Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research

The edible or bio-degradable films are materials which compose of suitable means to
increase the storage time of food and improve their condition externally conductive
to environmental contamination.
The protein, lipid and polysaccharide are materials can form the edible film. Were
proteins based edible films are considered mainly appropriate in food coating.
Collagen, gelatin films, corn zein, wheat gluten, soy protein, casein and mung bean
protein are the most types films used in coating food. The protein edible films have
remarkable gas block features equalled to films made from polysaccharides and
lipids. These films have mechanical properties which make it best than
polysaccharide and fat based film Although the water vapor permeability is low and
the tensile strength is less than the polymers used in the packaging, many
modifications have been used to improve the functional properties of the film via
physical, chemical and enzymatic methods and bonding with hydrophobic materials
and some polymers

vFasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepaticahas long been one of the most important
helminthic infections of livestock in Iraq. The control of this parasite is based on the use of
anthelmintic agents, mainly triclabendazole and closantel. Sheep on a farm in Tut Aghach
village, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq died from liver fluke disease in spite of previous treatment with
triclabendazole. Thisstudy was conducted to investigate the effect of three commercially
available anthelmintic agents – triclabendazole, closantel, and rafoxanide – against natural
liver fluke infection in sheep. Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to determine
the efficacy of the drugs.Treatment with triclabendazole resulted in 73.9% reduction in fecal
egg count (FEC) with the lower confidence interval of 61.0%. Closantel and rafoxanide
reduced the FEC in the treated groups by 70.1% and 70.2%, respectively. This study confirms
the resistance to closantel, rafoxanide, and triclabendazole of the F. hepatica from a sheep
farm in Sharazor district, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. A study of more farms from endemic areas in
Iraq is required to evaluate the burden of resistance development against the common
anthelmintic agents.

This study was designed to investigate the impact of sulfanilamide and sulfanilamide
combined with vitamin E on - some biochemical and hematological parameters in adult male
rabbits, this experiment was carried out on 18 male rabbits of (1000-1600 gm) were used in this
study, these animal were adapted for one week before then were split into three groups (6 rabbits
in each). First group as control group were given of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO 0.5 ml) I.P
daily, second group were treated with sulfanilamide drug (195 mg/kg) I.P daily, however third
group were given of sulfanilamide drug (195 mg/kg) I.P and were administered orally vitamin E
(0.15 ml/kg) daily. The treatment continues for three weeks, the results showed in the treated
with sulfanilamide significantly reduction in RBCs, Hb, PCV, this reduction was companied by a
significant decrease in MCH, MCHC, as well as a significant decrease in total WBCs and
Platelet count, while were observed a significant increase in total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL,
VLDL associated with the a significant decrease in HDL, also, significantly elevation in serum
AST and ALT levels, the study produced significantly reduction in total protein and albumin and
a significant elevation in globulin in male rabbits treated with sulfanilamide, from our results the
group treated with sulfanilamide and vitamin E showed improvement in hematological and
biochemical parameters, It was concluded that administration of sulfanilamide caused several adverse effects while administration of vitamin E with sulfanilamide attenuation of this impact
and get them close to its normal value.

Contagious ecthyma have been detected and diagnosed in local lamb breeds 3-6
months old of both sexes . The study was conducted to examine 941 local lamb breeds
in Basrah, province , Iraq represents eleven (11) flock groups. One hundred (100)
local lamb breeds shows different clinical manifestations belong to contagious
ecthyma. Twenty five (25) clinically healthy local lamb breeds considered as controls.
Diseased lambs show different clinical manifestations such as Anorexia, depression
and dullness , Unable to sucking or graze , However, Orf lesions was seen in the form
of papules, pustules, vesicles, and scabs which indicated in all diseased animals,
Moreover, Orf lesions distributed around mouth commeasure and muzzle ,
Furthermore, lesions was detected at upper and lower part of the lips , additional, Orf
lesions was seen on upper and / or lower eyelids . Fissuring lesions were also detected
. Moreover, a slight , lesions were also detected on coronets, ears, anus, and vulva in
(6%) of diseased animals. Data concerning clinical examinations of diseased lambs
show a significant increase in body temperature, respiratory and heart rate of diseased
lambs than in controls. The results of hematological examinations of diseased lambs
infected with Orf and controls indicated leuckocytosis due to lymphocytosis,
Moreover, the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation of red blood cells indicated a
significant increase in diseased lambs than in controls. On the other hands, The results
of the acute phase response also indicated a significant increase in both Haptoglobin
values and Fibrinogen time in diseased lambs compared with controls. The results of
PCR on gel electrophoresis show that the ORFV virus has 147 base-pair specific PCR
amplicons were detected, In addition, Sequence analysis of submitted Orf virus amplified GFR gene. The raw nucleotide sequences of all samples were processed by
FinchT.V 1-4 version software for trimming the unwanted sequences and bases with
low sequence quality (lower than 20% signal intensity). Furthermore, The
evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method, Since, The
optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.02625234 is shown. (above the
branches). The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite
Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site.
The analysis involved 12 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were
1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence
pair. There were a total of 79 positions in the final data set. Evolutionary analyses
were conducted in MEGA7 . Results of the histopathological examinations show
papillomatus hyperplasia of epidermis as well as a numerous immature hair follicles
in the proliferation epidermis and proliferation of sebaceous glands, However, an area
of apoptosis of structural molecules were also detected , Furthermore, Masses of areas
of proliferative sweat glands with large areas of laminated vacuolated structure and
deposit tissue like structures in the dermis was determined, However a dark stained
blackish deposit hair follicles with some dilated hair follicles and inflammatory cells
were also observed, Moreover, scab like formation above the epidermal cells in the
upper epidermal layer was seen microscopically. It have been concluded that
contagious ecthyma seems to be an endemic viral disease at Basrah providence , Iraq,
reflect high morbidity rate which might resulted in a recoded economic losses.
However, Secondary bacterial infection or myiasis of affected parts were always
follow resulting in more disease complications, Therefore programmed annual
vaccination is advised.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a serious life-threatening disease associated with
severe clinical signs and health consequences for humans and a wide range of
domestic animals. In September 2000, a RVF outbreak was reported in Jazan region
south-west Saudi Arabia with 886 human cases including 124 deaths. Since then a
control program has been in place which mainly involved, vector control, sustaining
vaccination campaigns and sentinel surveillance system. In this research, we
conducted a retrospective cohort study of 11 sentinel herds, to investigate the
circulation of RVFV in high-risk area from 2004 to 2018. Additionally, we examined
the association between vaccination against RVF and the risk of disease infection by
conducting a pooled analysis of 18287 cases from cross-sectional surveys. The results
indicated that, thirty-six (0.1%) out of 330 sentinel animals, were laboratory
diagnosed as having RVF infection. 16 (44.4%) were goats and 20 (55.6%) were
sheep. The highest prevalence of RVFV antibody was found in Alardah's herd
13(36.1%), followed by Abuareesh, and Alqunfidah 6(16.7%) and 5(14.0%)
respectively. These results, clearly provide evidence for the circulation of RVFV in
the region during interepidemic period. Interestingly, in local herds- that were
previously vaccinated against RVFV and exposed to the same level of hazard as
sentinel- the risk of RVF exposure was much lower (0.29 cases per 100 animals) as compared to the risk in sentinel animals (13.45 cases per 100 animals). risk ratio is
(0.02) P-values <0.05, 95% confidence interval (cl).