of fatty
degeneration A few hepatocytes appeared necrotic but without inflammatory response. The
kidneys in single and double doses showed unremarkable changes, while in triple dose
glomerular congestion, congested vessels, hemorrhage, and degeneration and necrosis of
proximal tubules were found.

The objective of this study was to determine the levels of Zinc (Zn) and
copper (Cu) concentration, as well as the clinical signs that may be occur due to the
Zinc and copper deficiency, in addition to the effect the two trace elements levels on
the hematological levels, oxidative stress Malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant
levels glutathione and Catalase (CAT). This study carried out in Basra province, the
study conducted on (75) sheep (male and female). About 60 sheep clinically have
from zinc and copper deficiency (hypozincemia) and 15 clinically apparently healthy
served as a control group. The clinical signs occur due to the tow trace elements
deficiency include: loss of appetite, depression, pica, repeatedly bites off the wool of
other sheep, loss of the wool, loss of hair around the eyes, ear and nose, alopecia,
parakeratosis, stiff in gait and some animals suffering from diarrhea, pale of the
mucous membrane, decrease the rumenal contraction, and significant (P<0.05)
increase the heart and respiratory rate with normal body temperature. Also the results
show significant increase (P<0.05) of MDA concentration, in addition to significant
decrease (P<0.05) in glutathione and CAT levels due to significant decrease (P<0.05)
in both Zn and Cu concentration levels, this point the Zn and Cu play important role
in prevent damage occur due to the oxidative stress via decrease the free radicals, also
it has role in antioxidant synthesis

This study was conducted to report the pathological changes in tissues taken from ewes suffering from emaciation and cachexia with referring to the most implicated possible diseases causing them, since emaciation led to cachexia were the most devastating causes of life followed by economic losses in ewes has been planned and made. This scientific work was designed to collection samples with and histopathological study which were carried out on tissues in twenty old weak ewes purchased from local market in Amara city south of Iraq. Tissue samples included multiple pieces of livers, lungs, and intestine which have been used in histopathological work. Results showed changes in all tissues taken from all animals of the study ranged from thickening of the alveolar septa with interstitial hemorrhage and hyperplasia of bronchial epithelium in the lungs to complete atrophy of the intestinal villi, mucosal denudation, and mild mucosal inflammation in small intestine and mild bridging fibrosis in the centrilobular area in the liver. Results indicated that autopsied ewes had liver lesions occurrence 75%, intestinal lesion 70%, and lung lesion 65%, in all animals of the study, however within the same animals results were indicated that liver and lung lesions 60% , liver and intestinal lesions 55%, lung and intestine lesions 55%, and liver, lung and intestine lesions50%. It had been concluded from this study that aged cachectic and emaciated ewes have a dramatic pathological changes in their internal vital organs and tissues and the possible causes of these changes are an underling debilitating chronic disease states that render the affected animals weak and unhealthy animals.